{"id":149715,"date":"2026-09-04T05:12:54","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:12:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=149715"},"modified":"2026-09-04T05:30:23","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:30:23","slug":"tengri-bog-neba","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/tengri-bog-neba\/","title":{"rendered":"Tengri \u2013 bog neba tengrista"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"149715\" class=\"elementor elementor-149715 elementor-2634 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tengri, bog neba Turaka, Mongola i sibirskih stepskih naroda<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri je sredi\u0161nje vrhovno bo\u017eanstvo euroazijskog stepskog tengrizma. Kao vje\u010dno plavo nebo (mongolski <em>M\u00f6ngke K\u00f6ke Tengri<\/em>) istovremeno utjelovljuje red, pravo i mo\u0107 te \u010dini pozadinu na kojoj se \u0161amani, kanovi i plemenski starje\u0161ine politi\u010dki i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ono \u0161to pripada utvr\u0111enom religijskom slijedu radnji.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualno<\/span> legitimiraju.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tvorac tradicije Sibir \/ tengrizam.\">Tvorac<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149651\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija tradicije Sibir \/ tengrizam.\">Sibir \/ tengrizam<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vrhovno bo\u017eanstvo.\">Vrhovno bo\u017eanstvo<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na ovoj stranici nisu prona\\u0111eni naslovi.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSadr\u017eaj\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tengri-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tengri-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tengri-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151536\" alt=\"Tengri \u2013 bog iz sibirsko-tengristi\u010dke tradicije, povijesno-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uvod i kratki profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri je najvi\u0161e rangirano <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e koje se u nekoj religiji po\u0161tuje kao bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span> opse\u017enog religijskog kompleksa koji se prote\u017ee od unutarnje Mongolije preko sredi\u0161njoazijskih stepa do ju\u017enog Sibira, a u znanosti se naziva <strong>tengrizam<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Religioznoznanstveni pojam relativno je nova konstrukcija 19. i 20. stolje\u0107a, ali temeljna pojava, \u0161tovanje bezli\u010dnog, neizmjernog neba kao vrhovne sile, kontinuirano se mo\u017ee dokazati kod Turaka (K\u00f6kturaka), Hsiung-nua, Mongola D\u017eingis-kana i brojnih sibirskih naroda kao \u0161to su Jakuti, Burjati i Altajci.<\/p><p>Tengri nije ni antropomorfni bog ni \u0107udljivi gospodar vremena; on se, dapa\u010de, poistovje\u0107uje s vidljivim i nevidljivim nebom.<\/p><p>U novijim etnografskim izvorima javlja se kao jedan od nekoliko slojeva vi\u0161edijelnog panteona, u kojem se javljaju i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149718\">\u00dclgen<\/a> kao gornji stanovnik neba i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149717\">Erlik Khan<\/a> kao vladar podzemlja. Cijeli kompleks dio je onoga \u0161to se u znanosti naziva <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149651\">sibirsko-tengristi\u010dkom religijom<\/a>.<\/p><p>Ime Tengri potvr\u0111eno je ve\u0107 u najranijim kineskim izvje\u0161tajima o Hsiung-nuima (3. st. pr. Kr.), gdje se rije\u010d prenosi kao <em>cheng-li<\/em>.<\/p><p>Ovo rano svjedo\u010danstvo obilje\u017eava Tengrija kao jedno od religijsko-povijesno najstarije dokazivih vrhovnih bo\u017eanstava unutarnje Azije te znanstvenom podru\u010dju pru\u017ea rijetku fiksnu to\u010dku s vi\u0161e od dvije tisu\u0107e godina neprekinutog svjedo\u010denja. Rijetko se u povijesti religije neki pojam mo\u017ee pratiti kontinuirano kroz tako dugo razdoblje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ime i etimologija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ime <em>Tengri<\/em> potvr\u0111eno je u gotovo svim slojevima altajskih jezika: starotursko <em>te\u014bri<\/em>, mongolsko <em>tngri<\/em> odnosno <em>tenger<\/em>, jakutsko <em>tangara<\/em>, \u010duva\u0161ko <em>tur\u0103<\/em>. Etimologija je sporna; jedno ra\u0161ireno tuma\u010denje u turkologiji povezuje rije\u010d s altaiziranim korijenom u zna\u010denju \u201evisok, \u0161irok, blistav\u201c.<\/p><p>Gerard Clauson u svojem djelu <em>Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century Turkish<\/em> (1972) iznosi tezu da je rije\u010d izvorno zna\u010dila \u201e\u0161irok neizmjeran prostor\u201c i da se tek u religijskoj upotrebi zgusnula u naziv za vrhovno bo\u017eanstvo.<\/p><p>Zanimljivo je da rije\u010d u mnogim jezicima nosi dvostruko zna\u010denje <em>nebo<\/em> i <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e koje se u nekoj religiji po\u0161tuje kao bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span><\/em>, klasi\u010dan slu\u010daj jezi\u010dno srasle numinoznosti, kakav fenomenologija religije opisuje primjerice kod <em>dyaus<\/em> (vedski) ili <em>Zeus<\/em>.<\/p><p>Ovo srastanje Gerardus van der Leeuw opisuje kao \u201ebit numinoznog\u201c i predstavlja obilje\u017eje mnogih indoeuropskih i altajskih vrhovnih bo\u017eanstava. Time se Tengri temeljno razlikuje od kasnijih personaliziranih bogova kao \u0161to je <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149720\">Khormusta<\/a>.<\/p><p>Natpisi K\u00f6kturaka iz Orhona i Jeniseja (8. stolje\u0107e) govore o <em>K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Tengriju<\/em>, \u201eNebeskome K\u00f6kturaka\u201c, i koriste formulu <em>Tengri yarl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>, \u201ezapovijed neba\u201c. Kasnije se u mongolskom javlja poznati izraz <em>M\u00f6ngke K\u00f6ke Tengri<\/em>, \u201evje\u010dno plavo nebo\u201c, u dekretima velikih kanova.<\/p><p>U carskoj etnografiji 19. stolje\u0107a istra\u017eiva\u010di kao Wilhelm Radloff uvode Tengrija u znanstveni jezik kao \u201evrhovnog boga Turaka\u201c; kasniji istra\u017eiva\u010di kao Jean-Paul Roux razradili su razlike unutar tog pojma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis i ikonografija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri nikada nije razvio samostalnu ikonografiju. Za razliku od osobno zami\u0161ljenih bogova unutarnje Azije (poput budisti\u010dkih likova Mahakale), Tengri ostaje bez slike.<\/p><p>Gdje se ipak prikazuje, primjerice u modernim poku\u0161ajima \u201eretengrizacije\u201c u Kazahstanu i Kirgistanu, pose\u017ee se za motivima sunca, orla i vuka, koji ipak ne nastavljaju nikakvu predislamsku slikovnu tradiciju. Ova \u201ebezli\u010dnost slike\u201c religioznoznanstveno je zna\u010dajna: tipolo\u0161ki povezuje Tengrija s drugim nevidljivim vrhovnim bo\u017eanstvima kao \u0161to su starozavjetni JHVH ili kineski Tian.<\/p><p>Njegovo \u201emjesto\u201c je svod neba; njegov zvuk je grom, njegov znak plava dnevna svjetlost. U \u0161amanskim pjevanjima Altajaca i Jakuta zaziva se kao <em>Aar Tojon<\/em> ili <em>\u00dcr\u00fcn Aar Tojon<\/em> (\u201eBijeli Visoki Gospodar\u201c).<\/p><p>\u0160amanski bubanj, \u010diji oslik u mnogim plemenima prikazuje slika svijeta od tri sloja, Tengriju uvijek pridru\u017euje najvi\u0161e razina; sama ko\u017eica bubnja mnogim istra\u017eiva\u010dima (poput Mircee Eliadea u <em>Le chamanisme et les techniques archa\u00efques de l&#8217;Ekstase<\/em>, 1951) smatra se simboli\u010dkim konjem koji \u0161amana nosi u gornji svijet, \u201ek Tengriju\u201c.<\/p><p>Sekundarni simboli koji se javljaju u kontekstima vezanim za Tengrija su: bijeli orao (glasnik neba), bijeli konj (jaha\u0107a \u017eivotinja \u0161amana), devetostruki stupnjeviti oblik (devet nebesa), zlatni kol\u010di\u0107 (Sjevernja\u010da, \u201enebeski \u010davao\u201c).<\/p><p>Na modernom kazahstanskom dr\u017eavnom grbu Sjevernja\u010da se svjesno tuma\u010di kao tengristi\u010dka referenca, \u0161to dobro ilustrira napetost izme\u0111u povijesne religije i identitetsko-politi\u010dke konstrukcije. Ovo zapa\u017eanje, prema Marlene Laruelle (2007), ubraja se me\u0111u karakteristi\u010dna obilje\u017eja neotengrizma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitolo\u0161ke pri\u010de<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri se rijetko pojavljuje kao aktivni lik u narativnoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost predanih pripovijesti o bogovima jedne kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologiji<\/span>. Njegovo je djelovanje prije pozadinski poredak nego pri\u010da. Ondje gdje ga pripovijesti ipak stavljaju u prvi plan, rije\u010d je o mitovima o stvaranju i legitimizaciji.<\/p><p>U mongolskoj Tajnoj povijesti (1240) D\u017eingis-kan legitimiran je kao onaj kojega je izabrao Tengri; njegov uspon opetovano se opravdava formulom <em>M\u00f6ngke Tengri-yin k\u00fcch\u00fcn-t\u00fcr<\/em>, \u201esnagom vje\u010dnoga neba\u201c.<\/p><p>Igor de Rachewiltz u svom je monumentalnom Brillovu izdanju (2004) razradio to\u010dnu upotrebu jezika i teolo\u0161ku te\u017einu te formule: ona ne prenosi samo uspjeh, nego i politi\u010dku odgovornost. Ako kan do\u017eivi neuspjeh, zna\u010di da se Tengri okrenuo od njega.<\/p><p>Altajska pri\u010da o stvaranju, koju je Wilhelm Radloff zabilje\u017eio u 19. stolje\u0107u, prikazuje kako Tengri (ovdje u dvostrukom liku <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149718\">\u00dclgena<\/a>) zajedno s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149717\">Erlik-kanom<\/a> podi\u017ee zemlju iz prvobitnog mora, nakon \u010dega Erlik iz oholosti naru\u0161ava poredak i biva prognan u podzemni svijet.<\/p><p>Ovaj oblik pripovijedanja, ronila\u010dki <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predana pripovijest o bogovima, podrijetlu i poretku svijeta.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span>, povezuje srednjoazijsku <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost predanih pripovijesti o bogovima jedne kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologiju<\/span> sa \u0161irokim paleosibirskim i sjevernoameri\u010dkim tradicijama, \u0161to je Mircea Eliade protuma\u010dio kao znak zajedni\u010dkog cirkumpolarnog prasloja.<\/p><p>U jenisejskim tekstovima iz doba K\u00f6kt\u00fcrka (natpis Bilge-kagana) \u010duje se tu\u017ealjka: \u201eTurci su bili jedinstven narod, jer im je Tengri gore i sveta zemlja dolje dali carstvo.\u201c Ovo je osniva\u010dki topos koji politi\u010dku legitimnost izravno izvodi iz neba.<\/p><p>Talat Tekin je u svom standardnom izdanju (1968) jezi\u010dno ra\u0161\u010dlanio ovaj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tekst urezan ili uklesan u \u010dvrst nosa\u010d.\" tabindex=\"0\">natpis<\/span> i ukazao na teolo\u0161ki karakter njegova formulai\u010dnog jezika.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult i \u0161tovanje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obrednih radnji posve\u0107enih bo\u017eanstvu ili svetoj figuri.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kult<\/span> Tengrija bio je povijesno <strong>dr\u017eavni kult<\/strong>, a ne hramski kult. Nije postojalo sveti\u0161ta u u\u017eem smislu; obredi su se odr\u017eavali pod otvorenim nebom, \u010desto na gorskim prijevojima, kod humaka od kamenja (<em>obo<\/em>) ili nad goru\u0107im \u017ertvama konja i ovaca.<\/p><p>Kan je pri tome nastupao kao posrednik, sli\u010dno funkciji kineskog <em>tianzi<\/em>, \u201esina neba\u201c. Na tu paralelu sna\u017eno je ukazala Caroline Humphrey u djelu <em>Shamans and Elders<\/em> (1996).<\/p><p>Na razini puka vjerovanje u Tengrija mije\u0161alo se sa \u0161irokom religijom pomo\u0107nih duhova, u \u010dijem je sredi\u0161tu bio <em>kam<\/em> (turski) ili <em>b\u00f6\u00f6<\/em> (mongolski): <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religijski specijalist kojemu se pripisuje posredovanje izme\u0111u ljudi i svijeta duhova.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161aman<\/span>. \u0160amani se Tengriju nisu obra\u0107ali izravno, jer se smatrao previ\u0161e dalekim, nego su se obra\u0107ali potpornim bo\u017eanstvima kao \u0161to je <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149716\">Umai<\/a>, precima ili duhovima mo\u0107nih \u017eivotinja.<\/p><p>Tengri je ostao nevidljivi jamac svjetskog poretka. Ta \u201edaljina visokog boga\u201c u fenomenologiji religije nazvana je <em>deus otiosus<\/em>, koncept koji su temeljito razradili Mircea Eliade, a nakon njega i Raffaele Pettazzoni.<\/p><p>S islamizacijom turskog svijeta od 10. stolje\u0107a naziv <em>Tengri<\/em> djelomi\u010dno je prenesen na Allaha (usp. tatarski <em>T\u00e4ngre<\/em>), a djelomi\u010dno je potisnut kao poganski ostatak.<\/p><p>Na sibirskoj periferiji i me\u0111u Mongolima <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obrednih radnji posve\u0107enih bo\u017eanstvu ili svetoj figuri.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> se odr\u017eao dulje; u budisti\u010dki obilje\u017eenoj Mongoliji od 17. stolje\u0107a Tengrija su postupno nadslojila personalizirana budisti\u010dka visoka bo\u017eanstva, bez potpunog nestajanja. Walther Heissig detaljno je opisao to slojevito preklapanje u djelu <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0161titna praksa i apotropejski elementi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Znanstveno opisano, za\u0161titna praksa u tengrijanskom kompleksu bila je manje molba za ozdravljenje, a vi\u0161e \u010din potvr\u0111ivanja svjetskog poretka: onaj koji je po\u0161tovao Tengrija, ostajao je unutar poretka, a onaj koji ga je povrijedio, ispadao je iz njega. Apotropejske radnje obuhva\u0107ale su o\u010duvanje \u201e\u010disto\u0107e\u201c svetih gora (Bogdo planine), izbjegavanje zaga\u0111ivanja vode ili vatre, te izgovaranje ritualnih formula pozdrava suncu i nebu.<\/p><p>U ku\u0107nom podru\u010dju <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149716\">Umai<\/a>, kao maj\u010dinsko i dje\u010dje bo\u017eanstvo, preuzimala je mnoge konkretne za\u0161titne funkcije koje se u drugim religijama pripisuju samom visokom bogu. Tengri je ostao daleka pozadina na kojoj su svi ti manji za\u0161titni obredi dobivali svoj smisao. Ta funkcionalna podjela religijski je sociolo\u0161ki zna\u010dajna, a sustavno ju je opisao Vladimir Basilov u djelu <em>Shamanism in Siberia<\/em> (1984).<\/p><p>Poseban oblik \u0161tovanja Tengrija apotropejskog karaktera je <em>ovoo<\/em>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ure\u0111en slijed simboli\u010dkih radnji s religijskim ili kulturnim zna\u010denjem.\" tabindex=\"0\">obred<\/span>: na gorskim prijevojima sla\u017eu se humci od kamenja, ukra\u0161avaju se plavim trakama tkanine (<em>khadag<\/em>) i triput se zaobilaze u prolazu na konju.<\/p><p>Unutar tradicije ta se radnja tuma\u010di kao molba za za\u0161titu Tengrija i lokalnih duhova mjesta; znanstveno gledano, rije\u010d je i dalje samo o praksi, a ne o dokazu djelovanja. Ta opservacija spada u klasi\u010dna opisna postignu\u0107a mongolistike.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele u drugim kulturama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Religijskofenomenolo\u0161ki se Tengri uklapa u spektar takozvanih \u201eNajvi\u0161ih bi\u0107a\u201c, koji je Wilhelm Schmidt sustavno istra\u017eio u svom dvanaestotomnom djelu <em>Ursprung der Gottesidee<\/em> (1912, 1955).<\/p><p>Strukturno usporedivi su: vedski <em>Dyaus Pitar<\/em>, gr\u010dki koncept Zeus-Pater, sjevernogermanski substrat Tyr, kineski <em>Tian<\/em> te, u samom Sibiru, jakutski <em>\u00dcr\u00fcn Aar Tojon<\/em> kao specijalizacija visokog boga. I ugarski Num te finski Ukko pokazuju tipolo\u0161ke sli\u010dnosti.<\/p><p>Za razliku od semitskog stvoritelja, Tengri ipak <strong>ne<\/strong> ostaje pripovjediva osoba; on je vi\u0161e ono \u0161to Eliade naziva <em>deus otiosus<\/em>: \u201enedjelatni bog\u201c, kojemu su konkretni zahvati stranije od samog postojanja.<\/p><p>Rasprava o pojmu <em>deus otiosus<\/em> provla\u010di se kroz cijelu religijsku fenomenologiju, a Raffaele Pettazzoni ju je u djelu <em>L&#8217;essere supremo nelle religioni primitive<\/em> (1957) branio protiv Wilhelma Schmidta.<\/p><p>Religijsko-povijesno je posebno tijesan odnos s kineskim Tianom: oba pojma spajaju nebo i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e koje se u nekoj religiji \u0161tuje kao bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span>, oba legitimiraju vlast (\u201eSin Neba\u201c nasuprot \u201eIzabranik Tengrija\u201c), oba ostaju bez prikaza. Je li izme\u0111u ovih dviju struja postojao povijesni dodir i u kojem su se smjeru odvijali utjecaji, predmet je trajne rasprave u sinologiji i turkologiji.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Suvremena recepcija i istra\u017eivanja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Od 1990-ih godina tengrizam do\u017eivljava renesansu, prije svega u Kazahstanu, Kirgistanu i Unutarnjoj Mongoliji.<\/p><p>Autori kao Olzhas Suleimenov i Nurmagambet Ayupov pozicionirali su ga kao \u201eduhovnu alternativu\u201c islamu i kr\u0161\u0107anstvu; u Mongoliji postoji u otvorenoj koegzistenciji s tibetanskim budizmom. Tu renesansu kriti\u010dki su dokumentirali religiolozi poput Marlene Laruelle (2007).<\/p><p>Akademsko istra\u017eivanje tengrizma danas je interdisciplinarno. Klasi\u010dna su imena Wilhelm Radloff, Vladimir Basilov, Jean-Paul Roux, Andrei Znamenski, a za Mongole Igor de Rachewiltz s njegovim komentiranim izdanjem Tajne povijesti.<\/p><p>Mircea Eliade je Tengrija ukorijenio u svom djelu o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religijski sustav u kojem specijalisti komuniciraju sa svijetom duhova.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161amanizmu<\/span> kao primjer najvi\u0161eg bi\u0107a kojemu nedostaje aktivna \u0161amanska djelatnost; Roberte Hamayon je to shva\u0107anje kasnije kriti\u010dki revidirala u djelu <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990).<\/p><p>Sa znanstvenog gledi\u0161ta treba naglasiti da je suvremeni neotengrizam moderna preoblika i ne treba ga izjedna\u010davati s povijesnim stepskim tengrizmom. Istra\u017eivanja upozoravaju na naivnu identifikaciju i zagovaraju pa\u017eljivo raslojavanje izvora.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Znanstvene rasprave i otvorena pitanja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prou\u010davanje Tengrija do danas obilje\u017eavaju brojne znanstvene rasprave. Prvo: je li Tengri izvorno bio jedan visoki bog ili kolektivni pojam za cijeli sloj neba? Mongolska predod\u017eba \u201e99 Tengrija\u201c (33 zapadna bijela, 44 isto\u010dna crna, plus 22 izme\u0111u) upu\u0107uje na pojam u mno\u017eini, dok staroturski natpisi radije upu\u0107uju na jedninu.<\/p><p>Walther Heissig je tu raspravu detaljno vodio u djelu <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970).<\/p><p>Drugo: kako zamisliti odnos izme\u0111u Tengrija i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religijski sustav u kojem specijalisti komuniciraju sa svijetom duhova.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161amanizma<\/span>? Roberte Hamayon je protiv Eliadeove teze argumentirala da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religijski sustav u kojem specijalisti komuniciraju sa svijetom duhova.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161amanizam<\/span> nije samostalna \u201earhai\u010dna tehnika ekstaze\u201c, nego dio \u0161ire ekonomije lova i srodstva; u tom modelu Tengri je manje cilj, a vi\u0161e pozadinski poredak.<\/p><p>Tre\u0107e: kakvu ulogu igraju iranski utjecaji? Hotanski i sogdijski posrednici doveli su do stapanja koncepata kao \u0161to je Ahura Mazda s Tengrijem, \u0161to se vidi u kasnijem kompleksu oko <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149720\">Khormuste<\/a>. Ovdje se pokazuje koliko je te\u0161ko razlu\u010diti \u201eautohtonog\u201c od \u201esinkretisti\u010dkog\u201c Tengrija, metodolo\u0161ko pitanje koje na kraju vrijedi za svaku religijsku povijest Srednje Azije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23e73899 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23e73899\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fa99b9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2fa99b9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nebo kao izvor politi\u010dke legitimnosti: Tengri u staroturskim natpisima<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c162290 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2c162290\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp268040b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp268040b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najstariji i najpouzdaniji pismeni svjedoci o Tengriju potje\u010du iz staroturskih runskih natpisa u dolini Orhona u dana\u0161njoj Mongoliji, datiranih u 8. stolje\u0107e. Najpoznatiji su natpisi u \u010dast princa K\u00fcl Tegina i vladara Bilge Kagana.<\/p><p>Napisani su vlastitim pismom koje je krajem 19. stolje\u0107a de\u0161ifrirao danski lingvist Vilhelm Thomsen, \u010dime je staroturska povijest prvi put postala dostupna iz doma\u0107ih izvora.<\/p><p>U tim natpisima Tengri se pojavljuje prije svega kao utemeljitelj i garant vlasti. Ponavljaju\u0107a formula u smislu ka\u017ee da je nebo postavilo kagana i da vladar vlada snagom neba.<\/p><p>Tengri je ovdje manje predmet razra\u0111enog <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predaja o bogovima, podrijetlu i poretku svijeta.\" tabindex=\"0\">mita<\/span>, a vi\u0161e ure\u0111uju\u0107a sila koja dodjeljuje i mo\u017ee oduzeti politi\u010dku vlast. Kada narod skrene s pravog puta, kako sugeriraju mnogi odlomci, nebo povla\u010di svoju potporu.<\/p><p>Ova veza izme\u0111u neba i legitimacije vlasti karakteristi\u010dna je za tengrizam kakav se i\u0161\u010ditava iz najstarijih izvora. Imala je znatan povijesni utjecaj: sli\u010dne predod\u017ebe o nebeskom mandatu susre\u0107emo kasnije kod Mongola, a D\u017eingis-kan i njegovi nasljednici svoju vlast izri\u010dito su utemeljivali na volji vje\u010dnog neba.<\/p><p>Orhonski natpisi tako nisu vrijedni samo lingvisti\u010dki, nego i s religijsko-povijesnog i vladarskog gledi\u0161ta, jer prikazuju Tengrija u njegovoj dr\u017eavotvornoj funkciji prije nego \u0161to su kasniji izvori tu slika preoblikovali stranim utjecajima. Sli\u010dna nebeska poimanja poznaju i druge <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149651\">srednjoazijske kulture<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23886c36 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23886c36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a626ab6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a626ab6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tengri izme\u0111u monoteisti\u010dkog tuma\u010denja i \u0161amanskog kozmosa mnogih bogova<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp263d60fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp263d60fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24b80099 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp24b80099\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jedna od klju\u010dnih znanstvenih rasprava ti\u010de se pitanja treba li tengrizam razumjeti kao monoteisti\u010dku religiju s jednim jedinim nebeskim bogom ili kao slojevit sustav s brojnim duhovima i bo\u017eanstvima. Oba stajali\u0161ta imaju svoje prista\u0161e, a odgovor u velikoj mjeri ovisi o tome koji se izvori i koja povijesna faza uzimaju u obzir.<\/p><p>U prilog prete\u017eno monoteisti\u010dkom tuma\u010denju govori \u010dinjenica da se Tengri u starot\u00fcrkskim natpisima pojavljuje kao vrhovna, jedinstvena sila prema kojoj se ravnaju vlast i svjetski poredak.<\/p><p>Neki autori, dijelom i u krugovima suvremenih nacionalnih pokreta u turkofonim i mongolskim zemljama, nagla\u0161avaju taj aspekt i prikazuju tengrizam kao izvornu visoku religiju. To se tuma\u010denje, me\u0111utim, ne rijetko oblikuje pod utjecajem suvremenih identitetsko-politi\u010dkih interesa i valja ga \u010ditati kriti\u010dki.<\/p><p>Nasuprot tome, etnografski dokumentirane religije sibirskih i srednjoazijskih narod\u00e2 pokazuju bogato razgranat svijet duhova: bo\u017eanstva zemlje, planina i vod\u00e2, duhovi predaka i za\u0161titni duhovi stoje uz nebo. U toj slici Tengri je jedna, iako istaknuta, sila me\u0111u ostalima, a samo nebo mo\u017ee biti podijeljeno u vi\u0161e razina.<\/p><p>Suvremena znanost uglavnom naginje stajali\u0161tu da nije postojao jedinstven, kroz stolje\u0107a nepromijenjen tengrizam, nego skupina srodnih predod\u017ebi koje su se, ovisno o vremenu, regiji i dru\u0161tvenom kontekstu, razli\u010dito nagla\u0161avale. Tengri je pri tome bio povezuju\u0107i, ali ne strogo definiran element.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21a28b01 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp21a28b01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21ba36c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp21ba36c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stanje izvora: strana svjedo\u010danstva, etnografija i problem rekonstrukcije<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp245c69c8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp245c69c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2182fa7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2182fa7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Istra\u017eivanje Tengrija suo\u010dava se s temeljnim problemom izvora. Najstariji doma\u0107i svjedoci, orhonski natpisi, kratki su i ograni\u010deni na vladarski kontekst. Za razdoblje prije toga, i za ve\u0107inu regija, u potpunosti nedostaju pisana samosvjedo\u010danstva, jer doti\u010dni narodi nisu razvili vlastitu pismenu kulturu ili je njihova <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Preno\u0161enje znanja i pri\u010da kroz generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">predaja<\/span> bila usmena.<\/p><p>Velik dio na\u0161ega znanja stoga potje\u010de iz stranih svjedo\u010danstava. Kineske kronike izvje\u0161tavaju o religiji stepskih narod\u00e2, srednjovjekovni putnici kao Wilhelm von Rubruk i Giovanni da Pian del Carpine opisali su religiju Mongola iz europske perspektive, a perzijski i arapski autori donijeli su daljnja opa\u017eanja.<\/p><p>Ti su izvori vrijedni, ali su obojeni perspektivom i pojmovima samih promatra\u010da. K tome dolazi opse\u017ena etnografska gra\u0111a iz 18. do 20. stolje\u0107a o sibirskim i srednjoazijskim narodima, koja pak dokumentira ve\u0107 znatno izmijenjenu religioznost, \u010desto prekrivenu budizmom, islamom i kasnije sovjetskim antireligijskim pritiskom.<\/p><p>Rekonstrukcija povijesnog tengrizma mora spojiti te raznorodne izvore, \u0161to nosi znatne rizike. Postoji isku\u0161enje da se iz kasnih etnografskih opa\u017eanja zaklju\u010di o jedinstvenom izvornom stanju ili da se \u0161turi natpisi popune gra\u0111om stepske etnografije.<\/p><p>Metodolo\u0161ki oprezna znanost zato pa\u017eljivo razlikuje ono \u0161to je za odre\u0111eno vrijeme i regiju zaista potvr\u0111eno od onoga \u0161to ostaje rekonstrukcija i hipoteza. Za Tengrija to zna\u010di: temeljna funkcija vrhovne nebeske sile dobro je potvr\u0111ena, dok pojedinosti mnogih razra\u0111enih prikaza valja \u010ditati s oprezom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (izbor)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Jean-Paul Roux: <em>La religion des Turcs et des Mongols<\/em> (Payot 1984)<\/li><li>Vladimir Basilov: <em>Shamanism in Siberia<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>Wilhelm Radloff: <em>Aus Sibirien<\/em> (1893)<\/li><li>Mircea Eliade: <em>Le chamanisme et les techniques archa\u00efques de l&#8217;Ekstase<\/em> (1951)<\/li><li>Igor de Rachewiltz: <em>The Secret History of the Mongols<\/em> (Brill 2004)<\/li><li>Andrei Znamenski: <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (2007)<\/li><li>Marlene Laruelle: <em>Tengrism<\/em> (2007)<\/li><li>Talat Tekin: <em>A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic<\/em> (1968)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Srodni klju\u010dni pojmovi: Tengri M\u00f6ngke K\u00f6ke Tengri K\u00f6kt\u00fcrken Orchon Bilge Kagan deus otiosus.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tengri\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicije za\u0161tite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard nastavlja kulturno-povijesnu tradiciju prenosivih za\u0161titnih predmeta, u tradiciji <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149651\">Sibira \/ tengrizma<\/a> i mnogih drugih kultura \u0161irom svijeta. 41 razina, pravo zlato, platina, srebro, izra\u0111eno u Njema\u010dkoj. 30-dnevno pravo na povrat.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Vi\u0161e o iWell Guardu<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Vi\u0161e o iWell Guardu<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 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