{"id":149708,"date":"2026-09-04T05:12:51","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:12:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=149708"},"modified":"2026-09-04T05:30:14","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:30:14","slug":"baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\/","title":{"rendered":"Baal-Hammon \u2013 Karta\u0161ki vrhovni bog"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"149708\" class=\"elementor elementor-149708 elementor-2628 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Baal-Hammon, punsko-karta\u0161ki vrhovni bog i Saturnus Africanus<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon (punski <em>b\u02bfl \u1e25mn<\/em>) je vrhovni mu\u0161ki bog punske Kartage i njezinih kolonija. Redovito se javlja zajedno s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149709\">Tanit<\/a> i primatelj je \u017ertvenih zavjeta iz Tofeta. U rimskom razdoblju bio je izjedna\u010den sa Saturnom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog tradicije feni\u010dke.\">Bog<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149650\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija tradicije feni\u010dke.\">Feni\u010dko<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vrhovno bo\u017eanstvo.\">Vrhovno bo\u017eanstvo<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na ovoj stranici nisu prona\\u0111eni naslovi.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSadr\u017eaj\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151545\" alt=\"Baal Hammon - bogovi iz feni\u010danske tradicije, povijesno-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uvod i kratki profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon je jedno od najva\u017enijih bo\u017eanstava zapadnomediteranskog punskog svijeta. Sabatino Moscati je u djelu <em>Il mondo dei Fenici<\/em> (1966) pokazao da je Baal-Hammon u feni\u010dkoj domovini bio potvr\u0111en, ali drugorazredan; u Kartagi je dosegnuo vrh panteona i tu poziciju deli s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149709\">Tanit<\/a>. Unutar <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149650\">feni\u010dke tradicije<\/a> on je prototipski punski vrhovni bog.<\/p><p>Maria Eugenia Aubet je u djelu <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001) dokumentirala mediteransko \u0161irenje kulta; sveti\u0161ta Baal-Hammona potvr\u0111ena su u Kartagi, Motyi, Tharrosu, Sulcisu, Hadrumetumu i mnogim drugim mjestima. U rimskom carskom razdoblju njegovo \u0161tovanje nastavlja se kao Saturnus Africanus i u numidijsko-mauretanskoj provinciji dose\u017ee zapa\u017eenu postojanost sve do 4. stolje\u0107a poslije Krista.<\/p><p>Religioznopovijesno Baal-Hammon predstavlja tip vrhovnog boga s ktoni\u010dkim i solarnim aspektima. Marcel Le Glay je u djelu <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966) pokazao da se izjedna\u010davanje s rimskim Saturnom temelji na dvojnoj naravi Baal-Hammona: on je istovremeno bog \u017eita i \u017eetve (saturnovski aspekt) i ktoni\u010dki otac-bog.<\/p><p>Stele iz Tofeta i brojni natpisi bilje\u017ee njegov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost obrednih radnji \u0161tovanja jednog bo\u017eanstva ili svete pojave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> kao sredi\u0161nji religioznopovijesni nalaz.<\/p><p>Postojanost Baal-Hammona u rimskom carskom razdoblju u obliku Saturnus Africanus jedan je od najizrazitijih primjera religioznopovijesnog kontinuiteta nakon politi\u010dkog pada punske dr\u017eave. Sa\u010duvano je vi\u0161e od dvije tisu\u0107e Saturnovih stela iz sjevernoafri\u010dkih provincija, od 1. do 4. stolje\u0107a poslije Krista.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ime i etimologija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ime <em>b\u02bfl \u1e25mn<\/em> sastoji se od <em>b\u02bfl<\/em> &#8216;gospodar&#8217; i <em>\u1e25mn<\/em>, \u010dija etimologija je sporna. Jedno tuma\u010denje povezuje <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> s korijenom <em>\u1e25mm<\/em> &#8216;biti vru\u0107&#8217; i vidi Baal-Hammona kao &#8216;gospodara vru\u0107ine&#8217;, vjerojatno solarnog aspekta.<\/p><p>Drugo tuma\u010denje vidi u <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> naziv mjesta &#8216;Hammon&#8217; (mo\u017eda mjesto u Feniciji) i Baal-Hammona kao &#8216;gospodara Hammona&#8217;. Tre\u0107a mogu\u0107nost povezuje <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> s predmetima kadionog kulta (&#8216;\u017ertvenik za kadenje&#8217;).<\/p><p>Charles Krahmalkov je u djelu <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (2001) sastavio epigrafske varijante; u natpisima se javlja kao <em>b\u02bfl \u1e25mn<\/em> ili kratko <em>b\u02bfl<\/em>. Gr\u010dki prijenos imena je \u0392\u03ac\u03b1\u03bb-\u1f08\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd (Baal-Amon), u helenisti\u010dkom razdoblju ponekad izjedna\u010den i s egipatskim Amonom (u tragovima). Rimska identifikacija sa Saturnom najtrajnija je i obilje\u017eava afro-rimsku religioznu povijest.<\/p><p>U hebrejskoj gra\u0111i Hammon se javlja kao naziv mjesta u Galileji; postoji li izravna povijesna veza, nejasno je. U aramejskim natpisima iz Palmire javlja se bog <em>\u02bfolam<\/em> sa sli\u010dnim funkcijama kao Baal-Hammon; i ovdje je to\u010dna srodnost sporna. Religioznopovijesno Baal-Hammon je specifi\u010dno zapadni razvoj.<\/p><p>Druga etimolo\u0161ka hipoteza povezuje <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> s aramejskim <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> &#8216;smilovati se&#8217;, \u0161to bi imalo teolo\u0161ki dubok prizvuk; ona ipak nije jezikoslovno potvr\u0111ena.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis i ikonografija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon se u punskoj ikonografiji naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e prikazuje kao ustoli\u010deni bradati starac s krunom od bikovskih rogova, dugom naboranom odje\u0107om i \u017eezlom. Ova slikovna tradicija dobro je potvr\u0111ena na stelama iz tofeta i razlikuje ga od <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149705\">Baal-Hadada<\/a>, koji se prikazuje kao mladena\u010dki bog oluje s podignutom sjekirom. Baal-Hammonov stara\u010dki profil teolo\u0161ki ga povezuje s ugaritskim Elom i sa Saturnom.<\/p><p>Njegova sveta \u017eivotinja je ovan ili jarac; u punskim \u017ertvenim obredima ovan je bio omiljena \u017ertvena \u017eivotinja. Na nekim stelama prikazan je okru\u017een sfingama ili grifonima.<\/p><p>U Kartagi je u gradskom hramu bio postavljen kolosalni bron\u010dani kip Baal-Hammona; spominje se u izvorima o tofetskim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu kojim se izra\u017eava zahvala, molba ili \u0161tovanje.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017ertvama<\/span> i navodno je imao mehanizme koji su \u017ertvene \u017eivotinje ili djecu pu\u0161tali padati u vatru ispod njega. Kritika izvora o tome je sporna i danas se procjenjuje s prili\u010dno zadr\u0161kom.<\/p><p>U helenisti\u010dko-rimskom razdoblju Baal-Hammonova ikonografija sve se vi\u0161e stapa sa Saturnovom tradicijom; kasnorimske Saturnove stele iz sjeverne Afrike (3. i 4. stolje\u0107e n. e.) prikazuju boga kao bradatog starca sa srpom, potpuno po uzoru na Saturna. Ova ikonografija Saturna Africanusa glavna je tema Marcela Le Glaya i op\u0161irno je obra\u0111ena u njegovoj monografiji.<\/p><p>Impresivan arheolo\u0161ki izvor su brojne bron\u010dane statuete iz tofeta koje prikazuju Baal-Hammona kako sjedi na prijestolju s podignutom rukom, gestom podjele blagoslova. Te su statuete dijelom postavljane kao zavjetni darovi u samom tofetu, a dijelom u stambenim ku\u0107ama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitolo\u0161ke pri\u010de<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Samostalni mitovi o Baal-Hammonu nisu sa\u010duvani; kao i kod <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149709\">Tanit<\/a>, on je prije svega kultna i ritualna figura. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoha gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. po. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Anti\u010dki<\/span> izvori (Diodor, Polibije, Plutarh, Tertulijan) spominju \u017ertvovanje djece u tofetu kao njegov najva\u017eniji kultni \u010din.<\/p><p>Diodor (20.14) op\u0161irno izvje\u0161tava o velikom \u017ertvovanju djece 310. pr. Kr., kada je Kartaga bila opsjedana od strane Agatokla iz Sirakuze; u nevolji je \u017ertvovano 200 dje\u010daka iz uglednih obitelji da bi se umirio gnjev boga.<\/p><p>Povijesnost tih izvje\u0161taja generacijama je predmet spora; radi se o gr\u010dko-rimskim polemi\u010dkim izvorima koje treba kriti\u010dki provjeravati. Arheolo\u0161ki nalazi iz tofeta ipak potvr\u0111uju da su tamo pokopani dojen\u010dad i mala djeca u znatnom broju; je li to uvijek bilo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu kojim se izra\u017eava zahvala, molba ili po\u0161tovanje.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017ertvovanje<\/span> ili se radilo i o djeci umrloj naravnom smr\u0107u, predmet je takozvane tofetske kontroverze.<\/p><p>Augustin iz Hipona u djelu <em>De civitate Dei<\/em> 7.19 polemizira protiv kultova Saturna Afrikanskog i opisuje \u017ertvovanje djece kao &#8216;crudelis daemonum cultus&#8217;. Ta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prijelazno razdoblje izme\u0111u antike i srednjeg vijeka, otprilike 3. do 7. stolje\u0107e.\" tabindex=\"0\">kasnoanti\u010dka<\/span> polemika dio je konstrukcije kr\u0161\u0107anske Kartage i valja je \u010ditati s oprezno\u0161\u0107u, ali odra\u017eava dugotrajnu povezanost Baal-Hammona s topikom \u017ertvovanja djece u anti\u010dkoj percepciji. Znanstvena procjena te prakse ostaje predmet spora.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult i \u0161tovanje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Glavno kultno mjesto Baal-Hammona bio je tofet u Kartagi; uz njega postojali su tofeti u Motyji, Tharrosu, Sulcisu, Hadrumetumu, Cirti, Lambafundiju i brojnim drugim lokalitetima. U svakom od tih sveti\u0161ta Baal-Hammon je bio glavni primatelj zavjetnih darova, \u010desto zajedno s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149709\">Tanit<\/a>. Zavjetni natpisi slijede standardnu formulu: &#8216;Gospodaru Baal-Hammonu, ono \u0161to je N.N. zavjetovao jer ga je on usli\u0161ao&#8217;.<\/p><p>Uz to su postojali gradski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramovi<\/span> Baal-Hammona, na primjer u Thinissutu i u samoj Kartagi (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> na brdu Byrsa). Sabatino Moscati je punsku hramsku arhitekturu dokumentirao u vi\u0161e publikacija.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hramovi<\/span> slijede troslojnu shemu: predvorje, glavnu dvoranu, svetinju nad svetinjama. Unutra se nalazio <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slikovni prikaz bo\u017eanstva koji se \u0161tuje u hramu ili sveti\u0161tu.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultni prikaz<\/span> ili &#8216;mazzeba&#8217; (sveti stup), potonji tipi\u010dan za feni\u010dku bezli\u010dnost najvi\u0161eg <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e koje se u nekoj religiji \u0161tuje kao bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstva<\/span>.<\/p><p>U rimsko doba Baal-Hammon se nastavio \u0161tovati kao Saturn Afrikanski; njegov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> u Kartagi preimenovan je i ponovno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predan svetom kroz vjerski obred i time izdvojen iz svakodnevnog.\" tabindex=\"0\">posve\u0107en<\/span>.<\/p><p>Broj Saturnovih stela u Sjevernoj Africi prema\u0161uje broj stela svih drugih rimskih bo\u017eanstava u regiji; Baal-Hammon-Saturn bio je do 4. stolje\u0107a po. Kr. najva\u017enije <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e koje se u nekoj religiji \u0161tuje kao bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span> afri\u010dkih provincija. Kristijanizacija i vandalska invazija okon\u010dale su njegov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost obrednih \u010dina \u0161tovanja usmjerenih prema bo\u017eanstvu ili svetoj figuri.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span>.<\/p><p>Va\u017ean numizmati\u010dki izvor su karta\u0161ke tetradrahme iz 4. i 3. stolje\u0107a pr. Kr. koje na prednjoj strani prikazuju Baal-Hammonovu kruna od bikovih rogova kao za\u0161titnu formulu. Kovanice su kovane u velikom broju za pla\u0107anje karta\u0161kih vojski i pro\u0161irile su Baal-Hammonov ikonografski program do \u0160panjolske i Sicilije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0161titna praksa i apotropejski elementi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon je bio za\u0161titnik grada, obitelji i \u017eetve. U punskim natpisima pojavljuje se kao primatelj zavjeta <em>n\u0113der<\/em> u kriznim situacijama: prije putovanja, prije bitaka, kod bolesti, kod poro\u0111aja. U\u010destalost njegovog <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mole\u0107ko ili zazivaju\u0107e obra\u0107anje bo\u017eanstvu ili sili.\" tabindex=\"0\">zazivanja<\/span> u privatnim zavjetnim darovima pokazuje intenzivnu privatnu pobo\u017enost punskog stanovni\u0161tva.<\/p><p>Na ulazima u ku\u0107e i u stambenim prostorijama njegovi su simboli kori\u0161teni <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odbijaju\u0107i zlo: o znakovima i predmetima koji trebaju odagnati \u0161tetne utjecaje.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropejski<\/span>: kruna od bikovih rogova, srp i &#8216;kaducej&#8217;-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak koji zastupa neku predod\u017ebu ili zna\u010denje.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span>, koji je u punskom svijetu redovito povezivan s Baal-Hammonom. Bron\u010dane statuete bradatog boga na prijestolju s krunom od bikovih rogova prona\u0111ene su na brojnim punskim stambenim lokalitetima.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Sa znanstvenog gledi\u0161ta, Baal-Hammonova za\u0161titni\u010dka funkcija sna\u017eno je povezana s dr\u017eavnim poretkom, no ukorijenjena je i u osobnom, obiteljskom smislu. Praksa tofeta mora se shvatiti kao poseban oblik krizne pobo\u017enosti, bez suvremenog znanstveno-pozitivnog tuma\u010denja. iWell Guard vodi Baal-Hammona kao povijesno-religijsko-povijesnu figuru bez suvremenih poveznica s obe\u0107anjima iscjeljenja.<\/p><p>Bliska povezanost Baal-Hammona s punskim ratovanjem dobro je dokumentirana; Hanibalova zakletva na Baal-Hammonovom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uzdignuto mjesto ili stol za \u017ertve i vjerske obrede.\" tabindex=\"0\">oltaru<\/span> u njegovoj devetoj godini \u017eivota, da \u0107e Rim smatrati vje\u010dnim neprijateljem, jedna je od najpoznatijih anti\u010dkih anegdota i stoji u tradiciji punskih ratnih zakletvi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele u drugim kulturama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon je povijesno povezan s ugaritskim Elom (starim bogom ocem), s mezopotamskim Anuom, s rimskim Saturnom i s gr\u010dkim Kronosom. Identifikacija sa Saturnom je najtrajnija; Marcel Le Glay je u djelu <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966) pokazao da je ta sinkreza temeljno obilje\u017eila afri\u010dki Saturnov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obreda \u0161tovanja neke bo\u017eanske ili svete pojave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> carskog doba.<\/p><p>S Kronosom Baal-Hammon deli profil ostarjelog boga oca povezanog s prino\u0161enjem djece na \u017ertvu; gr\u010dki mit o Kronosu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predana pri\u010da o bogovima, podrijetlu i poretku svijeta.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> sadr\u017ei pro\u017ediranje vlastite djece, \u0161to je u helenisti\u010dkoj percepciji povezivano s karta\u0161kim tofetskim \u017ertvama. Plutarh (<em>De superstitione<\/em>) tu vezu izravno navodi.<\/p><p>S <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149698\">Kumarbijem<\/a> iz <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149649\">hetitske tradicije<\/a> Baal-Hammon deli tip svrgnutog ili istisnutog boga oca. Religijskohistorijski pripada me\u0111unarodnoj obitelji staromediteranskih bogova otaca, \u010dija je funkcija djelomi\u010dno istisnuta mla\u0111om generacijom bogova oluje. U rimskoj provinciji Africa Proconsularis ova staromediteranska tradicija ostala je neobi\u010dno dugo \u017eiva.<\/p><p>Veza izme\u0111u Baal-Hammona i egipatskog Amon-Rea aktualizirana je u helenisti\u010dkom razdoblju; oaza Siwa sa svojim Amonovim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mjesto ili ustanova gdje se tra\u017ei bo\u017eanska poruka.\" tabindex=\"0\">proro\u010di\u0161tem<\/span> bila je dobro dostupna iz Kartage, a neki izvori govore o karta\u0161kim hodo\u010da\u0161\u0107ima onamo. Povijesni zna\u010daj ove sinkreze je osporavan, ali vrijedan pa\u017enje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Suvremena recepcija i istra\u017eivanja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Istra\u017eivanje Baal-Hammona danas je na visokoj razini. Djelo Marcela Le Glaya <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966) klasi\u010dna je standardna referenca; Sabatino Moscati, Maria Eugenia Aubet, H\u00e9l\u00e8ne B\u00e9nichou-Safar i Lawrence Stager dali su va\u017ene doprinose istra\u017eivanju tofeta. Knjiga Briana Doaka <em>Phoenician Aniconism<\/em> (2015) bavi se bezli\u010dnom tradicijom Baal-Hammona. Studije Josephine Quinn o punskom identitetu va\u017ean su doprinos posljednjih godina.<\/p><p>U popularnoj percepciji Baal-Hammon je poznat prije svega zbog tofetske kontroverze i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Razdoblje gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. po. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">anti\u010dke<\/span> kr\u0161\u0107anske polemike; ta slika je iskrivljena i te\u0161ko da je znanstveno pravedna. Znanstveno nijansiraniji prikazi mogu se prona\u0107i u navedenim djelima.<\/p><p>Znanstveno se Baal-Hammon danas smatra sredi\u0161njim predmetom prou\u010davanja punske religije, tradicije Saturna Afrikanskog i mediteranske povijesti religije. Aktualna istra\u017eiva\u010dka usmjerenja odnose se na bioarheolo\u0161ku analizu tofeta, na tradiciju stela Saturna Afrikanskog i na pitanje berberske komponente. iWell Guard ga navodi kao povijesnog \u010dlana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost bogova neke religije ili kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteona<\/span>.<\/p><p>Novija istra\u017eivanja Josephine Quinn (<em>In Search of the Phoenicians<\/em>, 2018) iznova su raspravila punski identitet i njegovu religijsku samodefiniciju te dovela u pitanje ulogu Baal-Hammona kao &#8216;boga Feni\u010dana&#8217;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura i izvori<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sljede\u0107i odabir okuplja najva\u017enija standardna djela o istra\u017eivanju Baal-Hammona. Obuhva\u0107a arheolo\u0161ke izvje\u0161taje, sinteze povijesti religije i epigrafska izdanja. Monografija Marcela Le Glaya klasi\u010dna je referenca; Moscati i Aubet donose punski okvir; Doak ikonolo\u0161ku perspektivu. Novija studija Quinn uvodi istra\u017eivanje u kriti\u010dku raspravu o identitetu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2dce0c7c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2dce0c7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22efe76a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22efe76a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tofet Kartage i nalazi stela<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp207c89a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp207c89a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp223f9336 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp223f9336\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Glavni svjedok kulta Baal Hammona nije tekst, nego lokalitet. Rije\u010d je o tzv. tofetu Kartage, sveti\u0161tu na rubu anti\u010dkog grada, u dana\u0161njem gradskom kvartu Salammb\u00f4. Iskopavanja su po\u010dela 1920-ih godina. Presudna je bila kampanja ameri\u010dke arheologinje i njezinog tima 1970-ih pod nazivom &#8220;Punic Project&#8221;.<\/p><p>Lokalitet sadr\u017ei tisu\u0107e malih urna sa spaljenim ostacima dojen\u010dadi i mladih \u017eivotinja, iznad kojih su postavljene kamene stele.<\/p><p>Mnoge od tih stela nose zavjetne natpise na punskom pismu. Uobi\u010dajena formula prvo spominje <em>Baal Hammona<\/em> i bo\u017eicu <em>Tinnit<\/em> (\u010desto nazivanu &#8220;Tinnit, lice Baala&#8221;), a zatim ime darovatelja i njegovu molbu.<\/p><p>Ovi natpisi najgu\u0161\u0107i su epigrafski izvor za punsku religiju uop\u0107e i \u010dine Baal Hammona najbolje potvr\u0111enim karta\u0161kim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e koje se u nekoj religiji \u0161tuje kao bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvom<\/span>.<\/p><p>Tuma\u010denje tofeta osporava se od 19. stolje\u0107a. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Razdoblje gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. po. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Anti\u010dki<\/span> gr\u010dki i rimski autori, kao Diodor i Plutarh, izvje\u0161tavaju o karta\u0161kim \u017ertvovanjima djece, a dio istra\u017eiva\u010da u tofetu vidi arheolo\u0161ku potvrdu toga.<\/p><p>Suprotno stajali\u0161te, koje zastupaju me\u0111u ostalima Sabatino Moscati i kasnije drugi, tuma\u010di lokalitet kao groblje za dojen\u010dad koja su umrla od drugih uzroka. Novija osteolo\u0161ka istra\u017eivanja spaljenih kostiju nisu kona\u010dno rije\u0161ila raspravu. Za opis Baal Hammona to zna\u010di: njegovo najva\u017enije kultno mjesto istovremeno je najosporavaniji nalaz punske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost koja prou\u010dava pro\u0161le kulture na temelju materijalnih nalaza.\" tabindex=\"0\">arheologije<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d8c90e4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2d8c90e4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp239ab422 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp239ab422\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interpretatio: Saturn, Kronos i nastavak u rimskom razdoblju<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22113ba9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp22113ba9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp234d4277 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp234d4277\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal Hammon nije nestao s razaranjem Kartage 146. pr. Kr. U rimskoj sjevernoj Africi nastavio je \u017eivjeti pod imenom <em>Saturnus Africanus<\/em>, jedan od najrasprostranjenijih kultova provincije Africa.<\/p><p>Stotine stela posve\u0107enih Saturnu iz rimskog doba pokazuju da je punsko stanovni\u0161tvo svoje staro glavno bo\u017eanstvo nastavilo \u0161tovati pod rimskim imenom, s vlastitim ikonografskim obilje\u017ejima, poput boga prikazanog pod velom ili sa srpom.<\/p><p>Ve\u0107 su Grci Baal Hammona izjedna\u010dili s <em>Kronosom<\/em>, \u0161to je posebno igralo ulogu u izvje\u0161tajima o \u017ertvovanju djece, jer je Kronos pro\u017edirao svoju vlastitu djecu.<\/p><p>Rimljani su zatim odabrali Saturna, latinskog boga koji odgovara Kronosu. Ta <em>interpretatio<\/em> za istra\u017eivanje je dvosjekli ma\u010d: s jedne strane pokazuje kontinuitet, s druge strane preklapa punsku gestalt gr\u010dko-rimskim predod\u017ebama.<\/p><p>Pitanje tko je Baal Hammon izvorno bio ne mo\u017ee se, dakle, odgovoriti samo na temelju kasne jednad\u017ebe sa Saturnom. Raspravlja se o tome upu\u0107uje li nadimak <em>Hammon<\/em> na naziv mjesta, primjerice na sjevernosirijski Hamat ili na neku planinu, ili na semitsku rije\u010d za &#8220;posudu za \u017eeravicu&#8221; odnosno &#8220;\u017ertvenik za tamjan&#8221;.<\/p><p>Eric Gubel, Paolo Xella i drugi bavili su se tim pitanjima, no konsenzus nije postignut. Sigurno je samo da je rimska Saturnova maska najmla\u0111i, a ne izvorni sloj ove gestalt. O zapadnosemitskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e koje se u nekoj religiji \u0161tuje kao bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvu<\/span> istog imena vidi i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149711\">Yam<\/a> u ugaritskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost bogova neke religije ili kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (izbor)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Marcel Le Glay: <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (Paris 1966)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Il mondo dei Fenici<\/em> (Milano 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>H\u00e9l\u00e8ne B\u00e9nichou-Safar: <em>Le tophet de Salammb\u00f4 \u00e0 Carthage<\/em> (Rom 2004)<\/li><li>Brian Doak: <em>Phoenician Aniconism<\/em> (Atlanta 2015)<\/li><li>Josephine Quinn: <em>In Search of the Phoenicians<\/em> (Princeton 2018)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-baalhammon e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-baalhammon\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-baalhammon-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-baalhammon-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon javlja se kao punsko-karta\u0161ki vrhovni bog, \u010dija tofetska sveti\u0161ta u Kartagi potvr\u0111uju njegov polo\u017eaj kao najvi\u0161eg za\u0161titnog bo\u017eanstva; u rimskom razdoblju nastavlja se \u0161tovati kao Saturnus Africanus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Srodni klju\u010dni pojmovi: Baal-Hammon, Kartaga, Punsko, Saturnus, Tofet, \u017ertvovanje djece, Africana.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-baal-hammon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicije za\u0161tite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard nadovezuje se na kulturnopovijesnu tradiciju prenosivih za\u0161titnih predmeta, u tradiciji <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149650\">Feni\u010dana<\/a> i mnogih drugih kultura \u0161irom svijeta. 41 razina, pravo zlato, platina, srebro, izra\u0111eno u Njema\u010dkoj. 30-dnevno pravo povrata.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Vi\u0161e o iWell Guardu<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Vi\u0161e o iWell Guardu<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobna iskustva mogu se razlikovati. Nije medicinski proizvod. Nema obe\u0107anja izlje\u010denja.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nije medicinski proizvod<\/strong> i ne zamjenjuje lije\u010dni\u010dko ili psihoterapeutsko lije\u010denje. Religijsko-znanstveni sadr\u017eaji predstavljaju kulturno-povijesnu interpretaciju, a ne preporuku duhovne prakse.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2848,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Baal-Hammon karta\u0161ki vrhovni bog","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Baal-Hammon \u2013 karta\u0161ki vrhovni bog, Tofet, Saturn","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Baal-Hammon je vrhovni mu\u0161ki bog Kartage, suprug Tanit i primatelj \u017ertvenih zavjeta u Tofetu. Religioznopovijesna analiza.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"phoenizisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-149708","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Baal-Hammon \u2013 karta\u0161ki vrhovni bog, Tofet, Saturn<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Baal-Hammon je vrhovni mu\u0161ki bog Kartage, suprug Tanit i primatelj \u017ertvenih zavjeta u Tofetu. Religioznopovijesna analiza.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hr_HR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Baal-Hammon \u2013 Karta\u0161ki vrhovni bog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Baal-Hammon je vrhovni mu\u0161ki bog Kartage, suprug Tanit i primatelj \u017ertvenih zavjeta u Tofetu. Religioznopovijesna analiza.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"iWell Guard\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-09-04T05:30:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1536\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\\\/\",\"name\":\"Baal-Hammon \u2013 karta\u0161ki vrhovni bog, Tofet, Saturn\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-04T05:12:51+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-04T05:30:14+00:00\",\"description\":\"Baal-Hammon je vrhovni mu\u0161ki bog Kartage, suprug Tanit i primatelj \u017ertvenih zavjeta u Tofetu. Religioznopovijesna analiza.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"hr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"hr\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":1536,\"caption\":\"Bo\u017eanstva iz feni\u010danske tradicije.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Start\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/?page_id=149317\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Baal-Hammon \u2013 Karta\u0161ki vrhovni bog\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/\",\"name\":\"iWell Guard\",\"description\":\"Schutz vor dunklen Einfl\u00fcssen\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"hr\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Ittermann electronic GmbH\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"hr\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png\",\"width\":1182,\"height\":237,\"caption\":\"Ittermann electronic GmbH\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/pantip.com\\\/profile\\\/9367242\",\"https:\\\/\\\/micro.blog\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.diggerslist.com\\\/iwellguard\\\/about\",\"https:\\\/\\\/skitterphoto.com\\\/photographers\\\/2870314\\\/iwell-guard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/iwellguard.wordpress.com\\\/2026\\\/06\\\/06\\\/iwell-guard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/hub.docker.com\\\/u\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pinterest.com\\\/iwellguard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/bit.ly\\\/m\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/entre-vos-mains.alsace.eu\\\/profiles\\\/iwellguard\\\/activity\",\"https:\\\/\\\/gravatar.com\\\/reallybeded8fd34\",\"https:\\\/\\\/naijamatta.com\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.goodreads.com\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/profile.hatena.ne.jp\\\/iwellguard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/experiment.com\\\/users\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/wakelet.com\\\/@iWellGuard82270\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.chordie.com\\\/forum\\\/profile.php?id=2555664\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instapaper.com\\\/p\\\/17757966\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mapleprimes.com\\\/users\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/businesslistingplus.com\\\/profile\\\/iwell-guard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/telegra.ph\\\/iWell-Guard-06-06\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pbase.com\\\/iwellguard\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/b.hatena.ne.jp\\\/iwellguard\\\/20260607#bookmark-4788405196491818882\",\"https:\\\/\\\/fliphtml5.com\\\/home\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/anyflip.com\\\/homepage\\\/cmiwl#About\",\"https:\\\/\\\/transfur.com\\\/Users\\\/iwellguard\",\"http:\\\/\\\/delphi.larsbo.org\\\/user\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/jobs.lajobsportal.org\\\/profiles\\\/8380803-iwell-guard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/md.chaosdorf.de\\\/s\\\/jfbe5SBdJD\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.lingvolive.com\\\/en-us\\\/profile\\\/9ecaeaca-ce11-4e51-9e71-01d55e2bff36\\\/translations\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.fitday.com\\\/fitness\\\/forums\\\/members\\\/iwellguard.html\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mymeetbook.com\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pxhere.com\\\/en\\\/photographer-me\\\/5040798\",\"https:\\\/\\\/disqus.com\\\/by\\\/iwellguard\\\/about\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pastelink.net\\\/hjwciqwq\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pubhtml5.com\\\/homepage\\\/scjhn\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.bitchute.com\\\/channel\\\/2O2eOKzNqujT\",\"https:\\\/\\\/audiomack.com\\\/iwellguard\"]},{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Ralf Ittermann\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f\"},\"headline\":\"Baal-Hammon \u2013 Karta\u0161ki vrhovni bog\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-04T05:12:51+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-04T05:30:14+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\\\/\"},\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/hr\\\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp\",\"inLanguage\":\"hr\",\"description\":\"Baal-Hammon je vrhovni mu\u0161ki bog Kartage, suprug Tanit i primatelj \u017ertvenih zavjeta u Tofetu. Religioznopovijesna analiza.\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Baal-Hammon \u2013 karta\u0161ki vrhovni bog, Tofet, Saturn","description":"Baal-Hammon je vrhovni mu\u0161ki bog Kartage, suprug Tanit i primatelj \u017ertvenih zavjeta u Tofetu. Religioznopovijesna analiza.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\/","og_locale":"hr_HR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Baal-Hammon \u2013 Karta\u0161ki vrhovni bog","og_description":"Baal-Hammon je vrhovni mu\u0161ki bog Kartage, suprug Tanit i primatelj \u017ertvenih zavjeta u Tofetu. Religioznopovijesna analiza.","og_url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\/","og_site_name":"iWell Guard","article_modified_time":"2026-09-04T05:30:14+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1024,"height":1536,"url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp","type":"image\/webp"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\/"},"author":{"name":"Ralf Ittermann","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/#\/schema\/person\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f"},"headline":"Baal-Hammon \u2013 Karta\u0161ki vrhovni bog","datePublished":"2026-09-04T05:12:51+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-04T05:30:14+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\/"},"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp","inLanguage":"hr","description":"Baal-Hammon je vrhovni mu\u0161ki bog Kartage, suprug Tanit i primatelj \u017ertvenih zavjeta u Tofetu. Religioznopovijesna analiza."},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\/","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\/","name":"Baal-Hammon \u2013 karta\u0161ki vrhovni bog, Tofet, Saturn","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp","datePublished":"2026-09-04T05:12:51+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-04T05:30:14+00:00","description":"Baal-Hammon je vrhovni mu\u0161ki bog Kartage, suprug Tanit i primatelj \u017ertvenih zavjeta u Tofetu. Religioznopovijesna analiza.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"hr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"hr","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp","contentUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp","width":1024,"height":1536,"caption":"Bo\u017eanstva iz feni\u010danske tradicije."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Start","item":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149317"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Baal-Hammon \u2013 Karta\u0161ki vrhovni bog"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/","name":"iWell Guard","description":"Schutz vor dunklen Einfl\u00fcssen","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"hr"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/#organization","name":"Ittermann electronic GmbH","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"hr","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png","width":1182,"height":237,"caption":"Ittermann electronic GmbH"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/pantip.com\/profile\/9367242","https:\/\/micro.blog\/iwellguard","https:\/\/www.diggerslist.com\/iwellguard\/about","https:\/\/skitterphoto.com\/photographers\/2870314\/iwell-guard","https:\/\/iwellguard.wordpress.com\/2026\/06\/06\/iwell-guard\/","https:\/\/hub.docker.com\/u\/iwellguard","https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/iwellguard\/","https:\/\/bit.ly\/m\/iwellguard","https:\/\/entre-vos-mains.alsace.eu\/profiles\/iwellguard\/activity","https:\/\/gravatar.com\/reallybeded8fd34","https:\/\/naijamatta.com\/iwellguard","https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/iwellguard","https:\/\/profile.hatena.ne.jp\/iwellguard\/","https:\/\/experiment.com\/users\/iwellguard","https:\/\/wakelet.com\/@iWellGuard82270","https:\/\/www.chordie.com\/forum\/profile.php?id=2555664","https:\/\/www.instapaper.com\/p\/17757966","https:\/\/www.mapleprimes.com\/users\/iwellguard","https:\/\/businesslistingplus.com\/profile\/iwell-guard\/","https:\/\/telegra.ph\/iWell-Guard-06-06","https:\/\/pbase.com\/iwellguard\/iwellguard","https:\/\/b.hatena.ne.jp\/iwellguard\/20260607#bookmark-4788405196491818882","https:\/\/fliphtml5.com\/home\/iwellguard","https:\/\/anyflip.com\/homepage\/cmiwl#About","https:\/\/transfur.com\/Users\/iwellguard","http:\/\/delphi.larsbo.org\/user\/iwellguard","https:\/\/jobs.lajobsportal.org\/profiles\/8380803-iwell-guard","https:\/\/md.chaosdorf.de\/s\/jfbe5SBdJD","https:\/\/www.lingvolive.com\/en-us\/profile\/9ecaeaca-ce11-4e51-9e71-01d55e2bff36\/translations","https:\/\/www.fitday.com\/fitness\/forums\/members\/iwellguard.html","https:\/\/www.mymeetbook.com\/iwellguard","https:\/\/pxhere.com\/en\/photographer-me\/5040798","https:\/\/disqus.com\/by\/iwellguard\/about\/","https:\/\/pastelink.net\/hjwciqwq","https:\/\/pubhtml5.com\/homepage\/scjhn\/","https:\/\/www.bitchute.com\/channel\/2O2eOKzNqujT","https:\/\/audiomack.com\/iwellguard"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/#\/schema\/person\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f","name":"Ralf Ittermann","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"hr","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/073c0153e350a5005b68eb752b445fea71f6b24a26da9449ad7e155e6b446c9d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/073c0153e350a5005b68eb752b445fea71f6b24a26da9449ad7e155e6b446c9d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/073c0153e350a5005b68eb752b445fea71f6b24a26da9449ad7e155e6b446c9d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Ralf Ittermann"},"givenName":"Ralf","familyName":"Ittermann","jobTitle":"Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer und redaktioneller Verantwortlicher","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/author\/claude\/","description":"Ralf Ittermann ist Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der Ittermann electronic GmbH und redaktioneller Verantwortlicher des iWell-Guard-Lexikons. Er verbindet langj\u00e4hrige Erfahrung in der Pr\u00e4zisionsfertigung mit medialer Praxis und religionsgeschichtlicher Quellenarbeit.","worksFor":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Ittermann electronic GmbH","url":"https:\/\/ittermann.de\/","address":{"@type":"PostalAddress","streetAddress":"K\u00f6hlergasse 16-18","postalCode":"99842","addressLocality":"Ruhla","addressCountry":"DE"}},"knowsAbout":["Religionsgeschichte","Mythologie","Mediale Praxis","Energetische Diagnostik","Schutzpraxis","Volksglauben","Westliche Esoterik"]},{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\/"},"author":{"name":"Ralf Ittermann","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/#\/schema\/person\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f"},"headline":"Baal-Hammon \u2013 Karta\u0161ki vrhovni bog","datePublished":"2026-09-04T05:12:51+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-04T05:30:14+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\/"},"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/baal-hammon-kartaski-vrhovni-bog\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp","inLanguage":"hr","description":"Baal-Hammon je vrhovni mu\u0161ki bog Kartage, suprug Tanit i primatelj \u017ertvenih zavjeta u Tofetu. Religioznopovijesna analiza."}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/149708","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=149708"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/149708\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2848"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=149708"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=149708"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}