{"id":149810,"date":"2026-09-04T05:13:40","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:13:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=149810"},"modified":"2026-09-04T05:32:46","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:32:46","slug":"vulcanus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/vulcanus\/","title":{"rendered":"Vulcanus"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"149810\" class=\"elementor elementor-149810 elementor-3015 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f3a172 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8f3a172\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ffa628 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9ffa628\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-504d937 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"504d937\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05a5475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"05a5475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vulcanus, rimski bog kova\u0161tva<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c823d91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c823d91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vulcanus je rimski bog vatre, kova\u010dkog umije\u0107a i vulkanske prirodne snage. Njegov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Skup vjerskih obrednih radnji posve\u0107enih nekom bo\u017eanstvu ili svetoj pojavi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> pripada me\u0111u najstarije u italskoj religiji i jezi\u010dno se\u017ee u etru\u0161ku slojevitost.<\/p><p>Za razliku od kasnije udoma\u0107ene figure Hefesta, Vulcanus je prvobitno bio bog razornog plamena, koji se \u0161tovao uglavnom izvan gradova, kako bi se njegov razorni aspekt dr\u017eao podalje od naseljenih podru\u010dja. Tek je helenisti\u010dka sinkretizacija od njega stvorila vedrijeg boga kova\u0161tva bogova. Kao bog kova\u0161tva i vatre, Vulcanus se pod helenisti\u010dkim utjecajima pretvorio u vedriju pojavu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f4fc26 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6f4fc26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f6fd60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"4f6fd60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog \/ boginja: Personificirana najvi\u0161a sila u panteonu neke kulture, s jasnim nadle\u017enostima \u2014 prirodne sile, sudbina, rat, plodnost. \u0160tovan\/a kroz kultove, \u017ertve i hramske institucije.\">Bog<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/rim\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Rimska religija od kraljevstva do kasne antike \u2014 sinkretisti\u010dka, s gr\u010dkim i etru\u0161\u010danskim slojevima.\">Rim<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-451d9e8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"451d9e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-603ae3a elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"603ae3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na ovoj stranici nisu prona\\u0111eni naslovi.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSadr\u017eaj\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__603ae3a\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__603ae3a\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__603ae3a\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eefde50 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eefde50\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75cc2a9 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"75cc2a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_vulcanus-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151429\" alt=\"Vulkan (Vulcanus) - bogovi iz rimske tradicije, povijesno-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_vulcanus-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_vulcanus-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_vulcanus-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_vulcanus-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b8c8ff e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9b8c8ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8d107e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c8d107e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05d84c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"05d84c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mit i podrijetlo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e4505c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e4505c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ime Vulcanus jezikoslovno je osporavano, ali se naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e povezuje s etru\u0161\u010danskim Velchansom i indoeuropskim korijenom koji zna\u010di &#8220;gorjeti&#8221;. Ve\u0107 u razdoblju kraljevine potvr\u0111en je Volcanal, odnosno \u017ertvenik posve\u0107en Vulcanusu, u podno\u017eju Kapitola.<\/p><p>Smatran je jednim od najstarijih kultnih mjesta Rima i bio je okupljali\u0161tem za politi\u010dke \u010dinove na otvorenom. Plutarh ga u &#8220;\u017divotu Romula&#8221; spominje kao mjesto na kojem su Romul i Tacije sklopili jedan od svojih sporazuma.<\/p>\n<p>U starijem italskom sloju Vulcanus je bio zadu\u017een za opasnu vatru, dakle za po\u017ear, munju i vulkansku erupciju. Zbog toga su mnoga njegova sveti\u0161ta podizana na rubu grada ili izvan gradskih zidina, u Rimu primjerice na Marsovom polju.<\/p><p>Tek je izjedna\u010davanje s gr\u010dkim Hefestom u prvi plan sna\u017eno istaklo pozitivan aspekt kova\u010dkog umije\u0107a. Etru\u0161\u010dansko uzorno bo\u017eanstvo Velchans potvr\u0111eno je na bronzanom zrcalu iz Piacenze, gdje se prikazuje s \u010deki\u0107em i klije\u0161tima.<\/p>\n<p>Vergilije u &#8220;Eneidi&#8221; opisuje Vulcanusa kao kova\u010da bogova koji po nalogu Venere izra\u0111uje oru\u017eje za Eneju, uklju\u010duju\u0107i poznati \u0161tit s proro\u010dkim prikazima rimske povijesti.<\/p><p>Ovidije u &#8220;Metamorfozama&#8221; preuzima taj pogled, ali ga pro\u0161iruje brojnim epizodama koje potje\u010du iz mitskog kruga Hefesta. Time je Vulcanus u knji\u017eevnosti postao dvostruka figura, u kojoj se preklapaju njegova italska dubina i helenisti\u010dka umjetni\u010dka pripovijest. Augustovska knji\u017eevnost koristi epizodu s Enejinim \u0161titom kao programatski tekst cijele povijesti Rima.<\/p>\n<p>U italskoj narodnoj religiji Vulcanus se povezivao i s Majom, starom vegetacijskom bo\u017eicom. Natpisni nalazi iz Preneste i Tibura svjedo\u010de o dvostrukim posvetama koje spajaju razornu snagu vatre s plodno\u0161\u0107u polja. Iz te veze proiza\u0161li su lokalni blagdanski kalendari koji su djelomi\u010dno preuzeti u dr\u017eavni kalendar republikanskog Rima.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a579d29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a579d29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d3c539 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d3c539\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboli i atributi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ffd25c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ffd25c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u010ceki\u0107, nakovanj i klije\u0161ta neizostavni su alati Vulcanusa. U likovnoj umjetnosti naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e se prikazuje kao bradati kova\u010d u prega\u010di, \u010desto s iskrivljenom nogom, \u0161to je posljedica hefestovske tradicije.<\/p><p>Stoji ili sjedi kraj rasplamsanog nakovnja, a pored njega le\u017ee ma\u010devi, kacige ili dovr\u0161eno oru\u017eje. Predod\u017eba hromog kova\u010da nije izvorna u italskoj tradiciji, ve\u0107 je preuzeta tek izjedna\u010davanjem s Hefestom.<\/p>\n<p>Plamen vatre njegov je element, ali se rijetko prikazuje kao samostalna slika. \u010ce\u0161\u0107e se prikazuje u vezi s dimnjacima kova\u010dnica i radionicama pod Etnom.<\/p><p>Ve\u0107 Vergilije smje\u0161ta Vulcanusovu radionicu u unutra\u0161njost sicilijanskog vulkana i opisuje bu\u010dni rad Kiklopa na nakovnju u &#8220;Eneidi&#8221;, knjiga VIII. Taj smje\u0161taj ostao je prevladavaju\u0107i u kasnijoj knji\u017eevnoj i likovnoj tradiciji i dao je ime rije\u010di vulkan.<\/p>\n<p>\u017divotinje su mu pridru\u017eene samo ograni\u010deno. Crveni tele smatrano je omiljenom \u017ertvenom \u017eivotinjom, jer je njegova boja podsje\u0107ala na vatru. U slu\u010daju opasnosti od po\u017eara rimske su vlasti njemu prinosile \u017eivotinje koje su izgledale neo\u0161i\u0161ane ili neupadljive, u nadi da \u0107e razorno svojstvo vatre simboli\u010dki vezati putem druge \u017ertvene \u017eivotinje.<\/p><p>Na sve\u010danosti Vulcanalia bacale su se ribe u vatru kao zamjenska \u017ertva, \u0161to Plinije obja\u0161njava predod\u017ebom da vodena bi\u0107a svojom stranom prirodom trebaju umiriti vatru.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34b6d6b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"34b6d6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3035e8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3035e8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult i \u0161tovanje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0c7ced elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0c7ced\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Glavni blagdan Vulkanu bila je Vulkanalija 23. kolovoza, u su\u0161nom, po\u017earima izlo\u017eenom godi\u0161njem dobu. Toga dana su ribe i mala \u017eivotinje bacane u vatru, \u0161to se vjerojatno treba shvatiti kao zamjensku \u017ertvu, u kojoj su \u017eivotinje simboli\u010dki predstavljale ku\u0107u, \u017eetvu i grad.<\/p><p>Varon izvje\u0161tava o toj praksi, a Plinije Stariji je komentira u djelu \u00abNaturalis historia\u00bb. Sli\u010dni zamjenski obredi javljaju se u mnogim italskim gradskim kultovima i spadaju me\u0111u najstarije o\u010duvane prakse rimske religije.<\/p>\n<p>Staro Vulkanovo sveti\u0161te (Volcanal) nalazilo se na Komiciju i smatralo se <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pripada bo\u017eanskom i time je izuzeto iz svakodnevne uporabe.\" tabindex=\"0\">svetim<\/span> u politi\u010dkom i religijskom smislu. Ovdje su postavljani kipovi i natpisi, a ovdje je navodno i sam Romul prinosio \u017ertve.<\/p><p>U republikansko doba gradsko se te\u017ei\u0161te pomaknulo prema Vulkanovom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramu<\/span> na Marsovom polju, gdje se javno slavila Vulkanalija. Oba mjesta ostala su povezana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sve\u010dana religijska povorka.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesijom<\/span> u kojoj se staro Vulkanovo sveti\u0161te \u0161tovalo kao ishodi\u0161te kulta.<\/p>\n<p>Ostija, rimska luka, imala je osobito zna\u010dajan Vulkanov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih \u0161tovateljskih obreda posve\u0107enih nekom bo\u017eanstvu ili svetoj pojavi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> na \u010dijem je \u010delu bio pontifex Vulcani, koji je ujedno bio i vrhovni sve\u0107enik cijeloga grada. Taj polo\u017eaj pokazuje koliko je za\u0161tita od po\u017eara bila va\u017ena za lu\u010dku gradnju od drveta.<\/p><p>Natpisi ondje spominju Vulkana kao \u010duvara od gradskog po\u017eara. Za vrijeme velikog po\u017eara 64. godine poslije Krista, za vladavine Nerona, njegov je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> bio predano prizivan za pomo\u0107, no katastrofa se time nije mogla sprije\u010diti.<\/p>\n<p>Pokrajinska sveti\u0161ta prote\u017eu se od Pompeja preko Padske nizine sve do Galije. U Vulciju i Veliji, gradovima s etru\u0161\u010danskom pro\u0161lo\u0161\u0107u, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih \u0161tovateljskih obreda posve\u0107enih nekom bo\u017eanstvu ili svetoj pojavi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> se kontinuirano odr\u017eavao. U Lugdunumu i drugim galskim mjestima bio je sinkretiziran s lokalnim bo\u017eanstvima kova\u010da.<\/p><p>U Akvinku, Karnuntumu i drugim naseljima uz Dunav natpisi svjedo\u010de o \u0161tovanju od strane vojnika legijskih kova\u010dnica. I u Britaniji su prona\u0111eni oltari posve\u0107eni njemu, u blizini mjesta za taljenje \u017eeljeza.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-002f1e2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"002f1e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee764a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ee764a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Va\u017eni mitovi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d775220 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d775220\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najva\u017enija rimska pri\u010da o Vulkanu (Vulcanus) je kovanje oru\u017eja za Eneju. Vergilije u \u00abEneidi\u00bb, u osmoj knjizi, opisuje kako Venera moli boga kova\u010da da njezinu sinu izradi potrebnu opremu za rat u Italiji.<\/p><p>Vulkan pristaje, i Kiklopi u njegovoj radionici pod Etnom izra\u0111uju kacigu, ma\u010d, koplje i, prije svega, veliki \u0161tit \u010diji prikazi unaprijed najavljuju budu\u0107u rimsku povijest sve do bitke kod Akcija. Ta scena programatski oslikava augustovsko samorazumijevanje, jer prikazuje Rimovu budu\u0107nost kao ve\u0107 ulivenu u bo\u017eansko kova\u010dko djelo.<\/p>\n<p>Druga pri\u010da odnosi se na brak s Venerom, koji se spominje u Ovidijevim \u00abMetamorfozama\u00bb i u Vergilija. Vulkan, hromi kova\u010d, suprug je najljep\u0161e bo\u017eice, \u0161to je ve\u0107 staro <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ponavljaju\u0107i sadr\u017eajni element u umjetnosti ili pripovijesti.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> mitskog kontrastiranja.<\/p><p>Kad je Venera uhva\u0107ena u nevjeri s Marsom, Vulkan tka umjetnu mre\u017eu od bronce i zarobljava par na djelu. Epizoda potje\u010de iz hefestovske predaje, ali je u rimskom tuma\u010denju shva\u0107ena kao pouka o te\u0161ko\u0107i spajanja umjetnosti, snage i ljepote.<\/p>\n<p>Tre\u0107a pri\u010da govori o Ceculu, mitskom osniva\u010du Praeneste. Servije prenosi predaju da je Cekul ro\u0111en iz krila slu\u0161kinje, nakon \u0161to ju je pogodila iskra Vulkanove vatre.<\/p><p>Kasnije je postao osniva\u010d grada, a u Praeneste je Vulkan bio smatran pradjedom naroda. Ta pri\u010da povezuje kozmi\u010dku snagu vatre s politi\u010dkim osnivanjem i pokazuje blisku povezanost boga kova\u010da s izvorom grada.<\/p>\n<p>\u010cetvrta pri\u010da govori o ro\u0111enju Servija Tulija, \u0161estog rimskog kralja. Prema Pliniju i Varonu, Servije je nastao iz iskre koja je uzletjela iz ku\u0107nog \u017ertvenika ropkinje po imenu Okresija. Ta pri\u010da nadogra\u0111uje predaju o Ceculu i legitimira posebni polo\u017eaj Servija kao kralja reformatora koji je uspostavio centurijatske komicije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a75d6ad e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a75d6ad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-787730d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"787730d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odnosi u panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d770518 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d770518\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U helenisti\u010dkoj predaji Vulkan je sin Jupitera i Junone te brat Marsa i Minerve. Veza s Marsom se\u017ee dublje od pukog srodstva, jer oba bo\u017eanstva imaju odnos prema ratu, iako na razli\u010dit na\u010din.<\/p><p>Mars utjelovljuje sam \u010din bitke, a Vulkan metalur\u0161ko pripremanje oru\u017eja. S Minervom dijeli za\u0161titni\u0161tvo nad obrtom, ali dok je Minerva zadu\u017eena za tekstilnu i intelektualnu vje\u0161tinu, Vulkan vlada nad ognjenom obradom materijala.<\/p>\n<p>S Venerom je Vulkan tradicionalno bio u braku, no ta se veza u rimskoj knji\u017eevnosti obra\u0111ivala manje detaljno nego u gr\u010dkoj. U starijem italskom sloju s Vulkanom je tijesno povezana Maja, stara boginja ranog ljeta. Prvi svibanj bio je posve\u0107en njoj i njemu, a zajedni\u010dka <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu radi izra\u017eavanja zahvale, molbe ili po\u0161tovanja.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017ertvovanja<\/span> na Volkanalu mogu se rekonstruirati.<\/p>\n<p>U \u0161irem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost bogova neke religije ili kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> Vulkan je blizak bo\u017eici Stata Mater, koja je trebala djelovati na sprje\u010davanje \u0161irenja po\u017eara, te Tiberinu, \u010dija je voda imala stvarnu ulogu u ga\u0161enju po\u017eara. Ove veze pokazuju da je Vulkan bio manje pojedina\u010dno bo\u017eanstvo, a vi\u0161e \u010dvori\u0161te u mre\u017ei odnosa rimskih bo\u017eanstava vatre i za\u0161tite.<\/p>\n<p>Mulciber, nadimak Vulkana u zna\u010denju &#8220;onaj koji topi&#8221;, javlja se u epskom pjesni\u0161tvu, posebice kod Lucana i Statija, i ozna\u010dava stvarala\u010dku, vje\u0161tu stranu boga. Ta dvostrukost razornog i stvarala\u010dkog boga vatre kontinuitet je iz arhai\u010dnog doba, u kojem se Vulkan smatrao jednako tvorcem umjetni\u010dki obra\u0111enih metalnih predmeta i uzro\u010dnikom razornih po\u017eara.<\/p>\n<p>Rijetko spominjana veza postoji sa Stata Mater, starom za\u0161titnom bo\u017eicom protiv po\u017eara, \u010dije se <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161te<\/span> tako\u0111er nalazilo na Komiciju. Njih dvoje \u010dinili su staru dvojicu javne protupo\u017earne za\u0161tite. Zada\u0107u Stata Mater u carskom razdoblju djelomi\u010dno su preuzeli vigili, koji su stvorili vlastitu kultnu topografiju.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9785b2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b9785b2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7f6db9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e7f6db9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepcija i utjecaj<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-691122e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"691122e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U renesansi i baroku Vulkan je ostao popularna alegorijska figura vje\u0161tine i pronalaza\u010dkog duha. Vel\u00e1zquez je naslikao Vulkanovu radionicu pod Etnom s Kiklopima, a Rubens i Tintoretto obra\u0111ivali su epizodu Vulkan-Mars-Venera. U genove\u0161kom i firentinskom grafi\u010dkom tisku Vulkan je stiliziran kao za\u0161titni\u010dka figura kova\u010dkih cehova.<\/p>\n<p>S industrijalizacijom 19. stolje\u0107a slika Vulkana do\u017eivjela je novu aktualnost. \u017deljezare, strojarske tvornice i brodogradili\u0161ta nazivala su se po ovom bogu. Brodogradili\u0161te Vulcan u Stettinu, tvrtka Vulcan-Maschinenbau AG i brojne druge tvrtke nadovezivale su se na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Razdoblje gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. n. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">anti\u010dku<\/span> kova\u010dku simboliku. I u geologiji je rije\u010d vulkan, izvedena od Vulcanusa, postala standardni naziv za planine koje bljuju vatru.<\/p>\n<p>U popularnoj kulturi 20. stolje\u0107a Vulkan se pojavljuje u stripovima, filmovima i igrama kao <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slikovita predstava koja simbolizira apstraktnu ideju.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> kova\u010dnice, vatre i obrade metala.<\/p><p>Znanstveno-povijesno zanimljiva je kratkotrajna hipoteza o Vulkanu u astronomiji, u kojoj je hipotetski planet unutar Merkurove orbite nazvan po njemu, prije nego \u0161to ga je op\u0107a teorija relativnosti u\u010dinila nepotrebnim. I asteroid 4464 Vulcano nosi njegovo ime.<\/p>\n<p>U astronomiji ranog novog vijeka \u00abVulkan\u00bb je neko vrijeme bio hipotetski planet izme\u0111u Merkura i Sunca, \u010diju je putanju 1859. postulirao Urbain Le Verrier kako bi objasnio pomak perihela Merkura.<\/p><p>Tek je Einsteinova op\u0107a teorija relativnosti 1915. objasnila tu anomaliju bez pretpostavke o postojanju dodatnog planeta, a \u00abVulkan\u00bb je i\u0161\u010deznuo iz modela Sun\u010devog sustava. Ta epizoda \u017eivi dalje u rije\u010di vulkanoid, koja u dana\u0161njoj planetologiji ozna\u010dava klasu hipotetskih malih tijela na putanji bliskoj Suncu.<\/p>\n<p>U geologiji rije\u010d \u00abvulkan\u00bb od 17. stolje\u0107a ozna\u010dava sve planine koje bljuju vatru. Athanasius Kircher u svom djelu \u00abMundus Subterraneus\u00bb iz 1665. opisao je vulkane kao dimnjake podzemnog ognjenog sustava, koji je smatrao djelom rimskog boga. Ta se metaforika odr\u017eala u ranoj vulkanologiji sve do dubine 19. stolje\u0107a i povezala <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Razdoblje gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. n. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">anti\u010dku<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost predanih pripovijesti o bogovima neke kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologiju<\/span> s nastaju\u0107om prirodnom znano\u0161\u0107u.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2e2b16 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f2e2b16\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d02201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d02201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religijsko-znanstvena klasifikacija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee2ff23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee2ff23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Robert Schilling i Kurt Latte isti\u010du italsko-etru\u0161\u010dansku dubinu kulta Vulkana. U starijem sloju Vulkan je manje kova\u010d, a vi\u0161e bog po\u017eara i munje, koji se \u0161tuje izvan gradskih zidina kako bi se ono razorno odr\u017ealo podalje. Tek u helenisti\u010dkom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Spajanje predod\u017ebi ili bo\u017eanstava iz razli\u010ditih religijskih tradicija.\" tabindex=\"0\">sinkretizmu<\/span> postaje pozitivno obojena figura umije\u0107a, u kojoj se spajaju pronalaza\u010dki duh i obrt.<\/p>\n<p>Georges Dum\u00e9zil svrstava ga u tre\u0107u od indoeuropskih funkcija, produktivni, materijalni svijet. S tog gledi\u0161ta Vulkan je bog gospodarstva i kovanja, uz Kvirina, boga naroda.<\/p><p>Mary Beard i John North pokazuju da ta tipolo\u0161ka podjela ne odra\u017eava potpuno gradski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost obrednih radnji \u0161tovanja nekog bo\u017eanstva ili svete figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> Rima, jer dr\u017eavotvorna funkcija na Volkanalu svjedo\u010di o vi\u0161edimenzionalnosti koja nadilazi Dum\u00e9zilovu shemu.<\/p>\n<p>John Scheid isti\u010de va\u017enost kulta Vulkana za gradsku sigurnosnu organizaciju. Protupo\u017earna za\u0161tita bila je u gusto izgra\u0111enom drvenom gradu klju\u010dna javna zada\u0107a, a Volkanal je u tom pogledu imao izravnu funkciju.<\/p><p>J\u00f6rg R\u00fcpke razra\u0111uje kako Vulkan slu\u017ei kao primjer <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e \u0161tovano kao bo\u017eansko unutar neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstva<\/span> \u010dija je religijska funkcija bila tijesno povezana s urbanim razvojem Rima. Frank Sear i Andreas Schmidt-Colinet kartografirali su arheolo\u0161ke tragove tog kulta u Ostiji i u sjevernoafri\u010dkim provincijama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c690fe9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c690fe9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b709da6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b709da6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Volcanal i Aedes Volcani<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51da8e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51da8e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najstarije Vulkanovo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161te<\/span> bilo je Volcanal na Comitiumu, \u017ertvenik pod otvorenim nebom na obronku Kapitola. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Razdoblje gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. po. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Anti\u010dki<\/span> topografi poput Festa izvje\u0161tavaju da je mjesto osnovao sam Romul na \u017eelju sabinskih vladara, \u0161to upu\u0107uje na duboku institucionalnu ukorijenjenost kulta.<\/p><p>Mjesto se nalazilo povi\u0161eno i na otvorenom, jer se vatra povezana s Vulkanom nije smjela \u0161tovati u zatvorenim prostorima. Bron\u010dana skupina koja prikazuje kovanje ma\u010da i kip Romula dugo su stajali na Volcanalu, sve dok nisu premje\u0161teni tijekom gra\u0111evinskih radova u kasnoj Republici.<\/p>\n<p>Kasniji dr\u017eavni <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span>, Aedes Volcani, nalazio se na Marsovu polju, izvan gradskih zidina, jer vatra kao opasan element nije smjela dospjeti unutar granica grada.<\/p><p>Ta topografska izdvojenost karakteristi\u010dno je rimsko rje\u0161enje u odnosu prema ambivalentnim bo\u017eanstvima, usporedivo s hramovima Belone i Marsa izvan pomerija. Vitruvije u djelu \u00abDe architectura\u00bb (I, 7) navodi da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramovi<\/span> bo\u017eanstava povezanih s vatrom uvijek moraju le\u017eati izvan grada, norma koja se odnosila na Vulkana, Mulcibera i Stata Mater.<\/p>\n<p>U Ostiji je u 1. stolje\u0107u nastalo posebno Vulkanovo sveti\u0161te s pripadaju\u0107om sve\u0107eni\u010dkom slu\u017ebom, \u010diji je nositelj, Pontifex Volcani, imao poseban polo\u017eaj u gradskoj hijerarhiji. Pripadaju\u0107i natpisi, ponajprije CIL XIV 4 i 32, dokumentiraju da je ostijsko Vulkanovo sveti\u0161te bilo nadle\u017eno i za protupo\u017earnu za\u0161titu i za gradski kalendar.<\/p><p>Obitelj Iuli, ostijskih uglednika, generacijama je davala Vulkanove sve\u0107enike. U Pompejima zidne slike i prikazi u lararijima svjedo\u010de o ku\u0107nom Vulkanovu kultu, koji se prakticirao ponajprije u radionicama i kova\u010dnicama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1063b94 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1063b94\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e99f68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e99f68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Volcanalia i \u017ertve vatri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-259d6f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"259d6f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Glavni blagdan, Volcanalia, slavio se 23. kolovoza, u kasno ljeto, kada su rimska polja bila najsu\u0161a a opasnost od po\u017eara za zalihe i drvene gra\u0111evine najve\u0107a. Rimska religija nije zaobi\u0161la tu stvarnu opasnost, ve\u0107 ju je uklju\u010dila u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ure\u0111en slijed simboli\u010dkih radnji s religijskim ili kulturnim zna\u010denjem.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>.<\/p><p>Prilikom \u017ertve Vulkanu male ribe iz Tibera bacane su u vatru, arhai\u010dan zamjenski obred koji je, prema Plutarhovim \u00abQuaestiones Romanae\u00bb 71, trebalo shvatiti kao zamjenu za ljudsku du\u0161u. Ribe su predavale vodu vatri i tako simboli\u010dno osiguravale mir izme\u0111u neprijateljskih elemenata.<\/p>\n<p>Neljudske \u017ertvene \u017eivotinje, prije svega tele bika i tele nerasta, spaljivane su potpuno, u obliku hekatombe, dakle bez uobi\u010dajenog udjela mesa za sve\u0107enike. Ovaj oblik potpunog paljenja \u017ertve bio je u rimskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ure\u0111en slijed simboli\u010dkih radnji s religijskim ili kulturnim zna\u010denjem.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualu<\/span> rijedak i pridr\u017ean isklju\u010divo za Vulkana.<\/p><p>Makrobije u \u00abSaturnalijama\u00bb (I, 12, 18) opisuje da je praefectus urbi na Vulkanovu blagdanu no\u0107u u korito Tibera stavljao zdjele s bakljama, svjetlosno-magijski \u010din kojim se opasni element trebao svladati pod vodom.<\/p>\n<p>U privatnim ku\u0107ama trgovaca blagdan se slavio ga\u0161enjem svih vatri u radionicama te njihovim sve\u010danim ponovnim paljenjem. Ta se praksa epigrafski potvr\u0111uje u Pompejima i Herculaneumu.<\/p><p>Jedan primjer je Tabula Pompeiana 19, ugovor o naukovanju za kova\u010dkog nau\u010dnika datiran 22. kolovoza, dakle dan prije Volcanalia, tako da je po\u010detak posla mogao zapo\u010deti na sam dan blagdana. Vulkanovi blagdani preuzeti su u kasnom Carstvu i izvan Italije, u Galiji i Africi, gdje su lokalni kova\u010dki bogovi bili izjedna\u010deni s Vulkanom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e2454c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e2454c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0656b44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0656b44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apotropejski obredi i protupo\u017earna za\u0161tita<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4746c57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4746c57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ve\u0107ina rimskih obreda protupo\u017earne za\u0161tite bila je posve\u0107ena Vulkanu. Servije Tulije je, prema Ciceronu, osnovao prvu gradsku protupo\u017earnu postrojbu, familia publica vigilum, \u010diji je za\u0161titnik bio Vulkan.<\/p><p>Ta je postrojba ponovno organizirana u augustovskoj reformi vigila pod carem Augustom 6. po. Kr.; kohorte vigila dobile su vlastita sveti\u0161ta Vulkanu u svojim vojarnama. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tekst urezan ili uklesan u trajni nosa\u010d.\" tabindex=\"0\">Natpis<\/span> CIL VI 1057 svjedo\u010di o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uzdignuto mjesto ili stol za \u017ertve i religijske obrede.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017ertveniku<\/span> u postaji prve kohorte s formulom Volcano genio cohortis.<\/p>\n<p>Apotropejske prakse u privatnom ku\u0107anstvu uklju\u010divale su ga\u0161enje ku\u0107ne vatre no\u0107 uo\u010di Volcanalia, sipanje soli na ognji\u0161te te postavljanje malih bronzanih plo\u010dica s prikazom Vulkana na vrata radionica.<\/p><p>Plinije Stariji u \u00abNaturalis historia\u00bb (VII, 50) izvje\u0161tava da su odre\u0111ene kamene plo\u010de smatrane u\u010dinkovitima u za\u0161titi od po\u017eara ako bi se zakopale ispod praga na Vulkanov blagdan. Ova magijska komponenta pripada dugoj tradiciji italske ku\u0107ne religije.<\/p>\n<p>U <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prijelazno razdoblje izme\u0111u antike i srednjeg vijeka, otprilike od 3. do 7. stolje\u0107a.\" tabindex=\"0\">kasnoj antici<\/span> sv. Lovro postao je kr\u0161\u0107anski za\u0161titnik od po\u017eara, \u010diji je dan mu\u010deni\u0161tva, 10. kolovoza, le\u017eao u neposrednoj blizini Volcanalia. Taj pomak religijske protupo\u017earne za\u0161tite s Vulkana na Lovru analizirali su Robert Markus i Robin Lane Fox kao primjer kr\u0161\u0107anske teologije zamjene. Kultna funkcija ostala je ista, promijenio se samo bo\u017eanski adresat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6a196e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f6a196e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-019041b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"019041b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izvori i dodatna literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1012cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1012cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoha gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. po. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antika<\/span> Izvori: Vergilije \u00abEneida\u00bb, Ovidije \u00abMetamorfoze\u00bb i \u00abFasti\u00bb, Livije \u00abAb urbe condita\u00bb, Varon \u00abDe lingua latina\u00bb, Plinije \u00abNaturalis historia\u00bb, Servijev komentar, Makrobije \u00abSaturnalije\u00bb, Plutarh \u00abRomul\u00bb, Dionizije Halikarna\u0161ki \u00abRimske starine\u00bb.<\/p>\n<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Znanstvena literatura: Robert Schilling, \u00abRites, cultes, dieux de Rome\u00bb, Paris 1979. Kurt Latte, \u00abR\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte\u00bb, M\u00fcnchen 1960. Georges Dum\u00e9zil, \u00abLa religion romaine archa\u00efque\u00bb, Paris 1966. Mary Beard, John North, Simon Price, \u00abReligions of Rome\u00bb, Cambridge 1998. John Scheid, \u00abAn Introduction to Roman Religion\u00bb, Edinburgh 2003. J\u00f6rg R\u00fcpke, \u00abDie Religion der R\u00f6mer\u00bb, M\u00fcnchen 2001.<\/p><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3262,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Vulcanus","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Vulcanus \u2013 rimski bog kova\u0161tva i vatre | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Vulcanus je rimski bog vatre i kova\u010dkog umije\u0107a, za\u0161titnik obrtnika. Blagdan Volcanalia, kova\u010dnica pod Etnom. 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