{"id":149710,"date":"2026-09-04T05:12:51","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:12:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=149710"},"modified":"2026-09-04T05:30:18","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:30:18","slug":"eshmun-bog-lijecenja-sidona","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/eshmun-bog-lijecenja-sidona\/","title":{"rendered":"Eshmun \u2013 bog lije\u010denja Sidona"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"149710\" class=\"elementor elementor-149710 elementor-2629 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eshmun, feni\u010danski bog lije\u010denja i gradski bog Sidona<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eshmun (feni\u010danski <em>\u02be\u0161mn<\/em>) je vrhovni gradski bog Sidona i jedan od najva\u017enijih bogova lije\u010denja feni\u010danskog svijeta. Bio je istovjetan s gr\u010dkim Asklepijem i stoji u sredi\u0161tu zna\u010dajnog kulta lije\u010denja s poznatim Eshmunovim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena obo\u017eavanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramom<\/span> kod Sidona.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog tradicije Feni\u010danske.\">Bog<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149650\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija tradicije Feni\u010danske.\">Feni\u010danska<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog lije\u010denja.\">Bog lije\u010denja<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na ovoj stranici nisu prona\\u0111eni naslovi.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSadr\u017eaj\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-eshmun-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-eshmun-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-eshmun-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151544\" alt=\"Eshmun \u2013 bog iz feni\u010danske tradicije, povijesno-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp-eshmun elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp-eshmun\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp-eshmun\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp-eshmun\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp-eshmun elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp-eshmun\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predaja koja pripovijeda o bogovima, podrijetlu i poretku svijeta.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mit<\/span><\/strong> o Eshmunu spaja feni\u010danske kultove lije\u010denja s helenisti\u010dkim tradicijama Asklepija i stolje\u0107ima je oblikovao hramski kult u Sidonu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uvod i kratki profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eshmun je jedno od najva\u017enijih feni\u010danskih bo\u017eanstava. Gradski je bog Sidona i redovito se javlja zajedno s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149706\">Astartom<\/a> kao bo\u017eanski par Sidona.<\/p><p>Sabatino Moscati je u djelu <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (1966) pokazao da je Eshmunov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Skup svih vjerskih obreda posve\u0107enih nekom bo\u017eanstvu ili svetoj pojavi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> u Sidonu imao klju\u010dan religijsko-politi\u010dki i gospodarski zna\u010daj; Eshmunov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena obo\u017eavanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> kod Bostan esh-Sheikha, sjeveroisto\u010dno od Sidona, jedno je od najbolje sa\u010duvanih feni\u010danskih sveti\u0161ta.<\/p><p>Religijsko-povijesno Eshmun predstavlja tip boga lije\u010denja koji sezonski umire i ustaje. Njegov funkcionalni profil znatno je u\u017ei od profila <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149705\">Baal-Hadada<\/a>: Eshmun je prije svega bog lije\u010denja i gradski za\u0161titnik, manje bog vremena.<\/p><p>Ta usmjerenost na lije\u010denje i gradske funkcije neobi\u010dna je u feni\u010danskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Skup svih bogova neke religije ili kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> i \u010dini Eshmuna samostalnom teolo\u0161kom pojavom. Unutar <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149650\">feni\u010danske tradicije<\/a> on je prototipski bog lije\u010denja.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet je u vi\u0161e studija istra\u017eila istovjetnost Eshmuna s gr\u010dkim Asklepijem i njezine teolo\u0161ke implikacije. Ta istovjetnost potvr\u0111ena je u literaturi od 5. stolje\u0107a prije Krista i dovela je do uzajamnog utjecaja obiju kultnih tradicija. U helenizmu Eshmunov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena obo\u017eavanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> postaje nadregionalno Asklepijevo sveti\u0161te.<\/p><p>Zanimljiva osobitost Eshmuna njegova je bliska veza sa sidonskom kraljevskom ku\u0107om. Eshmunazar I., Eshmunazar II., Bod-Eshmun i nekoliko drugih sidonskih kraljeva nose njegov teonim u svojem imenu. Ta onomasti\u010dka tradicija svjedo\u010di o sredi\u0161njem polo\u017eaju Eshmuna u povijesti sidonske dinastije.<\/p><p>Teolo\u0161ka veza Eshmuna s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149706\">Astartom<\/a> kao bo\u017eanskim parom Sidona analogna je konstelaciji <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149705\">Baal-Hadad<\/a>-Anat ili <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149708\">Baal-Hammon<\/a>&#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149709\">Tanit<\/a> u drugim feni\u010danskim gradskim dr\u017eavama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ime i etimologija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etimologija imena Eshmun sporna je. Jedno prihvatljivo tuma\u010denje povezuje <em>\u02be\u0161mn<\/em> s brojem &#8216;osam&#8217; (zapadnosemitski <em>\u0161mn<\/em>); Eshmun bi tada bio &#8216;Osmi&#8217;, vjerojatno kao osmi sin bo\u017eanske obitelji ili kao osmi po redu na nekom popisu bogova.<\/p><p>Drugo tuma\u010denje vidi <em>\u02be\u0161mn<\/em> kao vezu s rije\u010di za &#8216;ulje&#8217; (<em>\u0161mn<\/em>); Eshmun bi tada bio &#8216;Pomazani&#8217; ili &#8216;Onaj povezan s uljem&#8217;, \u0161to bi odgovaralo njegovoj funkciji lije\u010denja.<\/p><p>U natpisima se javlja kao <em>\u02be\u0161mn<\/em>, a u gr\u010dkim izvorima kao Eshmun (\u1f18\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd ili \u1f08\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2). Damaskije (6. stolje\u0107e poslije Krista) u svojim <em>Quaestiones Vitae<\/em> navodi da je Eshmun bio mladi\u0107 iz Beiruta koji je iz ljubavne tuge oduzeo sebi \u017eivot u nekom vrelu, a nakon smrti bio je obo\u017eavan kao bog.<\/p><p>Ovaj kasni &#8216;heroj-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predaja koja pripovijeda o bogovima, podrijetlu i poretku svijeta.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span>&#8216; religijsko-povijesno je zanimljiv jer \u010duva istovjetnost s Adonisom i s tipom smrtno-bo\u017eanskog heroja.<\/p><p>U akadskom i hetitskom Eshmun nije izravno identificiran. Gr\u010dka istovjetnost s Asklepijem najva\u017enija je; svjedo\u010de o njoj Pausanija i drugi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Razdoblje gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. po. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">anti\u010dki<\/span> autori. U Kartagi i u zapadnim kolonijama Eshmun se tako\u0111er javlja, no znatno rje\u0111e nego <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149708\">Baal-Hammon<\/a> ili <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149709\">Tanit<\/a>.<\/p><p>U kasnijoj karta\u0161koj tradiciji Eshmun se javlja pod nadimkom &#8216;Iscjelitelj&#8217; i izravno se izjedna\u010dava s gr\u010dkim Asklepijem. Ta istovjetnost s Asklepijem oblikovala je karta\u0161ku kulturu lije\u010denja i nad\u017eivjela je pad punske dr\u017eave, nastaviv\u0161i se u rimskom razdoblju pod imenom Eskulap.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis i ikonografija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eshmun se u feni\u010danskoj ikonografiji prikazuje kao mladena\u010dki bog, bradati ili glatkih obraza, \u010desto sa \u0161tapom i zmijom, simbolom iscjeljenja par excellence. U helenisti\u010dko doba njegova se ikonografija uvelike stapa s tradicijom Asklepija: \u0161tap sa savijenom zmijom, dugi pla\u0161t, smiren stav.<\/p><p>Njegova sveta \u017eivotinja je zmija; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina posve\u0107ena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> Eshmuna kraj Sidona zaista je imao svete zmije, kako izvje\u0161tava Damaskije. Tradicija sveti\u0161ta sa zmijama povezuje Eshmuna s gr\u010dkim Asklepijevim sveti\u0161tem u Epidauru, gdje su se tako\u0111er dr\u017eale svete zmije. Povremeno se kao njegova prate\u0107a \u017eivotinja pojavljuje i pijetao, \u0161to predstavlja jo\u0161 jednu podudarnost s Asklepijem.<\/p><p>Eshmunov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina posve\u0107ena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> kod Bostan esh-Sheikha arheolo\u0161ki je dobro dokumentiran; iskopavanja pod vodstvom Mauricea Dunanda, a u novije vrijeme pod vodstvom Patty Gerstenblith, objavila su arhitekturu hrama, natpise i zavjetne darove.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina posve\u0107ena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hram<\/span> je imao ljekovito kupali\u0161te (<em>balneum<\/em>) s teku\u0107om vodom iz obli\u017enje planine, u kojem su oni koji su tra\u017eili iscjeljenje obavljali ritualna pro\u010di\u0161\u0107enja. Ova ljekovita arhitektura jedan je od najzna\u010dajnijih svjedo\u010danstava feni\u010danskog kulta iscjeljenja.<\/p><p>Mramorna kipi\u0107 djeteta prona\u0111en u Eshmunovu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina posve\u0107ena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramu<\/span>, s nadimkom &#8216;Eshmunov dje\u010dak&#8217;, jedan je od najpoznatijih pojedina\u010dnih predmeta; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predan svetome kroz vjerski \u010din i time izdvojen iz svakodnevnog.\" tabindex=\"0\">posvetio<\/span> ga je Eshmunazar II., a prikazuje ikoni\u010dan, mladena\u010dki i sveti karakter boga.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitolo\u0161ke pri\u010de<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Feni\u010danski mitovi o E\u0161munu sa\u010duvani su samo fragmentarno. Damaskije prenosi ve\u0107 spomenutu juna\u010dku pri\u010du: E\u0161mun, lijepi mladi\u0107 iz Beiruta, bio je proganjan od Astarte; da bi izbjegao njezinu ljubav, sam se kastrirao i umro. Astarta je uzela njegovo tijelo, vratila ga u Beirut i &#8216;pozvala ga u novi \u017eivot \u017eivotodavnom toplinom&#8217;.<\/p><p>Ova pri\u010da strukturno pripada tradiciji Adonisa i Tamuza: mladi smrtno-bo\u017eanski junak, njegova smrt, njegovo uskrsnu\u0107e posredstvom bo\u017eice. Religijskopovijesno gledano, ona je primjer feni\u010danske varijante motiva &#8216;boga koji umire i uskrsava&#8217;, koji je bio posebno ra\u0161iren na zapadnom Sredozemlju.<\/p><p>Druga tradicija povezuje E\u0161muna s lije\u010denjem putem bo\u017eanskog ukazanja u snu (<em>incubatio<\/em>): oni koji su tra\u017eili izlje\u010denje spavali su u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena obo\u017eavanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramu<\/span> i u snu primali iscjeliteljske upute.<\/p><p>Ova praksa odgovara gr\u010dkoj tradiciji Asklepijevih sveti\u0161ta te se razvijala u obje kulture paralelno ili razmjenom. <em>Svete besjede<\/em> Elija Aristida iz 2. stolje\u0107a n. e. detaljno dokumentiraju ovu praksu inkubacije za Asklepija; za E\u0161muna su sa\u010duvana sli\u010dna svjedo\u010danstva iz Sidona i Beiruta.<\/p><p>Fragmentaran feni\u010danski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tekst urezan ili uklesan u \u010dvrst nosa\u010d.\" tabindex=\"0\">natpis<\/span> iz Kartage spominje E\u0161munovu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sve\u010dana religijska povorka.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesiju<\/span> s nosilima i &#8216;probu\u0111enjem&#8217; na proljetni dan. Ova proljetna procesija povijesno je povezana s praznikom probu\u0111enja boga <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149707\">Melkarta<\/a> i spada u feni\u010dansku tradiciju proljetnih svetkovina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult i \u0161tovanje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>E\u0161munovo glavno kultno mjesto bio je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena obo\u017eavanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> kod Bostan e\u0161-\u0160eika, otprilike 4 km sjeveroisto\u010dno od anti\u010dkog Sidona. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena obo\u017eavanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hram<\/span> je osnovao kralj E\u0161munazar I. u 6. stolje\u0107u pr. Kr., a rasko\u0161no ga je pro\u0161irio E\u0161munazar II. (5. stolje\u0107e pr. Kr.).<\/p><p>Poznati natpis na sarkofagu E\u0161munazara II. (koji se \u010duva u Louvreu) jedan je od najva\u017enijih feni\u010danskih natpisa uop\u0107e; u njemu se E\u0161mun naziva &#8216;mojim gospodarom&#8217; i opisuje se njegov kultni zna\u010daj.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena obo\u017eavanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hram<\/span> je obuhva\u0107ao vi\u0161e kompleksa: glavnu zgradu sa sveti\u0161tem sveti\u0161ta, iscjeliteljsko kupatilo s teku\u0107om vodom, predvorje s \u017ertvenicima, prostorije za inkubaciju i podru\u010dja za zavjetne darove. Oni koji su tra\u017eili izlje\u010denje donosili su darove u obliku bronzanih kostiju, glinenih figurica, natpisa i &#8216;zlatnih u\u0161iju&#8217; (znakova zahvale za usli\u0161ane molitve).<\/p><p>Osim toga, E\u0161mun je imao sveti\u0161ta u Beirutu, u Kartagi (gdje je obo\u017eavan na brdu Birsa), u Idaliju na Cipru i na vi\u0161e drugih lokaliteta. U Idaliju se \u010desto javlja zajedno s feni\u010danskom Astartom i gr\u010dkom Afroditom. U Kartagi se povremeno javlja uz <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149708\">Baal-Hamona<\/a>, ali zadr\u017eava svoju samostalnu iscjeliteljsku funkciju.<\/p><p>E\u0161munovi natpisi iz Sidona detaljno dokumentiraju sve\u0107eni\u010dku hijerarhiju: <em>kohen<\/em> (sve\u0107enik), <em>moqim \u02beelim<\/em> (&#8216;onaj koji budi boga&#8217;), sluge <em>\u02bfbd<\/em> i slu\u0161kinje <em>\u02bemh<\/em>. Ova hijerarhija usporediva je s hijerarhijom Melkartova kulta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0161titna praksa i apotropejski elementi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>E\u0161mun je bio prototipsko feni\u010dansko bo\u017eanstvo iscjeljenja. Oni koji su tra\u017eili ozdravljenje dolazili su iz cijelog isto\u010dnog Sredozemlja da bi u njegovom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena obredima po\u0161tovanja jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramu<\/span> prona\u0161li iscjeljenje. Praksa inkubacije bila je klju\u010dna: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Osoba koja poduzima vjerski motivirano putovanje do svetog mjesta.\" tabindex=\"0\">hodo\u010dasnici<\/span> su spavali u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena obredima po\u0161tovanja jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramu<\/span>, \u010desto na posebnim ko\u017eama, i u snu primali uputstva za lije\u010denje.<\/p><p>Ujutro su sve\u0107enici tuma\u010dili san; iscjeljenje se \u010desto postizalo samim sanjanjem, ritualnim kupanjem ili propisanim biljnim lijekovima.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ono \u0161to odbija zlo: odnosi se na znakove i predmete koji trebaju odagnati \u0161tetne utjecaje.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropejski<\/span> su se ku\u0107ne statuete E\u0161muna postavljale u domove; poznate &#8216;sidonske dje\u010da\u010dke figure&#8217; iz E\u0161munovog <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena obredima po\u0161tovanja jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hrama<\/span> (zbirka u Nacionalnom muzeju Bejruta) prikazuju male dje\u010dake ili djevoj\u010dice, vjerojatno zavjetne darove za ozdravljenje bolesne djece. Natpisi na tim statuetama potvr\u0111uju njihovu funkciju zahvalnih ili molbenih darova.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">U feni\u010danskim osobnim imenima E\u0161munovo teonim je vrlo \u010desto: E\u0161munazar &#8216;E\u0161mun poma\u017ee&#8217;, E\u0161munpalat &#8216;E\u0161mun spa\u0161ava&#8217;, Bod-E\u0161mun &#8216;rukom E\u0161muna&#8217;. U\u010destalost teofori\u010dnih imena pokazuje intenzivnu osobnu pobo\u017enost. iWell Guard bilje\u017ei E\u0161muna kao povijesno-religijsku figuru bez ikakve suvremene veze s obe\u0107anjima iscjeljenja; praksa kulta iscjeljenja povijesna je pojava koja se znanstveno rekonstruira, a ne prakti\u010dki primjenjuje.<\/p><p>U ritualima iscjeljenja propisivani su i biljni lijekovi; feni\u010danski sve\u0107enici raspolagali su farmakolo\u0161kim znanjem koje je preneseno u obliku ljekovitih tekstova. Fragmenti takvih tekstova mogu se prepoznati u natpisima E\u0161munovog <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena obredima po\u0161tovanja jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hrama<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele u drugim kulturama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najva\u017enija povijesna paralela je gr\u010dki Asklepije; identifikacija je knji\u017eevno potvr\u0111ena od 5. stolje\u0107a prije Krista. Asklepije je sin Apolona, vje\u0161t iscjelitelj, sa \u0161tapom i zmijom kao atributima. Podudarnosti izme\u0111u njih dvojice tako su gusto raspore\u0111ene da je uzajamni utjecaj vjerojatan. Stephanie Budin, Corinne Bonnet i Mary Bachvarova istra\u017eivale su te veze.<\/p><p>U mezopotamskom podru\u010dju E\u0161mun djelomi\u010dno odgovara bo\u017eanstvu iscjeljenja Damu i bogu Ninazu; u hetitskom materijalu ne postoji izravno paralelno bo\u017eanstvo, ali postoje rituali iscjeljenja povezani s huritskom tradicijom Kamru\u0161epe. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149649\">Hetitska tradicija<\/a> imala je svoju vlastitu kulturu iscjeljenja preko &#8216;starih \u017eena&#8217; (<em>\u1e2aAR.\u1e2aAR<\/em>), bez posebnog boga iscjeljenja u onom smislu u kojem je to E\u0161mun.<\/p><p>S Adonisom E\u0161mun deli mitologem heroja sa smr\u0107u i o\u017eivljavanjem posredstvom bo\u017eice. Oboje pripadaju zapadnosemitskoj tradiciji heroja vegetacije, koja obuhva\u0107a i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149707\">Melkarta<\/a>. Religijsko-historijski, ova obitelj heroja va\u017ena je povijesna pojava feni\u010danske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prapovijesno razdoblje nakon bronzanog doba, obilje\u017eeno obradom \u017eeljeza.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017eeljeznog doba<\/span>.<\/p><p>I tradicije <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149649\">hetitske kulture iscjeljenja<\/a>, prije svega rituali &#8216;stare \u017eene&#8217; i prakse inkubacije, pokazuju funkcionalne podudarnosti s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Skup vjerskih obreda po\u0161tovanja jednog bo\u017eanstva ili svete osobe.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultom<\/span> E\u0161muna. Volkert Haas je u djelu <em>Materia Magica et Medica Hethitica<\/em> (2003) dokumentirao staroanatolske rituale iscjeljenja; izravna religijsko-historijska povezanost nije dokaziva, ali strukturalne paralele su informativne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Suvremena recepcija i istra\u017eivanja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Istra\u017eivanje E\u0161muna danas je na visokoj razini. Iskopavanja hrama koje je Maurice Dunand provodio 1960-ih klasi\u010dna su standardna referenca; Patty Gerstenblith i H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader nastavile su arheolo\u0161ka istra\u017eivanja. Istra\u017eivanja Corinne Bonnet o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Spajanje predod\u017ebi ili bo\u017eanstava iz razli\u010ditih vjerskih tradicija.\" tabindex=\"0\">sinkretizmu<\/span> s Asklepijem va\u017ena su za religijsku komparatistiku.<\/p><p>U popularnoj recepciji E\u0161mun je poznat po svom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena obredima po\u0161tovanja jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramu<\/span> kod Sidona; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena obredima po\u0161tovanja jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> je danas arheolo\u0161ko nalazi\u0161te i turisti\u010dka atrakcija. Sarkofag E\u0161munazara u Louvreu jedna je od najpoznatijih feni\u010danskih starina uop\u0107e.<\/p><p>Znanstveno, E\u0161mun se danas smatra klju\u010dnim predmetom studija za feni\u010dansku religiju iscjeljenja, za mediteransku tradiciju Asklepija i za <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstvena nauka o Bogu i vjerovanju jedne religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiju<\/span> smrtno-bo\u017eanskog heroja. Aktualna istra\u017eiva\u010dka te\u017ei\u0161ta usmjerena su na izdanje novih E\u0161munovih natpisa, na analizu zavjetnih darova iz <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena obredima po\u0161tovanja jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hrama<\/span> te na pitanje to\u010dnog povijesnog odnosa s Asklepijem.<\/p><p>Aktualna istra\u017eivanja H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader i Marka Smitha o feni\u010danskoj religiji smje\u0161taju E\u0161muna u \u0161iri religijsko-historijski kontekst: kao predstavnika mla\u0111e generacije bogova koja u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prapovijesno razdoblje nakon bronzanog doba, obilje\u017eeno obradom \u017eeljeza.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017eeljeznom dobu<\/span> diferencira specifi\u010dne funkcije koje su u kasnom bronzanom dobu jo\u0161 bile u jednim rukama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura i izvori<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sljede\u0107i izbor okuplja najva\u017enija standardna djela o istra\u017eivanju E\u0161muna. Obuhva\u0107a publikacije o hramu, izdanja natpisa i povijesne sinteze. Dunandova publikacija o hramu klasi\u010dna je referenca; Bonnet i Sader donose feni\u010dansku i religijsko-historijsku kontekstualizaciju; Aubet mediteransko \u0161irenje; Krahmalkov jezi\u010dno-historijski materijal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29b4c80e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp29b4c80e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20285701 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp20285701\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">E\u0161munovo sveti\u0161te u Bustan e\u0161-\u0160ejku kod Sidona<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d64a737 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2d64a737\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cff5052 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2cff5052\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najva\u017eniji arheolo\u0161ki nalaz vezan uz <em>Eshmuna<\/em> nalazi se oko tri kilometra sjeveroisto\u010dno od Sidona, u dana\u0161njem Libanonu, na mjestu koje se zove Bustan esh-Sheikh. Tamo je od 1900. godine, najprije zahvaljuju\u0107i osmanskim i njema\u010dkim, a potom libanonskim i francuskim arheolozima, otkriveno prostrano <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161te<\/span>.<\/p><p>Monumentalno srce nalazi\u0161ta predstavlja velika podijska terasa od pa\u017eljivo obra\u0111enih kamenih blokova, izgra\u0111ena vjerojatno pod sidonskim kraljem Bodashtartom u kasnom 6. stolje\u0107u pr. Kr.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sveti\u0161te<\/span> je izuzetno jer nudi rijetku izravnu poveznicu izme\u0111u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e \u0161tovano kao bo\u017eansko unutar neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstva<\/span>, kraljevske vlasti i graditeljskog natpisa. Nekoliko graditeljskih natpisa navodi Bodashtarta kao donatora, a Eshmuna kao boga kojemu posve\u0107uje gra\u0111evinu.<\/p><p>Time Eshmun nije samo ime iz popisa bogova, nego <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e \u0161tovano kao bo\u017eansko unutar neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span> s datiranom, monarhijski poduprijetom velikom gra\u0111evinom. Voda je igrala sredi\u0161nju ulogu: kanali, bazeni i ure\u0111ena vrela prolaze kroz cijelo podru\u010dje, \u0161to se dobro sla\u017ee s ljekovitim tuma\u010denjem boga.<\/p><p>Me\u0111u poznatim nalazima isti\u010de se &#8220;Astartin prijestol&#8221;, prazno bo\u017eansko prijestolje koje upu\u0107uje na blisku vezu Eshmuna s sidonskom gradskom bo\u017eicom, te niz dje\u010djih statua koje se tuma\u010de kao zavjetni darovi, mo\u017eda povezani s ozdravljenjem ili za\u0161titom. Rezultate iskopavanja objavili su, me\u0111u ostalima, Maurice Dunand, a potom i Rolf Stucky.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b8a42e7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2b8a42e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c75b921 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c75b921\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eshmun i Asklepije: anti\u010dka identifikacija i njezine granice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp265ed336 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp265ed336\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp222bef1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp222bef1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ve\u0107 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Razdoblje gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. n. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">anti\u010dki<\/span> autori izjedna\u010davali su <em>Eshmuna<\/em> s gr\u010dkim bogom lije\u010denja <em>Asklepijem<\/em>. Ta <em>interpretatio graeca<\/em> dobro je potvr\u0111ena, primjerice kod autora poznatog kao Filon iz Biblosa, koji na gr\u010dkom jeziku prenosi feni\u010dke predaje, i time obja\u0161njava za\u0161to se Eshmun u starijoj znanosti \u010desto jednostavno nazivao &#8220;feni\u010dkim Asklepijem&#8221;.<\/p><p>Ta jednad\u017eba korisna je, ali istovremeno i opasna. Korisna je jer potvr\u0111uje ljekovitu stranu Eshmuna: voda sveti\u0161ta, zavjetovanje djece i anti\u010dki izvje\u0161taji o iscjeljenjima odgovaraju bo\u017eanstvu kojemu su se ljudi obra\u0107ali u bolesti.<\/p><p>Opasna je jer navodi na projiciranje cjelokupne gr\u010dke slike Asklepija na Eshmuna, uklju\u010duju\u0107i ikonografiju zmije i praksu inkubacije, za koje u feni\u010dkim nalazima nema svugdje izravnih dokaza.<\/p><p>Posebno je pitanje istra\u017eivanja podrijetlo imena. Uvrije\u017een, ali nepotvr\u0111en prijedlog povezuje ga sa semitskom rije\u010di za &#8220;ulje&#8221; ili &#8220;mirisno ulje&#8221;, a time i s mazanjem kao ljekovitim sredstvom; druga tuma\u010denja u njemu vide broj\u010danu vezu (&#8220;osmi&#8221;). Nijedna od tih etimologija nije op\u0107eprihva\u0107ena. Sigurnije od etimologije je opa\u017eanje da je Eshmun u Sidonu uzdignut do glavnog bo\u017eanstva te da se u punskim natpisima, primjerice onima vezanim za Kartagu, javlja uz <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149708\">Baal-Hammona<\/a>. Bog dakle nije bio lokalna posebnost, nego <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obrednih radnji posve\u0107enih bo\u017eanstvu ili svetom bi\u0107u.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> koji se pro\u0161irio po cijelom feni\u010dkom podru\u010dju.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (izbor)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Maurice Dunand: <em>Le temple d&#8217;Echmoun \u00e0 Sidon<\/em> (Paris 1965)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Corinne Bonnet: <em>Les enfants de Cadmos<\/em> (Paris 2015)<\/li><li>H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader: <em>The History and Archaeology of Phoenicia<\/em> (Atlanta 2019)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>Charles Krahmalkov: <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (Leiden 2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Povezani klju\u010dni pojmovi: Eshmun Sidon bog lije\u010denja Feni\u010dani Asklepije <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> Bostan esh-Sheikh.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-eshmun\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicije za\u0161tite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard nadovezuje se na kulturnopovijesnu tradiciju prenosivih za\u0161titnih predmeta, u tradiciji <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149650\">Feni\u010dana<\/a> i mnogih drugih kultura \u0161irom svijeta. 41 razina, pravo zlato, platina, srebro, izra\u0111eno u Njema\u010dkoj. 30-dnevno pravo povrata.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Vi\u0161e o iWell Guardu<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Vi\u0161e o iWell Guardu<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobna iskustva mogu se razlikovati. Nije medicinski proizvod. Nema obe\u0107anja izlje\u010denja.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nije medicinski proizvod<\/strong> i ne zamjenjuje lije\u010dni\u010dko ili psihoterapeutsko lije\u010denje. Religijsko-znanstveni sadr\u017eaji predstavljaju kulturno-povijesnu interpretaciju, a ne preporuku duhovne prakse.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2849,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Eshmun Sidon bog lije\u010denja Feni\u010dani","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Eshmun \u2013 bog lije\u010denja Sidona, mit, kult","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Eshmun je feni\u010danski bog lije\u010denja i vrhovni gradski bog Sidona. 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