{"id":149738,"date":"2026-09-04T05:13:05","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:13:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=149738"},"modified":"2026-09-04T05:31:02","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:31:02","slug":"tupilak-vjestacki-duh-osvete-grenlandskih-inuita","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/tupilak-vjestacki-duh-osvete-grenlandskih-inuita\/","title":{"rendered":"Tupilak &#8211; Vje\u0161ta\u010dki duh osvete grenlandskih Inuita"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"149738\" class=\"elementor elementor-149738 elementor-2657 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tupilak - Vje\u0161ta\u010dki stvoreni duh osvete grenlandske tradicije<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak je u grenlandskoj inuitskoj tradiciji vje\u0161ta\u010dki stvoreno bi\u0107e, namjenski kori\u0161teno, izra\u0111eno od ostataka \u017eivotinja i ljudi, kojim je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religijski specijalist kojem se pripisuje posredovanje izme\u0111u ljudi i svijeta duhova.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161aman<\/span> \u017eelio nauditi neprijatelju ili ga usmrtiti. Danas je pojam poznat prije svega kao drvorezbarska figura izra\u0111ena od kosti ili kamena, i to na me\u0111unarodnoj razini. U religioznoznanstvenoj klasifikaciji spada u rijetku skupinu stvorenih duhova agresije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duh tradicije Inuita.\">Duh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/inuiti-arktik-sedna-tornit-zastita\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija tradicije Inuita.\">Inuiti<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vje\u0161ta\u010dki duh \u0161tete.\">Vje\u0161ta\u010dki duh \u0161tete<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na ovoj stranici nisu prona\\u0111eni naslovi.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSadr\u017eaj\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151512\" alt=\"Tupilak - duhovi iz inuitske tradicije, povijesno-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uvod i kratki profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak u religioznoznanstvenoj klasifikaciji spada u rijetku skupinu vje\u0161ta\u010dki stvorenih duhovnih bi\u0107a.<\/p><p>Za razliku od <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149735\">Sedne<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149736\">Sile<\/a> ili <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149737\">Tornarssuka<\/a>, koji se smatraju zadanim kosmi\u010dkim ili poma\u017eu\u0107im silama, Tupilak je svjesno izra\u0111ena tvorevina koja slu\u017ei konkretnoj svrsi: nano\u0161enju \u0161tete neprijatelju. Ta konstruktivna dimenzija temeljno ga razlikuje od svih ostalih natuknica inuitskog panteona.<\/p><p>Izvori o Tupilaku usredoto\u010deni su na Grenland, posebice na isto\u010dnu obalu i zaljev Disko, a se\u017eu od 18. stolje\u0107a kod Hansa Egedea, preko Henrika Rinka u 19. stolje\u0107u, do Williama Thalbitzera i Roberta Petersena u 20. stolje\u0107u.<\/p><p>I u sredi\u0161njoj kanadskoj Arktici zabilje\u017eeni su srodni pojmovi kao <em>tupilaq<\/em> ili <em>tuurngaq qungasiq<\/em>, koji tamo pak imaju djelomi\u010dno druga\u010dije zna\u010denje. Ta regionalna specifi\u010dnost znanstveno je pou\u010dna.<\/p><p>Danas Tupilak postoji paralelno u dva sloja: kao povijesni koncept stvarno izra\u0111enog i magijski o\u017eivljenog bi\u0107a \u0161tete, te kao naziv za drvorezbarske figure od kljova kitova, jelenjih rogova i kosti, koje su se od 1880-ih razvile kao grenlandski oblik umjetni\u010dkog obrta. Ta dvoslojnost \u010dini svaku raspravu o Tupilaku metodolo\u0161ki zahtjevnom i tra\u017ei pa\u017eljivu diferencijaciju.<\/p><p>U slu\u010daju Tupilaka novija istra\u017eivanja pro\u0161irila su svoje metodolo\u0161ke alate te povezuju etnografsku to\u010dnost, jezi\u010dnu kritiku izvora i komparativnu perspektivu. Ta profinjenost posebno je potrebna jer su starija zapadna prikazivanja vje\u0161ta\u010dki stvorenog bi\u0107a \u0161tete \u010desto senzacionalizirala; inuitska zajednica znanja, koja danas sama sudjeluje u istra\u017eivanjima, ispravlja takva djelomi\u010dno kolonijalno obojena tuma\u010denja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etimologija i povijest rije\u010di<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etimolo\u0161ki se <em>tupilak<\/em> ili <em>tupilaq<\/em> izvodi iz korijena <em>tupi-<\/em>, koji u vi\u0161e inuitskih jezika zna\u010di predak ili du\u0161a pokojnika. Tupilak bi dakle bio doslovno ne\u0161to kao preda\u010dka prilika ili duhovno stvorenje. Robert Petersen je u svojim jezi\u010dnopovijesnim studijama razradio srodnost s pojmovima za <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Netjelesno bi\u0107e kojem se pripisuje djelovanje u svijetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duh<\/span> pokojnika i time uspostavio jezi\u010dni most prema inuitskom svijetu mrtvih.<\/p><p>U grenlandskom jeziku postoji i mno\u017eina <em>tupilait<\/em>, koja ozna\u010dava skupnost tih bi\u0107a. U modernoj upotrebi jezika zna\u010denje se pro\u0161irilo i \u010desto se prevodi kao stra\u0161ilo ili zli <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Netjelesno bi\u0107e kojem se pripisuje djelovanje u svijetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duh<\/span>, \u010dime se izvorno zna\u010denje su\u017eava i gubi se specifi\u010dna dimenzija izrade. Znanstveno se to sa\u017eimanje mora kriti\u010dki razmatrati.<\/p><p>Zanimljivo je da Tupilak u etimologiji nema negativnu konotaciju. Negativna vrijednosna ocjena proizlazi iz funkcije, a ne iz same rije\u010di.<\/p><p>Tupilak po prirodi nije zao, ve\u0107 se koristi za agresiju. Ta eti\u010dka neutralnost same rije\u010di znanstveno je zanimljiva, jer pokazuje da moralna prosudba nastaje tek namjernom upotrebom.<\/p><p>Dodatno je vrijedan i religijskosociolo\u0161ki pogled na ulogu koju je Tupilak imao u dru\u0161tvenom poretku tradicionalne inuitske zajednice.<\/p><p>Kako je takvo bi\u0107e bilo namjerno usmjereno protiv neprijatelja, na njemu se posebno jasno vidi da religijska struktura nije bila odvojena od dru\u0161tvene prakse, ve\u0107 je s njom bila tijesno povezana. Ta povezanost \u010dini samostalno religijskoantropolo\u0161ko istra\u017eiva\u010dko polje, koje su sustavno obradili prije svega Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Laugrand i Jarich Oosten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izrada u tradicionalnoj praksi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etnografski izvori, posebno kod Henrika Rinka i Williama Thalbitzera, detaljno opisuju izradu tupilaka. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religijski specijalist kojemu se pripisuje posredovanje izme\u0111u ljudi i svijeta duhova.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0160aman<\/span>, koji je htio nauditi neprijatelju, potajno je skupljao sastojke: kosti razli\u010ditih \u017eivotinja, dlake, tetive, a nekad i komade le\u0161eva ili odje\u0107e samog neprijatelja.<\/p><p>Ti su sastojci na osamljenom mjestu, \u010desto u pukotini stijene ili u pe\u0107ini, sastavljani u figuru.<\/p><p>Nad tom figurom izvodila su se pjevanja i zazivanja. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religijski specijalist kojemu se pripisuje posredovanje izme\u0111u ljudi i svijeta duhova.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0160aman<\/span> bi to bi\u0107e hranio iz svog pazuha ili krila i prenosio mu \u017eivotnu snagu. Nakon toga figura bi bila pu\u0161tena u vodu ili snijeg, da tra\u017ei neprijatelja i ubije ga.<\/p><p>Ako je neprijatelj sam bio mo\u0107an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religijski specijalist kojemu se pripisuje posredovanje izme\u0111u ljudi i svijeta duhova.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161aman<\/span>, mogao je odbiti tupilaka ili ga \u010dak okrenuti protiv njegova tvorca, \u0161to je toj praksi davalo znatan rizik.<\/p><p>Znanstveno je ova praksa zanimljiva jer se temelji na teoriji o\u017eivljavanja anorganskih i organskih ostataka, koja je isprepletena sa \u0161amanskim naukom o pomo\u0107nim duhovima. Tupilak je oblik konstruktivne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prakse koje posebnim radnjama ili formulama \u017eele utjecati na tijek stvari.\" tabindex=\"0\">magije<\/span>, koja je u inuitskom kozmosu istovremeno dopu\u0161tena i eti\u010dki optere\u0107ena. Fenomenologija religije to tuma\u010di kao mje\u0161oviti oblik konstrukcijske magije i oduhovljenja <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Netjelesno bi\u0107e kojemu se pripisuje djelovanje u svijetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duhom<\/span>.<\/p><p>Sama izrada bila je opasan \u010din. Onaj koji bi bio otkriven, riskirao je dru\u0161tveni prijezir, osvetu obitelji neprijatelja ili smrt od vlastitog tupilaka. Ta struktura rizika stabilizirala je dru\u0161tveni poredak i \u010dinila upotrebu tupilaka iznimkom, a ne pravilom, iako pri\u010de ostavljaju dojam u\u010destalije prakse.<\/p><p>U usporedbi s drugim \u0161amanskim praksama Inuita, izrada tupilaka opisana je iznimno detaljno, jer se smatrala opasnom anomalijom, \u0161to je kod etnografa pobudilo posebno zanimanje za njihove izvore. Tu iskrivljenost izvorne gra\u0111e treba znanstveno reflektirati, jer praksu tupilaka u percepciji mo\u017eda \u010dini zna\u010dajnijom nego \u0161to je uistinu bila.<\/p><p>U komparativnoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost koja istra\u017euje religije uspore\u0111uju\u0107i ih, bez vjerske pripadnosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">religiologiji<\/span> tupilak se tuma\u010di kao dio one cirkumpolarne religijske topografije koja se na tisu\u0107ama kilometara pojavljuje u zapanjuju\u0107e postojanoj strukturi. Ta strukturna stabilnost smatra se u fenomenologiji religije jednim od najzna\u010dajnijih nalaza struke i i danas se o njoj vode rasprave.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apotropejske protupraks\u0113<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Protiv tupilaka postojao je ustaljen repertoar apotropejskih praksi. Onaj koji je posumnjao da je tupilak poslan protiv njega, potra\u017eio bi \u0161amana koji bi uz pomo\u0107 svojih tornaita, odnosno pomo\u0107nih duhova, tupilaka mogao presresti, identificirati i vratiti natrag.<\/p><p>Ako se tupilak vratio protiv svog tvorca, donosio mu je predvi\u0111enu smrt. Ta reciprocitet je u fenomenologiji religije zaseban obrazac.<\/p><p>Druge za\u0161titne prakse sastojale su se u no\u0161enju apotropejskih amuleta, zatvaranju ulaza u iglu odre\u0111enim obredima i po\u0161tivanju op\u0107ih tabu-pravila, \u010dije se pridr\u017eavanje trebalo tupilaka slabiti. U\u010dinkovitost tih sredstava bila je sredi\u0161nja tema vjerovanja i iskustva, koja se opse\u017eno raspravlja u grenlandskoj pripovjednoj knji\u017eevnosti i \u010dini znatan dio usmenog korpusa.<\/p><p>Znanstveno je zanimljivo da je praksa tupilaka izazvala i diskurse prijetnje i diskurse za\u0161tite. Mogu\u0107nost agresivne upotrebe pove\u0107avala je dru\u0161tveni zna\u010daj \u0161amana kao za\u0161titne instance, a istovremeno stabilizirala dru\u0161tveni poredak, jer su se otvoreni sukobi u pravilu izbjegavali. Ta dru\u0161tveno-politi\u010dka funkcija prijetnje tupilakom vlastiti je predmet istra\u017eivanja u sociologiji religije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitolo\u0161ke i legendarne pri\u010de o tupilaku<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Isto\u010dnogrenlandska pripovjedna knji\u017eevnost poznaje brojne pri\u010de o tupilaku u kojima se tupilak okre\u0107e protiv svog tvorca jer je izabrani neprijatelj bio prejak. Jedna poznata pri\u010da govori o \u0161amanu koji je poslao tupilaka protiv suparnika, no ovaj je prepoznao njegovu mo\u0107, obranio se i vratio ga po\u0161iljatelju. Tvorac je zatim umro u vlastitom iglu.<\/p><p>Druge pri\u010de govore o tupilacima koji su gre\u0161kom pogodili nevine ljude, ili o tupilacima koji izmi\u010du kontroli svog tvorca i lutaju tundrom kao zli duhovi.<\/p><p>Ove pri\u010de nisu samo zabavne, nego djeluju kao eti\u010dka upozorenja: tko izra\u0111uje tupilake, riskira vlastiti \u017eivot. Didakti\u010dka dimenzija tih pri\u010da vjeronau\u010dno je zaseban topos.<\/p><p>Pri\u010de o tupilaku dobro su potvr\u0111ene u velikim grenlandskim zbirkama, primjerice kod Henrika Rinka i Mathiasa Storcha. One \u010dine zaseban \u017eanr unutar inuitskog <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predana narodna kultura s obi\u010dajima, pri\u010dama i pjesmama.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklora<\/span> i predstavljaju va\u017ean izvorni korpus za znanstvenu rekonstrukciju tradicionalne \u0161amanske prakse i njezinog eti\u010dkog diskursa.<\/p><p>Posebna podskupina tih pri\u010da bavi se tupilacima opisanima kao \u017eivotinjski hibridi koji djeluju na granici izme\u0111u \u017eivotinje i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Netjelesno bi\u0107e kojemu se pripisuje djelovanje u svijetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duha<\/span>.<\/p><p>Taj hibridni karakter tupilaka predstavlja zaseban fenomenolo\u0161ki fenomen u religijskim znanostima i povezuje predod\u017ebu o tupilaku s op\u0107om transformacijskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno u\u010denje o Bogu i vjeri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologijom<\/span> Inuita, u kojoj su granice izme\u0111u \u010dovjeka, \u017eivotinje i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Netjelesno bi\u0107e kojemu se pripisuje djelovanje u svijetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duha<\/span> propusne. Tu se otvara zasebno istra\u017eiva\u010dko pitanje o konstrukciji hibridnih bi\u0107a.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Od zlog duha do izrezbarene figure<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zna\u010dajna transformacija koncepta tupilaka zapo\u010dela je 1880-ih godina u isto\u010dnom Grenlandu. Europski posjetitelji pitali su \u0161amane kako tupilaci izgledaju. Kako su pravi tupilaci bili nevidljivi ili bezobli\u010dni i raspadali se odmah nakon \u0161to bi ispunili svoju zada\u0107u, \u0161amani su po\u010deli izrezbarivati modele od kljove kita, roga sobova, a poslije i od kamena. Ti modeli bili su predmeti za prikazivanje, a ne magijski djelotvorni tupilaci.<\/p><p>Iz tih modela razvila se samostalna obrtni\u010dka tradicija. Dana\u0161nje grenlandske rezbarije tupilaka prikazuju izobli\u010dena, hibridna bi\u0107a s ljudskim, \u017eivotinjskim i fantasti\u010dnim obilje\u017ejima. Predstavljaju va\u017ean gospodarski \u010dimbenik za Grenland i nazo\u010dne su u svakoj turisti\u010dkoj trgovini. Estetska raznolikost je velika i odra\u017eava individualnu kreativnost pojedinih rezbara.<\/p><p>Znanstveno gledano, ta transformacija ud\u017ebeni\u010dki je primjer profanizacije jedne religijske kategorije. Tupilak kao duhovno bi\u0107e u predod\u017ebama je uglavnom i\u0161\u010deznuo, dok je tupilak kao izrezbarena figura postao svjetski poznat. Te dvije razine treba jasno razlikovati ako se \u017eeli razumjeti religija Inuita. Ta razlika se danas izri\u010dito prenosi i u grenlandskim \u0161kolama i muzejima.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tupilak u usporedbi s drugim zlim bi\u0107ima<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U znanstvenoj usporedbi tupilak pripada kategoriji konstruiranih duhova agresije, koji su zabilje\u017eeni u mnogim kulturama. Strukturno su srodni hebrejski golem, javanski <em>tuju<\/em>, hai\u0107anski kompleks <em>zonbi<\/em> i, na svoj na\u010din, i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoha gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. po. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">anti\u010dka<\/span> prokletna plo\u010dica <em>katadesmos<\/em>. Svima je zajedni\u010dka namjerna materijalna izrada djelotvornog bi\u0107a.<\/p><p>Unutar cirkumpolarnog prostora postoje paralele u \u010dukotskoj i jupi\u010dkoj tradiciji, koje tako\u0111er poznaju izra\u0111ene duhove agresije, iako s druga\u010dijim materijalnim i ritualnim posebnostima. Kod <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/sami-i-finougorska-tradicija-noaidi-bubanj\/\">Sama<\/a> tupilaku strukturno odgovaraju izrezbarena duhovna bi\u0107a koja su imala ulogu u samskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religijski sustav u kojem specijalisti komuniciraju sa svijetom duhova.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161amanizmu<\/span>, bez pretpostavke o izravnoj povijesnoj srodnosti.<\/p><p>Praksa tupilaka razlikuje se od zapadnih predod\u017ebi o crnoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prakse koje posebnim postupcima ili formulama \u017eele utjecati na tijek stvari.\" tabindex=\"0\">magiji<\/span> po tome \u0161to nije primarno eti\u010dki osu\u0111ena. Riskantna je, ali unutar inuitskog sustava vrijednosti predstavlja legitimnu, iako opasnu, mogu\u0107nost u slu\u010daju sukoba. Taj eti\u010dki polo\u017eaj \u010dini praksu tupilaka religijsko-filozofski zanimljivom i jasno je razlikuje od kr\u0161\u0107ansko-moralno obojenih predod\u017ebi o \u0161tetnoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prakse koje posebnim postupcima ili formulama \u017eele utjecati na tijek stvari.\" tabindex=\"0\">magiji<\/span>.<\/p><p>Valja dodatno spomenuti paralelu s mezopotamskim zazivanjima Lamashtu, u kojima se tako\u0111er mo\u017ee uo\u010diti kombinacija konstrukcije zla i apotropejske prakse, bez potrebe pretpostavljanja povijesne veze.<\/p><p>Te strukturne analogije predstavljaju zasebno istra\u017eiva\u010dko podru\u010dje u znanstvenoj raspravi o univerzalnim obrascima \u0161tetne magije i dokaz strukturne postojanosti takvih praksi kroz razli\u010dite kulture.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Misija, zabrana i sje\u0107anje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S misijom koju je Hans Egede zapo\u010deo 1721. u Zapadnom Grenlandu, a koju su nastavile moravska i dansko-luteranska crkva, praksa izrade tupilaka do\u0161la je pod sna\u017ean pritisak. Smatrala se \u0111avolskom, bila je crkveno zabranjena i dru\u0161tveno osu\u0111ivana. U Isto\u010dnom Grenlandu, koji je intenzivno misioniran tek krajem 19. stolje\u0107a, praksa se odr\u017eala najdulje.<\/p><p>Znanstveno je te\u0161ko precizno datirati potpuni izumor izrade pravih tupilaka. William Thalbitzer 1923. jo\u0161 izvje\u0161tava o osobama koje su u mladosti izra\u0111ivale tupilake ili su barem tvrdile da su to u\u010dinile. U drugoj polovici 20. stolje\u0107a tupilak opstaje samo u kiparstvu i u pripovjednoj knji\u017eevnosti.<\/p><p>U ud\u017ebenicima i muzejima Grenlanda tradicija tupilaka danas se prenosi s didakti\u010dkom pa\u017enjom. Razlika izme\u0111u povijesne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prakse koje posebnim postupcima ili formulama \u017eele utjecati na tijek doga\u0111aja.\" tabindex=\"0\">magije<\/span> i suvremene umjetnosti izri\u010dito se nagla\u0161ava kako bi se izbjegli nesporazumi. Ta pedago\u0161ka praksa predstavlja samostalno polje religijsko-didakti\u010dkog istra\u017eivanja i primjer preno\u0161enja kolonijalno transformirane povijesti religije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Suvremena istra\u017eivanja i recepcija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aktualna istra\u017eivanja o tupilaku danas se provode uglavnom u samom Grenlandu, primjerice u Greenland National Museum and Archives u Nuuku i na etnolo\u0161kim institutima danskih sveu\u010dili\u0161ta. Robert Petersen, Birgitte Sonne i Jens Rosing objavili su temeljne studije o praksi tupilaka i njihovoj slikovnoj povijesti, koje su prepoznate u me\u0111unarodnom znanstvenom diskursu.<\/p><p>Me\u0111unarodna recepcija je podijeljena. Dok znanstvena stru\u010dna literatura tretira tupilaka kao povijesno-ritualnu kategoriju, u popularnoj kulturi dominira njegova uporaba kao ezoteri\u010dnog ili dekorativnog <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Element sadr\u017eaja koji se ponavlja u umjetnosti ili pripovijedanju.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiva<\/span>. Ta razlika predmet je posebne znanstvene refleksije o kolonijalnom prisvajanju autohtonih religija i eti\u010dkoj problematici takvih prisvajanja.<\/p><p>Unutar inuitske dijaspore tupilak je ostao simbol identiteta, bez revitalizacije kao magijske prakse. Ta dvostruka pozicija, \u010duvanje <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak koji zastupa neku ideju ili zna\u010denje.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbola<\/span> uz svjesno napu\u0161tanje prakse, znanstveno je poticajna i pokazuje selektivno prisvajanje tradicijskih koncepata u suvremenom oblikovanju autohtonog identiteta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Povezani pojmovi u leksikonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Srodne natuknice su <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149737\">Tornarssuk<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149735\">Sedna<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149736\">Sila<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149739\">Anguta<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149741\">Nanook<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149740\">Pinga<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149742\">Igaluk<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149743\">Malina<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149744\">Qailertetang<\/a>. Kulturni \u010dvor <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/inuiti-arktik-sedna-tornit-zastita\/\">Inuitska tradicija<\/a> uokviruje ovu povijest religije. Strukturno sli\u010dna bi\u0107a stvorena posebnim postupkom nalaze se u nizu natuknica o <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/sami-i-finougorska-tradicija-noaidi-bubanj\/\">sami<\/a> tradiciji te u brojnim drugim tradicijama po svijetu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp214d8673 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp214d8673\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27e4a4b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27e4a4b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izrada tupilaka prema predaji<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24166b60 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24166b60\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b59f5ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2b59f5ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak u grenlandskoj inuitskoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Preno\u0161enje znanja i pri\u010da kroz generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">predaji<\/span> nije ro\u0111eno bi\u0107e, nego izra\u0111eno.<\/p><p>Prema opisima koji potje\u010du, me\u0111u ostalim, iz zapisa Pete Thuleove ekspedicije pod vodstvom Knuda Rasmussena te iz starijih putopisa, osoba koja je htjela na\u0161koditi drugom \u010dovjeku tajno je izra\u0111ivala to bi\u0107e od raznih materijala. Koristile su se kosti, dijelovi \u017eivotinja, komadi krzna, tetive, a povremeno i ne\u0161to od tijela djeteta ili pokojnika.<\/p><p>Ti su sastojci sastavljani u malu, \u010desto bezobli\u010dnu figuru. Pjesmama, prizivima, a prema nekim izvje\u0161tajima i doticajem s vlastitim tijelom izra\u0111iva\u010da, figuri je udahnut \u017eivot. Tupilak je time bio oru\u0111e \u0161tetne magije: slan je u more kako bi prona\u0161ao odre\u0111enu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu radi izra\u017eavanja zahvale, molbe ili \u0161tovanja.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017ertvu<\/span> i ubio je.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Preno\u0161enje znanja i pri\u010da kroz generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">Predaja<\/span> ipak nagla\u0161ava da je tupilak bio opasan i za vlastitog tvorca. Ako je ciljana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu radi izra\u017eavanja zahvale, molbe ili \u0161tovanja.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017ertva<\/span> raspolagala ja\u010dim nadnaravnim mo\u0107ima ili je sama bila <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vjerski specijalist kojemu se pripisuje posredovanje izme\u0111u ljudi i svijeta duhova.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161aman<\/span>, mogla je obraniti se od tupilaka i poslati ga natrag. Tupilak koji se vratio tada je ubijao onoga tko ga je izradio.<\/p><p>Izrada se stoga smatrala visokorizi\u010dnim i dru\u0161tveno osu\u0111ivanim \u010dinom. Izvori za ove predod\u017ebe redom su vanjski zapisi, koje su prikupili sudionici ekspedicija, sve\u0107enici i putnici, a odnose se prvenstveno na isto\u010dni i zapadni Grenland. Iz njih se ne mo\u017ee izvesti jedinstvena praksa za cijeli inuitski svijet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp209c5ae5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp209c5ae5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a926e7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a926e7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izrezbarene figure tupilaka i kolonijalno umjetni\u010dko tr\u017ei\u0161te<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e82f2d5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e82f2d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29b0254c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp29b0254c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Danas najpoznatiji tupilak predmeti su male izrezbarene figure od zuba, kosti, roga ili drveta, koje prikazuju groteskn\u0435 hibridne likove i grimase. Te figure, me\u0111utim, nisu istovjetne sa stvorenjima \u0161tetnog \u010daranja opisanim u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Preno\u0161enje znanja i pri\u010da kroz generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">predaji<\/span>. Izvorni tupilak bili su skriveni, potajno izra\u0111eni predmeti koje nitko nije trebao vidjeti i koji se nisu \u010duvali nakon upotrebe.<\/p><p>Izrezbarene figure nastale su tek u dodiru s Europljanima. Putnici, misionari, a kasnije i turisti htjeli su znati kako tupilak izgleda, pa su Grenlan\u0111ani po\u010deli izra\u0111ivati vidljive prikaze onoga \u0161to je do tada postojalo samo kao predod\u017eba.<\/p><p>Iz tog susreta razvila se od kasnog 19., a posebno u 20. stolje\u0107u, samostalna umjetnost rezbarenja, posebno u isto\u010dnom Grenlandu oko Ammassalika. Figure tupilaka postale su sastavni dio grenlandske umjetni\u010dke obrade i izra\u0111uju se i danas.<\/p><p>Za znanost je ovaj razvoj pou\u010dan primjer kolonijalno obilje\u017eene povijesti predmeta. Ono \u0161to se u muzejima i zbirkama nalazi kao tupilak naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e je proizvod razdoblja kontakta, a ne svjedo\u010danstvo predkolonijalne obredne prakse. Etnolozi kao William Thalbitzer, koji je prou\u010davao isto\u010dni Grenland u ranom 20. stolje\u0107u, rano su ukazali na razliku izme\u0111u predanog koncepta i vidljive figure.<\/p><p>Izrezbareni tupilaci ipak nisu samo krivotvorine, nego samostalna umjetni\u010dka tradicija koja je stari koncept prenijela u novi, materijalni oblik. Kod svake izjave o tupilak predmetima treba, dakle, razlikovati govori li se o predanoj predod\u017ebi ili o umjetnosti rezbarenja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (izbor)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Henrik Rink: <em>Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo<\/em> (Edinburgh 1875)<\/li><li>William Thalbitzer: <em>The Ammassalik Eskimo<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1914-1923)<\/li><li>Robert Petersen: <em>Carved Greenlandic Figures<\/em> (Nuuk 1991)<\/li><li>Birgitte Sonne: <em>Heaven Negotiated. Hell Imagined<\/em> (Kopenhagen 2017)<\/li><li>Jens Rosing: <em>Sagn og saga fra Angmagssalik<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1963)<\/li><li>Hans Egede: <em>Det gamle Gr\u00f8nlands nye Perlustration<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1741)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak se u grenlandskoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Preno\u0161enje znanja i pri\u010da kroz generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">predaji<\/span> smatra vje\u0161ta\u010dki stvorenim <strong>duhom osvete<\/strong>, kojeg je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religijski specijalist kojemu se pripisuje posredovanje izme\u0111u ljudi i svijeta duhova.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161aman<\/span> ili angakkoq oblikovao od kosti, ostataka \u017eivotinja i ko\u017ee da bi pogodio odre\u0111enog protivnika.<\/p><p>Kao namjenski stvoren duh osvete, tupilak se razlikuje od slobodno lutaju\u0107ih duhovnih bi\u0107a inuitske tradicije, jer je usmjeren na konkretnu osobu i, prema izvorima, mo\u017ee se okrenuti protiv vlastitog stvoritelja \u010dim se napadnuta meta poka\u017ee bolje za\u0161ti\u0107enom nego \u0161to se o\u010dekivalo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Povezani klju\u010dni pojmovi: Tupilak Tupilaq Tupilait duh \u0161tete izrezbarena figura isto\u010dni Grenland kljova kita Thalbitzer.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tupilak\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicije za\u0161tite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard nastavlja se na kulturno-povijesnu tradiciju nosivih za\u0161titnih predmeta, u tradiciji <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/inuiti-arktik-sedna-tornit-zastita\/\">Inuita<\/a> i mnogih drugih kultura po svijetu. 41 razina, pravo zlato, platina, srebro, izra\u0111eno u Njema\u010dkoj. 30-dnevno pravo povrata.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Vi\u0161e o iWell Guardu<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Vi\u0161e o iWell Guardu<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobna iskustva mogu se razlikovati. Nije medicinski proizvod. Nema obe\u0107anja izlje\u010denja.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nije medicinski proizvod<\/strong> i ne zamjenjuje lije\u010dni\u010dko ili psihoterapeutsko lije\u010denje. Religijsko-znanstveni sadr\u017eaji predstavljaju kulturno-povijesnu interpretaciju, a ne preporuku duhovne prakse.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2881,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tupilak Inuit duh osvete","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tupilak - Duh osvete i drvorezbarska figura Inuita","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tupilak je vje\u0161ta\u010dki stvoreni duh osvete grenlandskih Inuita, kasnije drvorezbarska figura. 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