{"id":149789,"date":"2026-09-04T05:13:30","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:13:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=149789"},"modified":"2026-09-04T05:32:17","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:32:17","slug":"khnum","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/khnum\/","title":{"rendered":"Khnum"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"149789\" class=\"elementor elementor-149789 elementor-2995 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87a6c88 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"87a6c88\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30520f9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"30520f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd9c15b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cd9c15b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83334eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"83334eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khnum, egipatski bog stvoritelj s ovnujskom glavom<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7dd867 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7dd867\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khnum je egipatski bog stvoritelj s glavom ovna koji oblikuje ljude i njihovu \u017eivotnu snagu na svom lon\u010darskom kolu. Khnum se ubraja u najstarije egipatske bogove i u teolo\u0161koj tradiciji zauzima mjesto stvoritelja s ovnujskom glavom.<\/p><p>Njegovo ime \u00abKhnum\u00bb (u gr\u010dkih pisaca i Khenmu, Chnoubis) izvedeno je iz glagola \u00abkhnem\u00bb (\u00abspajati, ujediniti\u00bb) i upu\u0107uje na njegovu funkciju stvoritelja koji na lon\u010darskom kolu povezuje udove nastaju\u0107eg bi\u0107a.<\/p><p>Khnum je bog lon\u010dar u strogom smislu: na okretnom kolu ne oblikuje samo ljudsko tijelo, nego i \u00abka\u00bb, nevidljivog darivatelja \u017eivota koji svako bi\u0107e prima prije ro\u0111enja.<\/p><p>Njegovo najzna\u010dajnije kultno mjesto je Elefantina kod Asuana, gdje upravlja porastom nilske plime; u kasnodobnom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161tu<\/span> u Esni preuzima glavnu kozmogonijsku ulogu kao samopostoje\u0107i stvoritelj svih bi\u0107a.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc35793 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fc35793\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5cbc82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d5cbc82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog \/ bo\u017eica: Osobna vrhovna mo\u0107 u panteonu neke kulture, s jasnim nadle\u017enostima \u2014 sile prirode, sudbina, rat, plodnost. \u0160tovan kroz kultove, \u017ertve i hramske institucije.\">Bog<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/egipat\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija starog dolina Nila, otprilike od 3000. pr. Kr. do 30. pr. Kr.\">Egipat<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ec3057 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ec3057\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-353aee3 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"353aee3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na ovoj stranici nisu prona\\u0111eni naslovi.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSadr\u017eaj\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__353aee3\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__353aee3\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__353aee3\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20450c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"20450c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30b145a iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"30b145a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_khnum-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151484\" alt=\"Khnum - bogovi iz egipatske tradicije, povijesno-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_khnum-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_khnum-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_khnum-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_khnum.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5523e7 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f5523e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4aa68e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b4aa68e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a15f65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9a15f65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mit i genealogija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86afd84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86afd84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khnum je jedan od najstarijih egipatskih bogova. Njegovo \u0161tovanje potvr\u0111eno je ve\u0107 od Starog kraljevstva; na Narmerovoj paleti (oko 3100. godine prije na\u0161e ere) mo\u017eda je ve\u0107 prikazana ovnujska glava koja se mo\u017ee pripisati Khnumu.<\/p><p>U Tekstovima piramida Khnum se pojavljuje kao lon\u010dar koji \u00bboblikuje\u00ab preminulog kralja i opskrbljuje ga udovima (izreka 522). Ovaj rani zapis pokazuje da je povezanost Khnuma sa stvaranjem ljudskog tijela bila izra\u017eena ve\u0107 u ranom razdoblju.<\/p>\n<p>Khnumova supruga razlikuje se ovisno o lokalnom kultu. U Elefantini s Satet (boginjom luka) i Anuket (boginjom gazele) \u010dini trijadu; Satet i Anuket personificiraju izvore koji osloba\u0111aju nilsku vodu iz prvog katarakta.<\/p><p>U Esni je Khnumova supruga Neith ili Menhit, boginja rata s lavljom glavom; s njom ra\u0111a sina Heku, personifikaciju magijske mo\u0107i. U Antinoi je to Heket, boginja poro\u0111aja sa \u017eablom glavom, koja se smatrala Khnumovom suprugom i s njim izvodila \u010din stvaranja.<\/p>\n<p>Khnum se pojavljuje u \u010detiri teolo\u0161ka vida, sustavno razra\u0111ena u kasnodobnoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno u\u010denje o Bogu i vjeri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiji<\/span> Esne. Bio je Khnum-Re (sun\u010dano bi\u0107e), Khnum-\u0160u (zra\u010dno bi\u0107e), Khnum-Geb (zemaljsko bi\u0107e) i Khnum-Ozirid (bi\u0107e dubine).<\/p><p>Ova \u010detiri vida \u010detiri su manifestacije istog Khnuma koje djeluju tijekom dana i u \u010detiri dijela svijeta, a ne \u010detiri razli\u010dita boga. Hram u Esni prikazuje ovu \u010detvornost na zidovima svoje hipostilne dvorane kao temeljni teolo\u0161ki program grada.<\/p>\n<p>Khnumov sin u Esni je Heka, dok u Elefantini umjesto tjelesnih sinova nastupaju podre\u0111ena bo\u017eanstva sveti\u0161ta povezana sa Satet i Anuket. U teologiji kasnog razdoblja Khnum se pojavljuje i kao otac kralja: na lon\u010darskom kolu oblikuje ljudsko tijelo kralja, a istovremeno i njegov \u00bbka\u00ab, bo\u017eanskog davatelja \u017eivota.<\/p><p>Ovaj postupak prikazan je na zidovima Hat\u0161epsutina mrtva\u010dkog hrama u Deir el-Bahariju te u hramu Amenhotepa III. u Luksoru u dojmljivim reljefima: Khnum na lon\u010darskom kolu, nasuprot kraljici, oblikuje kraljevsko lice koje nastaje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d81d02a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d81d02a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e49182 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9e49182\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboli, ikonografija i atributi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4b6d4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b4b6d4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khnum se tipi\u010dno prikazuje kao mu\u0161karac s glavom ovna. Rije\u010d je o vunastom ovnu nubijske vrste \u00abovis longipes\u00bb, \u010diji dugi, uvijeni rogovi stoje vodoravno. Ovaj oblik rogova razlikuje Khnuma od Amona, koji ima ovna s rogovima usmjerenima nadolje (ovis platyura).<\/p><p>Razlikovanje oblika rogova povijesno-religijski je zanimljivo, jer pokazuje da je Khnum povezan sa starijom, izvorno ju\u017enonubijskom pasminom ovaca, dok se Amon identificira s kasnijim ovnom druk\u010dijih rogova.<\/p>\n<p>Na glavi Khnum \u010desto nosi atef-krunu, a katkad visoku pernatu krunu sa sun\u010devim diskom, \u0161to obilje\u017eava njegovu kosmi\u010dku dimenziju. U tekstovima Esne javlja se i s \u010detiri ovnujske glave istodobno, predstavljaju\u0107i svoja \u010detiri aspekta; ovaj \u010detveroglavi prikaz potvr\u0111en je u kasnodobnom sveti\u0161tu i predstavlja teolo\u0161ku posebnost.<\/p><p>Njegov najva\u017eniji atribut je lon\u010darsko kolo, na kojem se oblikuju nastaju\u0107a bi\u0107a. Reljefi u Esni, Luxoru i Deir el-Bahariju prikazuju Khnuma za okretnim kolom, kako oblikuje malog \u010dovjeka (ili \u00abka\u00bb nastaju\u0107eg djeteta); pred njim le\u017ei dovr\u0161eni proizvod, \u010desto dvostruka figura (\u010dovjek i ka).<\/p>\n<p>Njegova sveta \u017eivotinja je ovan, koji se dr\u017eao u hramovima i mumificirao nakon smrti. Na Elefantini je otkrivena nekropola ovnova, u kojoj je pokopano stotine mumificiranih \u017eivotinja. Na hramskom podru\u010dju iz kasnog razdoblja podignuti su posebni objekti za ovnove, u kojima su svete \u017eivotinje njegovali posebni sve\u0107enici.<\/p>\n<p>Plasti\u010dna likovna djela Khnuma sa\u010duvana su od Srednjeg kraljevstva. Iz Novog kraljevstva potje\u010de zna\u010dajna statua Amenhotepa III. povezana s Khnumom, koja se \u010duva u Muzeju Luxora.<\/p><p>Iz kasnog razdoblja sa\u010duvano je mnogo manjih bronzanih statua. Na zidovima hrama u Esni (uglavnom iz rimskog carskog doba) Khnum je vi\u0161e puta prikazan u potpuno oblikovanoj figuri, s detaljno izra\u0111enom vunastom dlakom ovna i uvijenim rogovima.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bec7d1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bec7d1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6109c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f6109c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult i \u0161tovanje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-135a6e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"135a6e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najstariji i najzna\u010dajniji Khnumov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Skup vjerskih obreda \u0161tovanja jednog bo\u017eanstva ili svete pojave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> nalazi se u Elefantini, najju\u017enijem otoku egipatske doline Nila kod prvog katarakta. Ondje se nalazilo hramsko zemlji\u0161te na kojem je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju jednog bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161te<\/span> potvr\u0111eno od Starog kraljevstva, a koje je tijekom Srednjeg i Novog kraljevstva vi\u0161e puta pro\u0161ireno.<\/p><p>Njema\u010dko-\u0161vicarska misija od 1960-ih godina sustavno je iskopala <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju jednog bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161te<\/span> te je pritom uspjela dokazati postojanje hramskih gra\u0111evina iz ranog razdoblja, Srednjeg kraljevstva, Novog kraljevstva i kasnog razdoblja. Stele i natpisi pokazuju da je Khnum na Elefantini vladao &#8220;prvim kataraktom&#8221; i time upravljao usponom godi\u0161nje nilske poplave.<\/p>\n<p>Drugo veliko kultno mjesto je Esna (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Razdoblje gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. n. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">anti\u010dki<\/span> Latopolis), oko pedeset pet kilometara ju\u017eno od Tebe na zapadnoj obali Nila. Danas gotovo potpuno sa\u010duvani <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> iz doba rimskog carstva (s hramskim dvoranama izgra\u0111enim pod Tiberijem, Klaudijem, Vespazijanom, Domicijanom, Nervom, Trajanom, Hadrijanom, Antoninom Pijem sve do Septimija Severa) jedno je od najmonumentalnijih Khnumovih sveti\u0161ta u egipatskoj religiji.<\/p><p>Pronaos (ulazna dvorana) prekriven je op\u0161irnim teolo\u0161kim himnama; stupovi nose \u010detiri teolo\u0161ka vida Khnuma u razra\u0111enom obliku.<\/p>\n<p>Na Khnumove blagdane obavljali su se posebni obredi. Najva\u017eniji blagdan bio je &#8220;blagdan lon\u010darskog broda&#8221;, kada se mali model broda s Khnumovim likom nosio kroz hramska dvori\u0161ta. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ure\u0111en slijed simboli\u010dnih radnji s vjerskim ili kulturnim zna\u010denjem.\" tabindex=\"0\">Obred<\/span> je podsje\u0107ao na neprekidno stvarala\u010dko djelovanje boga i simboli\u010dki predstavljao godi\u0161nje ponavljanje stvaranja.<\/p><p>U Esni se na blagdan Nove godine obavljao poseban &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Utvr\u0111ena, ponavljaju\u0107a vjerska radnja.\" tabindex=\"0\">obred<\/span> pobjede&#8221;, pri kojem se lik zmije Apopisa izra\u0111ivao od voska i spaljivao, praksa povezana s esnanskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno u\u010denje o Bogu i vjeri jedne religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologijom<\/span> odr\u017eanja svijeta putem svakodnevno obnavljanog stvaranja.<\/p>\n<p>Himne iz esnanskog <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hrama<\/span>, koje je prona\u0161ao i izdao Serge Sauneron (\u0161est svezaka, 1962. do 1975.), spadaju me\u0111u teolo\u0161ki najdublje tekstove kasne egipatske religije.<\/p><p>One prikazuju Khnuma kao onoga koji je postojao &#8220;prije po\u010detka&#8221;, koji je &#8220;sve bogove i ljude oblikovao od gline&#8221; i koji &#8220;udahnjuje dah \u017eivota u nosnice&#8221; svakog bi\u0107a.<\/p><p>Paralela s Postankom 2, 7 upadljiva je, iako se ne mora pretpostaviti izravan utjecaj; podudarnost motiva upu\u0107uje na \u0161iri starooriijentalni topos stvaranja od gline bo\u017eanskim udahom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3fff7f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e3fff7f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1377ed0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1377ed0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Va\u017ena sveti\u0161ta i hramovi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-463eace elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"463eace\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hram u Elefantini sa\u010duvan je samo u ostacima, no njema\u010dko-\u0161vicarska misija detaljno je rekonstruirala slojeve razli\u010ditih gra\u0111evinskih faza. Va\u017ean element bio je stariji Khnumov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Malo sveto mjesto \u010duvanja ili molitve.\" tabindex=\"0\">svetohrani\u0161te<\/span> iz Srednjeg kraljevstva, sagra\u0111en za vladavine Sesostrisa I.<\/p><p>U Novom kraljevstvu Tutmozis II. i Hat\u0161epsut pro\u0161irili su hram, a u kasnom i ptolemejskom razdoblju ponovno je dogra\u0111en. Na otoku se nalazi i poznata \u00bbStela gladi\u00ab Sesostrisa III. (ptolemejsko doba), koja tematizira godi\u0161nju poplavu Nila i Khnumovu ulogu u njoj.<\/p>\n<p>Hram u Esni glavno je sveti\u0161te Khnumova kulta i jedan od najbolje o\u010duvanih egipatskih hramova uop\u0107e. Nalazi se vi\u0161e od devet metara ispod dana\u0161nje razine ulice, \u0161to je pridonijelo njegovu o\u010duvanju.<\/p><p>Gra\u0111evinska faza trajala je od Ptolemeja VI. do Decija, u tre\u0107em stolje\u0107u na\u0161e ere; time je Esna posljednji egipatski hram koji je pro\u0161irivan jo\u0161 u kasnoj antici.<\/p><p>Stupna dvorana (pronaos) sa svojih dvadeset \u010detiri stupa i bogato ukra\u0161enim stropom najdojmljiviji je dio gra\u0111evine. Na stropovima su astronomski prikazi, na zidovima teolo\u0161ke himne, a na stupovima kraljevski \u017ertveni reljefi.<\/p>\n<p>Tre\u0107e kultno mjesto je Antinoa (Antinoopolis) u Srednjem Egiptu, koja je nastala iz grada koji je Hadrijan osnovao u \u010dast Antinoju. Ovdje se Khnuma \u0161tovalo zajedno s Heket kao boginjom poro\u0111aja. Arheolo\u0161ki ostaci su fragmentarni, no brojni natpisi i stele svjedo\u010de o va\u017enosti kulta u rimsko carsko doba.<\/p><p>U nubijskom podru\u010dju, ju\u017eno od prvog katarakta, nalazio se hram na Biggeu, posve\u0107en obli\u017enjem otoku Fili; i ondje je Khnum kao bog vode imao va\u017enu ulogu.<\/p>\n<p>Daljnje Khnumove kapele nalaze se u Karnaku (u dvori\u0161tu hrama Amun-Rea), u Deir el-Bahariju (u Hat\u0161epsutinu mrtva\u010dkom hramu), u Luksoru (u sobi ro\u0111enja Amenhotepa III.), u Edfuu (u rodili\u0161tu Horusa, mamisiju) te u brojnim manjim sveti\u0161tima du\u017e doline Nila.<\/p><p>U svim ramesidovskim mrtva\u010dkim hramovima Khnum je prikazan kao stvoritelj kraljevskog ka; ti su reljefi najva\u017eniji izvor za ikonografiju \u010dina stvaranja na lon\u010darskom kolu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cec8bc3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cec8bc3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-598bdfe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"598bdfe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitske pripovijesti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2719f5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2719f5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sredi\u0161nji Khnumov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predaja o bogovima, podrijetlu i poretku svijeta.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> jest stvaranje \u010dovjeka na lon\u010darskom kolu. U esnanskim himnama taj je \u010din opisan iscrpno: Khnum uzima ilova\u010du s obala Nila, oblikuje od nje tijelo budu\u0107eg \u010dovjeka, bri\u017eljivo dovr\u0161ava svaki ud, naposljetku usne, jezik i sluh.<\/p><p>Potom uzima bo\u017eanski dah iz ruke bo\u017eice Heqet (ili, prema drugoj ina\u010dici, iz vlastite ruke) i upuhuje ga u nos stvorenja; tim se dahom \u010dovjek o\u017eivljava. Ro\u0111enje svakog djeteta ponavljanje je toga izvornoga \u010dina stvaranja.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uspravna kamena ili drvena plo\u010da s natpisom ili prikazom.\" tabindex=\"0\">Stela<\/span> gladi s otoka Sehel, vjerojatno ptolemejsko djelo s naknadnom projekcijom u tre\u0107e tisu\u0107lje\u0107e prije na\u0161e ere, opisuje sedmogodi\u0161nju su\u0161u za vladavine kralja Djosera, koju je izazvao Khnum jer je njegovo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161te<\/span> bilo zapu\u0161teno.<\/p><p>Kralj se obratio Khnumu u snu, bog mu se ukazao i obe\u0107ao obnovu nilske poplave, pod uvjetom da se njegov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednoga ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> ponovno izgradi i da se <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161te<\/span> opskrbi zemlji\u0161tem. Ta je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uspravna kamena ili drvena plo\u010da s natpisom ili prikazom.\" tabindex=\"0\">stela<\/span> slu\u017eila kao pravna osnova za povlastice Khnumova hrama na Elefantini, a ujedno pokazuje teolo\u0161ku predod\u017ebu da nilskom poplavom upravlja Khnum.<\/p>\n<p>U <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predaja o bogovima, podrijetlu i poretku svijeta.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitu<\/span> o kraljevskom ro\u0111enju Khnum je taj koji na lon\u010darskom kolu pretvara bo\u017eanskog oca (Amona-Rea) u budu\u0107eg kraljevskog embrija. Taj je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ponavljaju\u0107i sadr\u017eajni element u umjetnosti ili pripovijedanju.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> iscrpno prikazan slikovno u \u201erodnim odajama\u201c (mamisijima) ptolemejskih <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednoga ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramova<\/span> u Edfuu, Dendari i Fili.<\/p><p>U rodnoj odaji Hat\u0161epsut u Deir el-Bahariju sa\u010duvan je najstariji takav prikaz: Khnum za kolom, Heqet pored njega, budu\u0107e kraljevsko dijete i njegov ka kao dvostruka figura. Teolo\u0161ka je poruka jasna: kralj je zajedni\u010dkim djelovanjem Khnuma i Amona-Rea oblikovan od bo\u017eanske tvari, izvan puke tjelesne za\u010deti od strane svojih roditelja.<\/p>\n<p>U esnanskim himnama nalazi se i kozmogonijska pripovijest u kojoj se Khnum predstavlja kao tvorac svih bi\u0107a. Navodno je oblikovao ljude svih boja ko\u017ee od razli\u010ditih vrsta ilova\u010de, \u017eivotinje od drugih tvari, a biljke od korjenastih tvari.<\/p><p>Ta je pro\u0161irena teologija stvaranja religijsko-povijesno izuzetno zanimljiva jer teolo\u0161ki obja\u0161njava etni\u010dku raznolikost \u010dovje\u010danstva, ne uspostavljaju\u0107i pritom hijerarhijski poredak me\u0111u njima.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2e8e9d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f2e8e9d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4b6d04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b4b6d04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odnosi u panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f83b11d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f83b11d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khnum je u slo\u017eenim odnosima s drugim egipatskim bogovima. S Reom \u010dini dvostruki oblik Khnum-Re, koji u kasnodobnoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstvena nauka o Bogu i vjerovanjima jedne religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiji<\/span> nagla\u0161ava stvoriteljski element sun\u010devog boga.<\/p><p>S Amonom povremeno se stapa u Amon-Khnuma, posebno u Tebi; s Ptahom, memfiskim bogom stvoriteljem, postoji filozofska komplementarnost: Ptah misli i planira, Khnum oblikuje i izvodi; s Atumom, heliopolskim stvoriteljem, deli funkciju prvobitnog boga, pri \u010demu Atum stvara samoro\u0111enjem, a Khnum radom u radionici.<\/p>\n<p>Sa Satet i Anuket \u010dini elefantinsku trijadu. Satet je strijeljica koja \u00abprska\u00bb vode poplave, Anuket je personifikacija divljeg dijela rijeke ispod katarakta. Obje se bo\u017eice \u0161tuju zajedno s njim.<\/p><p>S Neit u Esni Khnum deli funkciju stvaranja, pri \u010demu Neit predstavlja \u00abkada\u00bb (vrijeme, kretanje), a Khnum \u00ab\u0161to\u00bb (oblik, tvar) stvaranja. S Heqet, bo\u017eicom ro\u0111enja u obliku \u017eabe, Khnum izvodi \u010din ro\u0111enja svakog \u010dovjeka.<\/p>\n<p>S faraonom postoji posebna veza. Khnum je pravi tjelesni stvoritelj kraljevskog tijela i kraljevskog ka. Prilikom svake promjene vlasti novi vladar prikazuje se kao oblikovan od Khnuma, o\u017eivljen bo\u017eanskim dahom i opremljen kraljevskim dostojanstvom.<\/p><p>Ova <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstvena nauka o Bogu i vjerovanjima jedne religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologija<\/span> \u010dini ro\u0111enje kralja teolo\u0161ki visoko rangiranim doga\u0111ajem, koji se detaljno slavi na hramskim reljefima mamisija.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0250402 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0250402\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c6120e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1c6120e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepcija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e94c292 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e94c292\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U gr\u010dko-rimskoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoha gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. n. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antici<\/span> Khnum je bio identificiran s gr\u010dkim Kronosom, jer su oba boga smatrana starim stvarateljskim bo\u017eanstvima. Plutarh (\u00abDe Iside et Osiride\u00bb 56) spominje Khnuma kao \u00ablon\u010dara bogova\u00bb. Identifikacija s hermeti\u010dkim \u00abDemiourgosom\u00bb potvr\u0111ena je u kasnim hermeti\u010dkim tekstovima i u Hibis-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramu<\/span> u oazi Charga.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prakse koje pomo\u0107u posebnih radnji ili formula poku\u0161avaju utjecati na tijek doga\u0111aja.\" tabindex=\"0\">Magija<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prijelazno razdoblje izme\u0111u antike i srednjeg vijeka, otprilike od 3. do 7. stolje\u0107a.\" tabindex=\"0\">kasne antike<\/span> poznaje \u00abChnoubisa\u00bb, zmiju s glavom lava i sedam zraka, koja se na iscjeliteljskim amuletima javlja posebno protiv \u017eelu\u010danih tegoba; povezana je s Khnumom po imenu i ikonografiji, ali se razvila u samostalno iscjeliteljsko bi\u0107e.<\/p>\n<p>S krajem paganskog hramskog <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obreda \u0161tovanja nekog bo\u017eanstva ili svetog bi\u0107a.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulta<\/span> u petom i \u0161estom stolje\u0107u kr\u0161\u0107anske ere, izumro je \u017eivi Khnumov kult. Koptska tradicija poznavala je odjeke u predod\u017ebi o Bogu kao stvoritelju \u010dovjeka od zemlje, \u0161to se povezuje s Postankom 2, 7; je li ovdje rije\u010d o izravnom nastavku Khnumove tradicije, ostaje sporno.<\/p><p>U srednjem vijeku arapski putnici izvje\u0161tavali su o napu\u0161tenim ostacima hramova u Esni i na Elefantini; sje\u0107anje na Khnuma kao boga lon\u010dara ponegdje se sa\u010duvalo u koptskoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predana narodna kultura s obi\u010dajima, pripovijestima i pjesmama.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklori<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Moderno ponovno otkrivanje Khnumova kulta po\u010dinje prvim Champollionovim objavama o Esni, a nastavlja se njema\u010dko-\u0161vicarskim iskopavanjima na Elefantini od 1960-ih godina. Saun\u00e9ronov editorski rad na Esni (1962. do 1975.) jedan je od najtemeljitijih religijsko-povijesnih obrada egipatskog hrama.<\/p><p>Erik Hornung analizirao je Khnumovo mjesto u egipatskoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno u\u010denje o Bogu i vjerovanjima jedne religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiji<\/span> u djelu \u00abConceptions of God\u00bb i u seriji \u00abDolina kraljeva\u00bb. U novijim istra\u017eivanjima Daniela von Recklinghausena i Christiana Leitza Khnum je detaljno obra\u0111en kao\u6a21\u578b slu\u010daj kasnodobne teolo\u0161ke glavne bo\u017eanstva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b8af2d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b8af2d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c810715 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c810715\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religijsko-znanstvena klasifikacija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6febeab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6febeab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khnum pripada kategoriji bogova lon\u010dara, koji u mnogim religijama stvaraju \u010dovjeka od glinene tvari.<\/p><p>Sli\u010dne predod\u017ebe nalaze se u sumerskom Enkiju, koji oblikuje \u010dovjeka od gline, i u hebrejskom izvje\u0161taju o stvaranju (Postanak 2, 7). Tamo je Adam oblikovan od zemlje i o\u017eivljen Bo\u017ejim dahom. U gr\u010dkom mitu o Prometeju ljudi su tako\u0111er oblikovani od gline, a vedski Tva\u1e63\u1e6d\u1e5b kuje \u017eiva bi\u0107a. U kineskom mitu o N\u00fcwi stvoriteljica oblikuje ljude od \u017eute gline.<\/p><p>Ova podudarnost pokazuje univerzalni motiv koji se u brojnim kulturama javlja neovisno ili putem difuzije.<\/p>\n<p>Teolo\u0161ka posebnost Khnuma le\u017ei u razra\u0111enoj koncepciji \u00abKa\u00bb, \u017eivotne snage koja se oblikuje i o\u017eivljava paralelno s tijelom. Ova egipatska predod\u017eba povijesno je zanimljiva jer donosi jasan koncept besmrtne \u017eivotne komponente, koja je povezana s tijelom, ali mo\u017ee postojati i samostalno.<\/p><p>Kasnija gr\u010dka predod\u017eba psihe i kr\u0161\u0107anska predod\u017eba du\u0161e imaju strukturne sli\u010dnosti, bez izravnog izvo\u0111enja iz Khnum-Ka koncepta.<\/p>\n<p>Jan Assmann je u svojim radovima o egipatskom \u00abstvarateljskom toposu\u00bb prepoznao Khnuma kao model \u00abobrtni\u010dke\u00bb stvarateljske teologije. Dok heliopolska tradicija opisuje Atuma kao samostvoritelja, a memfiska tradicija Ptaha kao misle\u0107eg stvoritelja, khnumska tradicija prikazuje stvoritelja kao lon\u010dara i obrtnika.<\/p><p>Ova tri koncepta rasvjetljavaju razli\u010dite aspekte istog bo\u017eanskog stvarateljskog djelovanja, bez me\u0111usobnog nadmetanja. Erik Hornung je u djelu \u00abDer Eine und die Vielen\u00bb istaknuo da egipatska religija umjesto jedinstvenog stvoritelja poznaje mnoge lokalne manifestacije, \u010dija teolo\u0161ka raznolikost \u010dini religijsku dubinu egipatske kulture.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce9b335 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ce9b335\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f60b24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f60b24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izvori<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-544522d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"544522d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Tekstovi piramida, izreke 522 i 660 (Khnum kao tvorac). Natpisi hrama u Esni, izdanje Serge Sauneron, \u0161est svezaka, Le Caire 1962. do 1975. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uspravna, ispisana ili ukra\u0161ena kamena ili drvena plo\u010da.\" tabindex=\"0\">Stela<\/span> gladi sa Sehela, izdanje Paul Barguet. Rodna soba u Deir el-Bahariju, izdanje \u00c9douard Naville. Reljefi mamisija u Dendari i Edfuu, izdanje Fran\u00e7ois Daumas.<\/p><p>Strabon, \u00abGeographika\u00bb XVII, 1, 47 (Elefantina); Plutarh, \u00abDe Iside et Osiride\u00bb 56. Henri Frankfort, \u00abKingship and the Gods\u00bb, Chicago 1948. Erik Hornung, \u00abDer Eine und die Vielen\u00bb, Darmstadt 1971. Jan Assmann, \u00ab\u00c4gypten. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno u\u010denje o Bogu i vjerovanjima jedne religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teologija<\/span> i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Osobni do\u017eivljeni religijski stav i praksa \u010dovjeka.\" tabindex=\"0\">pobo\u017enost<\/span> jedne rane visoke kulture\u00bb, Stuttgart 1984. Christian Leitz (ur.), \u00abLexikon der \u00e4gyptischen G\u00f6tter und G\u00f6tterbezeichnungen\u00bb, Leuven 2002. do 2003.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3206,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Khnum","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Khnum \u2013 Egipatski bog stvoritelj na lon\u010darskom kolu | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Khnum je egipatski bog stvoritelj s ovnujskom glavom koji oblikuje ljude na lon\u010darskom kolu. Izvor Nila, hram na Elefantini. 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