{"id":149790,"date":"2026-09-04T05:13:30","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:13:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=149790"},"modified":"2026-09-04T05:32:16","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:32:16","slug":"atum","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/atum\/","title":{"rendered":"Atum"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"149790\" class=\"elementor elementor-149790 elementor-2994 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9c39ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b9c39ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46b50b3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46b50b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec779fe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec779fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bf506e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1bf506e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Atum, egipatski bog stvoritelj iz Heliopolisa<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f70063 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f70063\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum je egipatski bog stvoritelj \u010diji je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cjelina religijskih obreda i \u0161tovanja posve\u0107enih bo\u017eanstvu ili svetom bi\u0107u.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> bio smje\u0161ten u Heliopolisu i koji stoji na po\u010detku tamo\u0161nje Devetorice. Atum se u starom egipatskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost bogova neke religije ili kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> smatra bogom stvoriteljem Heliopolisa, koji je izronio iz prvobitnih voda Nuna i sam iz sebe stvorio prva dva boga, \u0160ua (Schu) i Tefnut.<\/p><p>Njegovo se ime obi\u010dno prevodi kao \u201ePotpuni\u201c, \u201eCjelovit\u201c ili \u201eOnaj koji je postao sve\u201c; istodobno mo\u017ee zna\u010diti i \u201eOnaj koji ne postoji\u201c, jer glagol \u201etem\u201c izra\u017eava i dovr\u0161enost i negaciju.<\/p><p>Ta semanti\u010dka dvozna\u010dnost odra\u017eava Atumov teolo\u0161ki polo\u017eaj: on je ono \u0161to je postojalo prije stvaranja i ono \u0161to \u0107e postojati nakon njega, po\u010detak i kraj kozmi\u010dkog ciklusa.<\/p><p>Dok u Srednjem i Novom kraljevstvu glavnu teolo\u0161ku ulogu preuzima Amon-Ra, Atum zadr\u017eava svoju kozmogonijsku funkciju i svoj poseban profil stvoritelja putem samozadovoljavanja ili samoizgovora, jedan od najstarijih i najslo\u017eenijih koncepata u povijesti religije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e442eee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e442eee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a6f0a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"3a6f0a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog \/ bo\u017eica: Osobna vrhovna mo\u0107 u panteonu neke kulture, s jasnim nadle\u017enostima \u2014 sile prirode, sudbina, rat, plodnost. \u0160tovan kroz kultove, \u017ertve i hramske institucije.\">Bog<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/egipat\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija starog dolina Nila, otprilike od 3000. pr. Kr. do 30. pr. Kr.\">Egipat<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8373406 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8373406\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92ddae4 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"92ddae4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na ovoj stranici nisu prona\\u0111eni naslovi.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; 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tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__92ddae4\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__92ddae4\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__92ddae4\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33831b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"33831b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9fb63f iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e9fb63f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151487\" alt=\"Atum \u2013 bogovi iz egipatske tradicije, povijesno-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-883c3bc e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"883c3bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a66878f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a66878f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a036d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a036d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mit i genealogija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95f1797 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95f1797\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Heliopolska kozmogonija stavlja Atuma na po\u010detak Devetorice bogova (Eneade). Iz prvobitnih voda Nuna, prije kojih nije postojalo ni vrijeme ni oblik, Atum izranja na prvobitnom humku (Tatenen), prvoj \u010dvrstoj to\u010dki u kaosu.<\/p><p>Na tom humku Atum izvodi stvaranje: u Tekstovima piramida (izreka 527) stvara \u0160ua i Tefnut iz svog sjemena, koje ispu\u0161ta rukom ili prima u obliku vlastite bo\u017eice-ruke \u201eHethemut\u201c.<\/p><p>U drugoj ina\u010dici (Tekstovi piramida, izreka 600) Atum stvara prve bogove iska\u0161ljavanjem: kihnuo je \u0160ua (zrak), ispljunuo Tefnut (vlagu). Obje verzije postoje jedna uz drugu, bez poku\u0161aja egipatske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno prou\u010davanje Boga i vjerovanja neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span> da ih usklade.<\/p>\n<p>Iz \u0160ua i Tefnut nastaju Geb (Zemlja) i Nut (Nebo), a iz njihove veze proizlaze Ozirid, Izida, Set, Neftida, a u nekim popisima i Horus Stariji. Time Atum postaje genealo\u0161kim praocem gotovo svih va\u017enih egipatskih bogova.<\/p><p>Heliopolska Eneada (skupina od devet bogova) okuplja Atuma, \u0160ua, Tefnut, Geba, Nut, Ozirida, Izidu, Seta i Neftidu; ona \u010dini teolo\u0161ki temelj heliopolske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno prou\u010davanje Boga i vjerovanja neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span>.<\/p><p>Niz bogova treba tuma\u010diti ne samo genealo\u0161ki, nego i kozmi\u010dki: on razvija stvaranje od Atumove \u010diste samobitnosti preko elementarnih prirodnih sila do bo\u017eanskih likova koji obilje\u017eavaju ljudski svijet.<\/p>\n<p>Zanimljiva je Atumova samodostatnost u najstarijoj predaji. Za razliku od drugih bogova stvoritelja, Atumu nije potreban partner ni prethodno postoje\u0107a tvar; on stvara svijet iz samog sebe.<\/p><p>Ta se predod\u017eba u kasnijoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno prou\u010davanje Boga i vjerovanja neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiji<\/span> filozofski razra\u0111uje: himne Atumu iz Novog kraljevstva nazivaju ga onim koji je \u201esam sebe stvorio\u201c, koji je \u201enastao iz samog sebe\u201c (kheper-djesef). Takvo tuma\u010denje obilje\u017eava teolo\u0161ka razmatranja kasnog razdoblja i utje\u010de i na kr\u0161\u0107ansko-gnosti\u010dke predod\u017ebe o samostvoritelju.<\/p>\n<p>U spojenom bo\u017eanskom obliku Atum-Ra, Atum se javlja kao aspekt boga sunca, konkretno kao zalaze\u0107e ve\u010dernje sunce (za razliku od Khepria kao izlaze\u0107eg i Ra kao podnevnog sunca).<\/p><p>Ta trodioba sun\u010danog ciklusa, op\u0161irno obra\u0111ena u sun\u010danim litanijama Novog kraljevstva, \u010dini Atuma bogom kraja kozmi\u010dkog ciklusa, koji u sebi nosi i novi po\u010detak. Faraoni su se posebno u smrti identificirali s Atumom, jer je on utjelovljivao prijelaz od ovozemaljskog zalaska sunca do zagrobnog ponovnog ro\u0111enja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f33afe9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f33afe9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd5bf22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fd5bf22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboli, ikonografija i atributi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a29c4e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a29c4e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum se obi\u010dno prikazuje kao mu\u0161karac s dvostrukom krunom (pschent), koja simbolizira ujedinjenje Gornjeg i Donjeg Egipta. Ova kruna kraljevski je atribut i nagla\u0161ava Atumovu funkciju prakralja i praroditelja faraonskog dostojanstva.<\/p><p>Mo\u017ee se prikazivati i sa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kornja\u0161 gun\u0111alo kao staroegipatski simbol postajanja i obnove.\" tabindex=\"0\">skarabejom<\/span> na glavi, sa sun\u010devom plo\u010dom ili s atef krunom. U antropomorfnom obliku njegovo lice je obi\u010dno bez brade i mladena\u010dko, \u0161to je u suprotnosti s predstavom o \u00abstarom\u00bb Atumu koji utjelovljuje ve\u010dernje sunce.<\/p>\n<p>Njegova sveta \u017eivotinja je zmija. U Knjizi mrtvih (izreka 175) Atum obja\u0161njava: \u00abVratit \u0107u svijet ponovno u prvobitne vode, i samo \u0107u ja i Ozirisa preostati, kao dvije zmije koje ne poznaje nijedan \u010dovjek niti bog\u00bb.<\/p><p>Ta eshatolo\u0161ka vizija prikazuje zmiju kao <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak koji zastupa neku predstavu ili zna\u010denje.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> nediferenciranog izvornog stanja. Osim toga, ihneumon (faraonski \u0161takor) sveta je \u017eivotinja Atuma, jer ubija zmije koje utjelovljuju prijetnje sli\u010dne Apofisu.<\/p>\n<p>Glavni kultni simbol Atuma je Benben kamen u Heliopolisu, piramidalni ili konusni kamen koji je utjelovljivao prvobitno humlje.<\/p><p>Iz Benbena su proiza\u0161li kasniji piramidalni oblik kraljevskih grobnica te obelisci; svaki piramidion (vrh piramide) simboli\u010dki je Benben kamen koji utjelovljuje uzdizanje k nebu i susret s Atum-Reom. Sam Heliopolis je u hijeroglifskom pismu bio ozna\u010den znakom Benbena.<\/p>\n<p>Plasti\u010dna prikazivanja Atuma sa\u010duvana su iz svih razdoblja egipatske religije. Iz Novog kraljevstva potje\u010de poznata kvarcitna statua Tutankamona, na kojoj je mladi kralj prikazan s Atumovom krunom; iz kasnog razdoblja sa\u010duvane su brojne manje bronzane statue Atuma.<\/p><p>Na zidovima ramesidskih hramova, posebno u Karnaku i Abidosu, Atum se redovito prikazuje u redovima bogova koji kruniraju kralja ili mu pru\u017eaju znak \u017eivota \u00abanh\u00bb. U Deir el-Bahariju je Hat\u0161epsut opremila kult Atum-Rea impresivnim slikovnim programima koji legitimiraju njeno vlastito stvaranje putem Amun-Atuma, u okviru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obreda \u0161tovanja neke bo\u017eanske ili svete pojave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulta<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f518c57 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f518c57\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f90a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"93f90a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult i \u0161tovanje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-386b226 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"386b226\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Heliopolis (na egipatskom Iunu, \u0161to zna\u010di \u00abgrad stupova\u00bb ili \u00abgrad pilastara\u00bb) bio je glavno kultno sredi\u0161te Atuma. Grad se nalazio otprilike deset kilometara sjeveroisto\u010dno od dana\u0161njeg Kaira i od ujedinjenja Egipta pripadao je me\u0111u teolo\u0161ki najva\u017enije gradove zemlje.<\/p><p>Ovdje se nalazio veliki <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina koja slu\u017ei \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> Atum-Rea s Benben kamenom, svetim drvetom persea i sun\u010devom barkom koja je pratila dnevni izlazak i zalazak sunca. Heliopolitansko sve\u0107enstvo, na \u010dijem je \u010delu bio vrhovni sve\u0107enik (nazvan \u00abVeliki od gledatelja\u00bb), bilo je naju\u010denije u egipatskoj religiji; njegova teolo\u0161ka razmi\u0161ljanja utjecala su na cijelu zemlju.<\/p>\n<p>U dnevnom ritualu Atumovog hrama ujutro se odvijalo \u00abbudjenje\u00bb bo\u017eanskog lika kroz ka\u0111enje, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Izlijevanje teku\u0107ine kao \u017ertveni prinos bo\u017eanstvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">libaciju<\/span> i recitiranje hvalospjeva. Tijekom dana prinosili su se svakodnevni prinosi hrane; nave\u010der se bo\u017eanski lik <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pripadaju\u0107e utvr\u0111enom vjerskom obrednom slijedu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualno<\/span> polagao na po\u010dinak i sveti\u0161te se zape\u010da\u0107ivalo.<\/p><p>Prilikom posebnih sve\u010danosti, poput kraljevskog jubileja (Sed-sve\u010danost) i Nove godine, Atumov se lik iznosio iz sveti\u0161ta i nosio u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sve\u010dana religijska povorka.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesiji<\/span> kroz hramske dvori\u0161ta. Te su procesije bile javne i pru\u017eale su gradskom stanovni\u0161tvu udio u ina\u010de sve\u0107eni\u010dkom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obreda \u0161tovanja neke bo\u017eanske ili svete pojave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Najva\u017enija Atumova sve\u010danost bila je sve\u010danost \u00abWepet-Renpet\u00bb, Nove godine, koja je ozna\u010davala po\u010detak nilske plime. Atum je uo\u010di nove godine primao prve \u017ertve prvina, jer je kao stvoritelj bio i onaj koji je obnavljao godi\u0161nji ciklus.<\/p><p>Natpisi u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina koja slu\u017ei \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramu<\/span> u Karnaku i u ramesidskim mrtva\u010dkim hramovima detaljno dokumentiraju te obrede. U \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ure\u0111en slijed simboli\u010dkih radnji s religijskim ili kulturnim zna\u010denjem.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualu<\/span> kralja iz ruke Atuma\u00bb (Papirus Berlin 3055) potpuno je prenesen liturgijski slijed; slu\u017eio je faraonu kao model njegova vlastitog svakodnevnog hramskog rituala.<\/p>\n<p>Izvan Heliopolisa Atumov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obreda \u0161tovanja neke bo\u017eanske ili svete pojave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> bio je prisutan na mnogim mjestima, ali gotovo uvijek kao aspekt drugih glavnih bogova. U Tebi se \u0161tovao Amun-Atum, a u Karnaku je cijela Eneada, uklju\u010duju\u0107i Atuma, uvr\u0161tena u kalendar sve\u010danosti. U Memfisu je Ptah-Atum bio va\u017ena teolo\u0161ka poveznica koja je spajala koncept Ptaha-kao-uma s konceptom Atuma-kao-samodostatnosti.<\/p><p>Poznati tekst \u00abMemfitske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstvena nauka o Bogu i vjeri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span>\u00bb (na \u0160abaka kamenu, danas u Londonu) izra\u017eava teolo\u0161ku ideju da je Ptah umom i rije\u010dju ostvario sve ono \u0161to je Atum ostvario svojim sjemenom; filozofski vrlo naprednu varijantu teologije stvaranja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-049a490 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"049a490\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57bb878 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"57bb878\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Va\u017ena sveti\u0161ta i hramovi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76f48b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76f48b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum-Reov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina koja slu\u017ei \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> u Heliopolisu bio je jedna od najve\u0107ih sakralnih gra\u0111evina Egipta, ali od njega je sa\u010duvano gotovo ni\u0161ta. Grad je napu\u0161ten u rimsko doba i u srednjem vijeku kori\u0161ten kao kamenolom za izgradnju bliskog Kaira; sa\u010duvali su se samo pojedini obelisci (Sesostrisa I. u Matariji) i ostaci hramskih zidova.<\/p><p>Strabon (XVII, 1, 27 do 30) opisuje svoj posjet Heliopolisu u prvom stolje\u0107u prije Krista i daje kratak prikaz <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina koja slu\u017ei \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hrama<\/span>; u to vrijeme <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju jednog bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161te<\/span> je ve\u0107 bilo zapu\u0161teno, ali jo\u0161 vidljivo.<\/p>\n<p>Va\u017ene Atumove kapele nalaze se u Karnaku (u dvori\u0161tu Amunova hrama), u pogrebnom hramu Hat\u0161epsut u Deir el-Bahariju, u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina koja slu\u017ei \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramu<\/span> Ramzesa II. u Abidosu i u sed-svetkovinskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina koja slu\u017ei \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramu<\/span> Amenhotepa III. u Malkati.<\/p><p>Ve\u0107ina ramesidskih pogrebnih hramova na zapadnoj strani Tebe (Ramesseum, Medinet Habu, Setijev I. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina koja slu\u017ei \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span>) ima Atumove kapele, u kojima se preminuli kralj ujedinjivao s Atum-Reom.<\/p>\n<p>U Abu Simbelu Atum je jedan od \u010detiri glavna bo\u017eanstva velikog hrama (Amun-Re, Re-Harahte, Ptah, te sam Ramzes II.); Atum se ovdje javlja kao dio kraljevske apoteoze. U Deir el-Medini, selu radnika na kraljevskim grobnicama, postoje mala privatna sveti\u0161ta u kojima je Atum-Re, uz Amuna i Ptaha, primao zazivanja.<\/p><p>Atumova sveti\u0161ta u Libijskoj pustinji (Bahariya, Charga, Dakhla) dokumentirana su u kasnom razdoblju. U Hibisovu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina koja slu\u017ei \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramu<\/span> u oazi Charga Atum je istaknuto zastupljen u teolo\u0161kim slikovnim programima.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4a3fcf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f4a3fcf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf69d58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf69d58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitske pripovijesti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cfda27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8cfda27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sredi\u0161nji <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predaja koja pripovijeda o bogovima, izvorima i poretku svijeta.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> o Atumu jest njegovo samostvaranje. U tekstovima piramida (izreke 527 i 600) pri\u010da se pripovijeda u dvije varijante. U prvoj Atum s\u00e2m, na prvobitnom humku, ispu\u0161ta svoje sjeme u svoju ruku, koja se personificira kao bo\u017eica Hethemut ili Iusaas; iz te mrlje sjemena nastaju \u0160u i Tefnut.<\/p><p>U drugoj varijanti Atum ispljune ta dva boga, pri \u010demu se \u010duje egipatska igra rije\u010di izme\u0111u &#8220;pljunuti&#8221; (techech) i Tefnut, odnosno &#8220;kihnuti&#8221; (ischesch) i \u0160u; bogovi se dakle glasovnom podudarno\u0161\u0107u izvode iz glagola. Obje varijante odra\u017eavaju egipatsku predod\u017ebu da je stvaranje tjelesni \u010din, a ne apstraktan, duhovni proces.<\/p>\n<p>Druga pri\u010da opisuje Atumovu potragu za njegovom izgubljenom djecom, \u0160uom i Tefnut. U mitskom pradoba oba boga izgubila su se u prvobitnim vodama Nuna; Atum je poslao svoje oko (Oko boga ili Ureh-oko) da ih potra\u017ei. Dok je oko bilo na putu, Atum je sebi stvorio novo oko.<\/p><p>Kad se staro oko vratilo s prona\u0111enom djecom, zatekao je novo oko na svome mjestu i razbjesnio se. Atum je umirio oko postaviv\u0161i ga kao uraeus-zmiju na svoje \u010delo; iz suza oka nastali su prvi ljudi.<\/p><p>Ova mitska pri\u010da, sa\u010duvana u nekoliko kasnih tekstova, uspostavlja vezu izme\u0111u bo\u017ejeg oka i uraeus-zmije te istovremeno obja\u0161njava postanak ljudskog roda.<\/p>\n<p>U Knjizi mrtvih (izreka 175) nalazi se eshatolo\u0161ka vizija: Atum objavljuje da \u0107e se stvoreni svijet, nakon dugih razdoblja, vratiti u prvobitne vode Nuna; jedini \u0107e preostati Atum s\u00e2m i Ozirid, u obliku zmija.<\/p><p>Ta predod\u017eba o cikli\u010dkom eshatolo\u0161kom povratku svijeta u kaos religijsko-historijski je zna\u010dajna i strukturno je srodna hinduisti\u010dkom konceptu pralaye te mla\u0111im apokalipti\u010dkim predod\u017ebama.<\/p>\n<p>U dnevnom solarnom ciklusu Atum preuzima ulogu ve\u010dernjeg sunca. Njegovim ulaskom u podzemni svijet po\u010dinje no\u0107no putovanje sun\u010deve barke, koja u dvanaest satnih odsje\u010daka prolazi kraljevstvom mrtvih.<\/p><p>To putovanje detaljno je opisano u &#8220;Knjigama vrata&#8221; i u &#8220;Amduatu&#8221; (&#8220;Knjizi o onome \u0161to je u podzemnom svijetu&#8221;). Atum, kao starac sa \u0161tapom i pogrbljenim le\u0111ima, ulazi u barku i vodi se kroz no\u0107 do jutarnjeg uskrsnu\u0107a u obliku Khepria.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f432fbe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f432fbe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c63116 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c63116\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odnosi u panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c52982 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c52982\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum je genealo\u0161ki i teolo\u0161ki praotac heliopolitanskog panteona. Sa \u0160uom i Tefnut ima odnos oca i djece; u jednoj varijanti oni se javljaju kao njegove ruke koje stje\u010du svoju vlastitu egzistenciju.<\/p><p>S Reom \u010dini dvostruki oblik Atum-Re, u kojem se teolo\u0161ki spajaju ve\u010dernje i dnevno sunce. S Khepriem i Reom nastaje trojni oblik solarnog ciklusa: Khepri (jutarnje sunce), Re (podnevno sunce), Atum (ve\u010dernje sunce).<\/p>\n<p>S Amunom u Tebi Atum se stapa u Amun-Atuma, oblik koji je teolo\u0161ki djelovao u ramesidskom razdoblju.<\/p><p>S Ptahom u Memfisu, u \u00abMemfitskoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno u\u010denje o Bogu i vjeri jedne religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiji<\/span>\u00bb, postoji filozofski odnos: Ptah misli i izgovara ono \u0161to Atum potom stvarala\u010dki izvodi; ovo tuma\u010denje \u010dini Atuma izvr\u0161nim aspektom stvaranja koje je zamislio Ptah. S Khnumom u Esni postoji sli\u010dna komplementarnost; Khnum oblikuje \u017eiva bi\u0107a, a Atum ih dovodi u postojanje.<\/p>\n<p>S Ozirisom Atum ima eshatolo\u0161ki odnos, izra\u017een u Knjizi mrtvih: oba se prikazuju kao jedini bogovi koji \u0107e preostati na kraju svijeta, u obliku zmija. Ta konstelacija \u010dini Atuma bogom kosmi\u010dkog po\u010detka i kraja, a Ozirisa bogom vladavine podzemnim svijetom.<\/p><p>S kraljem (faraonom) postoji poseban odnos: prigodom svoje krunidbe faraon se identificira s Atumom, a nakon smrti se, kao Atum-Re, uklju\u010duje u solarni ciklus. Ta ritualna identifikacija jest sr\u017e egipatske kraljevske teologije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa28b21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aa28b21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a347e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5a347e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepcija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a562a54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a562a54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U gr\u010dko-rimskoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoha gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. n. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antici<\/span> Atum se obi\u010dno izjedna\u010davao s Heliosom ili Apolonom, a ponekad i sa Saturnom, jer je Atum \u00abStari\u00bb. Plutarh (\u00abDe Iside et Osiride\u00bb 12 i 73) obra\u0111uje heliopolsku <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno prou\u010davanje Boga i vjerovanja neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiju<\/span> i identificira Atuma s gr\u010dkim \u00abGeronom\u00bb, Starcem.<\/p><p>Helenisti\u010dka hermetika koristila je koncepte Atuma u svojim spekulacijama o \u00abautogenes theosu\u00bb, \u00absamonastalom bogu\u00bb. Ovo tuma\u010denje obilje\u017eava \u00abCorpus Hermeticum\u00bb, a preko njega i kr\u0161\u0107ansko-gnosti\u010dku <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno prou\u010davanje Boga i vjerovanja neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiju<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prijelazno razdoblje izme\u0111u antike i srednjeg vijeka, otprilike od 3. do 7. stolje\u0107a.\" tabindex=\"0\">kasne antike<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Krajem poganskog hramskog kulta u petom i \u0161estom stolje\u0107u kr\u0161\u0107anske ere prakti\u010dni Atumov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost vjerskih obreda \u0161tovanja neke bo\u017eanske ili svete osobe.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> nestao je. Koptska tradicija ipak je sa\u010duvala neke teolo\u0161ke koncepte, primjerice predod\u017ebu o samonastalom bogu, koja je vidljiva u koptsko-kr\u0161\u0107anskoj kristologiji.<\/p><p>U srednjem vijeku arapski putnici izvje\u0161tavali su o napu\u0161tenim ostacima hramova u Heliopolisu; ve\u0107ina obeliska tijekom vremena prenesena je u Rim (danas Lateran, Piazza del Popolo) ili u Konstantinopol.<\/p>\n<p>Moderno ponovno otkrivanje Atumovog kulta po\u010dinje s napoleonskim znanstvenicima i s Champollionovim de\u0161ifriranjem hijeroglifa. U devetnaestom stolje\u0107u Lepsius je dokumentirao Atumove slikovne programe; u dvadesetom stolje\u0107u James Henry Breasted, Henri Frankfort i Erik Hornung sustavno su prikazali teolo\u0161ku dubinu heliopolske kosmogonije.<\/p><p>U novijim istra\u017eivanjima Jana Assmanna (\u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno prou\u010davanje Boga i vjerovanja neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teologija<\/span> i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Osobno do\u017eivljen vjerski stav i praksa \u010dovjeka.\" tabindex=\"0\">pobo\u017enost<\/span>\u00bb, 1984) i Jamesa P. Allena (\u00abGenesis in Egypt\u00bb, 1988) Atum je obra\u0111en kao sredi\u0161nja figura egipatske \u00abteologije prije ro\u0111enja\u00bb. U modernoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zbirni pojam za u\u010denja koja pola\u017eu pravo na skriveno znanje dostupno samo upu\u0107enima.\" tabindex=\"0\">ezoteriji<\/span> i u literaturi New Agea Atum se pojavljuje kao prauzor \u00absamoro\u0111ene svijesti\u00bb, tuma\u010denje koje se oslanja na hermeti\u010dko-gnosti\u010dku tradiciju.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ac60ea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ac60ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee7888d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ee7888d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religijsko-znanstvena klasifikacija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7006bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7006bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum pripada kategoriji bogova stvoritelja koji stvaraju samostvaranjem. Ova predod\u017eba je religijskopovijesno zapa\u017eena: dok ve\u0107ina politeisti\u010dkih religija opisuje stvaranje kroz borbu, sjedinjenje ili obrtni\u010dki rad, egipatska heliopolska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno prou\u010davanje Boga i vjerovanja neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologija<\/span> poznaje stvoritelja koji nastaje iz samog sebe.<\/p><p>Usporedive su samo rijetke druge predod\u017ebe: hinduisti\u010dki Praj\u0101pati, vedski Hira\u1e47yagarbha (\u00abZlatno jaje\u00bb) i u ograni\u010denoj mjeri gnosti\u010dki Autogenes.<\/p>\n<p>Teolo\u0161ka refleksija o Atumu do\u017eivjela je vrhunce posebno u kasnom razdoblju. Esnanski himni, memfiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno prou\u010davanje Boga i vjerovanja neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologija<\/span> i himni iz hramova u Edfuu i Dendari obra\u0111uju paradoksalne aspekte stvoritelja: on je u prvobitnim vodama, a ipak razli\u010dit od njih, on je sam, a ipak otac bo\u017eanske devetorice, on je stariji i istovremeno vje\u010dan.<\/p><p>Ova filozofska dubina svrstava egipatski diskurs o stvaranju me\u0111u najsofisticiranije u anti\u010dkoj povijesti religije i stavlja egipatsku misao na razinu gr\u010dke i indijske filozofije.<\/p>\n<p>Henri Frankfort je u Atumu vidio \u00abvisokog boga\u00bb egipatske religije, tuma\u010denje koje je kasnije relativizirao Hornung: Atum nije jedini ili najvi\u0161i bog, nego manifestacija bo\u017eanskog na\u010dela koje se javlja pod mnogim imenima i oblicima. Jan Assmann je u \u00abEgipat.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno prou\u010davanje Boga i vjerovanja neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teologija<\/span> i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Osobno do\u017eivljen vjerski stav i praksa \u010dovjeka.\" tabindex=\"0\">pobo\u017enost<\/span>\u00bb (1984) analizirao \u00abNovu sun\u010devu teologiju\u00bb Novog kraljevstva, u kojoj se Atum, Re i Khepri ujedinjuju u tri aspekta jednog jedinog sun\u010devog bi\u0107a; ovo tuma\u010denje priprema monolatrijsku <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Osobno do\u017eivljen vjerski stav i praksa \u010dovjeka.\" tabindex=\"0\">pobo\u017enost<\/span> amarnskog doba pod Ehnatonom i strukturno je srodno kasnijem biblijskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vjerovanje u jednog jedinog Boga.\" tabindex=\"0\">monoteizmu<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c841e62 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c841e62\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-049c634 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"049c634\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izvori<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8498c51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8498c51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Piramidni tekstovi, izreka 527 (samostvaranje), izreka 600 (\u0160u i Tefnut), izreka 587. Tekstovi sarkofaga i Knjiga mrtvih, posebno izreke 17, 78 i 175. Memfiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno prou\u010davanje Boga i vjerovanja neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologija<\/span> (Shabaka kamen, British Museum EA 498), izdanje James H. Breasted. Natpisi hrama u Esni, izdanje Sauneron. \u00abKnjiga vrata\u00bb i \u00abAmduat\u00bb iz kraljevskih grobnica u Dolini kraljeva, izdanje Hornung.<\/p><p>Strabon, \u00abGeographika\u00bb XVII, 1, 27 do 30; Plutarh, \u00abDe Iside et Osiride\u00bb 12, 73. Henri Frankfort, \u00abKingship and the Gods\u00bb, Chicago 1948. Erik Hornung, \u00abDer Eine und die Vielen\u00bb, Darmstadt 1971. James P. Allen, \u00abGenesis in Egypt.<\/p><p>The Philosophy of Ancient Egyptian Creation Accounts\u00bb, New Haven 1988. Jan Assmann, \u00ab\u00c4gypten. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno prou\u010davanje Boga i vjerovanja neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teologija<\/span> i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Osobno do\u017eivljen vjerski stav i praksa \u010dovjeka.\" tabindex=\"0\">pobo\u017enost<\/span> einer fr\u00fchen Hochkultur\u00bb, Stuttgart 1984.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3203,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Atum","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Atum \u2013 Egipatski bog stvoritelj iz Heliopolisa | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Atum je egipatski bog stvoritelj iz Heliopolisa, otac Devetorice bogova i praotac 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