{"id":149707,"date":"2026-09-04T05:12:50","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:12:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=149707"},"modified":"2026-09-04T05:30:14","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:30:14","slug":"melkart-gradski-bog-tira","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/melkart-gradski-bog-tira\/","title":{"rendered":"Melkart \u2013 gradski bog Tira"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"149707\" class=\"elementor elementor-149707 elementor-2626 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Melkart, feni\u010dki gradski bog Tira i 'Herakle' Feni\u010dana<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melkart (feni\u010dki <em>mlqrt<\/em>, doslovno &#8216;kralj grada&#8217;) je vrhovni gradski bog Tira i jedan od najva\u017enijih feni\u010dkih bogova uop\u0107e. Grci su ga izjedna\u010davali s Heraklom (&#8216;Herakle-Melkart&#8217;) te je bio \u0161tovan u helenisti\u010dko-rimskom svijetu na brojnim mjestima.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog tradicije Feni\u010danske.\">Bog<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149650\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija tradicije Feni\u010danske.\">Feni\u010danska<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gradski bog.\">Gradski bog<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na ovoj stranici nisu prona\\u0111eni naslovi.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSadr\u017eaj\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-melqart-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-melqart-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-melqart-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151543\" alt=\"Melqart \u2013 bog iz feni\u010danske tradicije, povijesno-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uvod i kratki profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melkart je glavni bog feni\u010dkog mati\u010dnog grada Tira i time zauzima klju\u010dno mjesto u povijesti mediteranske religije.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet u svojoj monografiji <em>Melqart<\/em> (1988) donosi najopse\u017eniju studiju o ovom bogu; pokazuje da je Melkart istovremeno bio gradski bog, za\u0161titnik kraljevske vlasti, heroj i htonsko-uskrsavaju\u0107e bo\u017eanstvo. Unutar <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149650\">feni\u010dke tradicije<\/a> on je sredi\u0161nji mu\u0161ki glavni bog tirske tradicije.<\/p><p>Njegov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveukupnost obreda \u0161tovanja posve\u0107enih bo\u017eanstvu ili svetoj pojavi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> pro\u0161irio se s tirskim kolonijama po cijelom Sredozemlju. U Gadesu (danas C\u00e1diz, \u0160panjolska) nalazio se najva\u017eniji Melkartov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> zapadno od samog Tira; bio je prisutan i u Kartagi. Maria Eugenia Aubet u djelu <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001) detaljno je dokumentirala njegovu mediteransku rasprostranjenost.<\/p><p>U religijsko-povijesnom smislu Melkart predstavlja tip gradskog i kraljevskog boga koji se sezonski obnavlja godi\u0161njim &#8216;bu\u0111enjem&#8217; (<em>egersis<\/em>) u prolje\u0107e. Ovaj festival bu\u0111enja jedna je od karakteristi\u010dnih religijsko-povijesnih osobina Melkarta i razlikuje ga od drugih gradskih bo\u017eanstava. Povezanost s gr\u010dkim Heraklom nastala je zbog funkcionalnih sli\u010dnosti i intenzivnih gr\u010dko-feni\u010dkih kontakata od 8. stolje\u0107a prije Krista.<\/p><p>Osobito je zanimljiva Melkartova bliska povezanost s tirskom kraljevskom ku\u0107om: kralj Tira bio je istovremeno i vrhovni Melkartov sve\u0107enik; godi\u0161nju svetkovinu bu\u0111enja osobno je izvodio kralj. Ta istovjetnost politi\u010dkog i obredni\u010dkog vrha usporediva je s egipatskim faraonom ili rimskim <em>pontifex maximusom<\/em>.<\/p><p>I <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149649\">hetitska tradicija<\/a> poznavala je usporedive gradske i kraljevske za\u0161titni\u010dke bogove; usporedba sa <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149704\">Sarrumom<\/a> dopu\u0161ta strukturno va\u017ene uvide u kasnobron\u010danodobnu kraljevsku teologiju isto\u010dnog Sredozemlja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ime i etimologija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ime Melkart slo\u017eenica je od <em>mlk<\/em> &#8216;kralj&#8217; i <em>qrt<\/em> &#8216;grad&#8217;, dakle doslovno &#8216;kralj grada&#8217;. Grad je Tir, a Melkart je &#8216;kralj Tira&#8217; u bo\u017eanskom smislu.<\/p><p>Ova etimologija nije upitna i jasno je dokumentirana u natpisima. U klinopisnim tekstovima javlja se kao <em>Milqartu<\/em>, u gr\u010dkim izvorima kao Melkart ili Melkart, a u helenisti\u010dkim sinkretizmima kao Herakle-Melkart.<\/p><p>Alternativno tuma\u010denje vidi u <em>mlk<\/em> ne samo &#8216;kralja&#8217; u svjetovnom smislu, nego i &#8216;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu kao izraz zahvale, molbe ili \u0161tovanja.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017ertvu<\/span>&#8216; (molk-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu kao izraz zahvale, molbe ili \u0161tovanja.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017ertva<\/span>), dvostruko zna\u010denje istog korijena u feni\u010dkom jeziku. Ovo tuma\u010denje ipak je u znanosti manje prihva\u0107eno.<\/p><p>Na gr\u010dkoj strani njegovo ime javlja se kao &#8216;Herakle Tirski&#8217;, &#8216;Herakle&#8217; ili u obliku teofori\u010dkog imenskog elementa &#8216;Melikartos&#8217;. Identifikacija s Heraklom knji\u017eevno je potvr\u0111ena od 5. stolje\u0107a prije Krista (Herodot 2.44). Gr\u010dki mitski lik Herakla nosi obilje\u017eja feni\u010dkog Melkarta, posebno u mitovima o putovanju na &#8216;zapad&#8217; i ubojstvu Gerionu.<\/p><p>Teofori\u010dko osobno ime Hamilkar bilo je vrlo ra\u0161ireno u Kartagi; nosili su ga nekoliko zna\u010dajnih karta\u0161kih vojskovo\u0111a, me\u0111u njima Hamilkar Barka, otac Hanibalov. Ova imenska tradicija svjedo\u010di o trajnoj va\u017enosti Melkarta u politi\u010dkom \u017eivotu punske dr\u017eave.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis i ikonografija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melkart se u feni\u010dkoj ikonografiji naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e prikazuje kao bradati mu\u0161karac u kratkoj prega\u010di, s podignutom borbenom sjekirom ili toljagom, nekad s lukom, \u010desto odjeven u lavlju ko\u017eu. Ova ikonografija lavlje ko\u017ee povijesno je zna\u010dajna jer se izravno prenijela u gr\u010dku Heraklovu tradiciju s lavljom ko\u017eom i toljagom.<\/p><p>Na tirskim nov\u010di\u0107ima helenisti\u010dkog doba Melkart-Herakle \u010desto se prikazuje s toljagom i lavljom ko\u017eom; na karta\u0161kim stelama iz tofeta ponekad stoji uz <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149708\">Baal-Hamona<\/a>. Va\u017ena ikonografska tradicija jest &#8216;Melkart na morskom konju&#8217;, koja svjedo\u010di o njegovoj vezi s brodarstvom i morem.<\/p><p>Njegova sveta \u017eivotinja je lav; na nekim reljefima prikazan je kako kora\u010da na lavu ili ga gu\u0161i. I orao se javlja kao njegova pratila\u010dka \u017eivotinja u nekim kasnijim prikazima. Aphakide Bonnet detaljno je dokumentirala ikonografsku raznolikost; pokazuje da je Melkart u svakom mediteranskom kontekstu razvio pomalo druga\u010diju likovnu tradiciju.<\/p><p>Na poznatoj &#8216;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uspravna, natpisom ili slikom ukra\u0161ena kamena ili drvena plo\u010da.\" tabindex=\"0\">steli<\/span> Jehavmilka&#8217;, kralja Biblosa (5. stolje\u0107e prije Krista), Melkart se dodu\u0161e ne prikazuje izravno, ali se javlja ikonografska formula kraljevsko-bo\u017eanskog susreta, karakteristi\u010dna za feni\u010dku kraljevsko-bo\u017eansku tradiciju. Ova ikonografska konvencija prote\u017ee se od Tira preko Biblosa do Kartage.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitolo\u0161ke pri\u010de<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Feni\u010danski mitovi o Melkartu sa\u010duvani su samo u fragmentima. Eusebije Cezarejski navodi pripovijest iz Filona iz Biblosa (Praeparatio Evangelica 1.10), u kojoj se Melkart prikazuje kao heroj i onaj koji se ponovno o\u017eivljava. Prema anti\u010dkim izvje\u0161tajima, Melkart se svake godine budi na svetkovini o\u017eivljavanja (<em>egersis<\/em>) i time se uklapa u tradiciju bogova vegetacije i grada koji svake godine umiru i uskrsavaju.<\/p><p>Jedna va\u017ena pri\u010da povezuje Melkarta s samim osnutkom Tira: navodno je pomo\u0107u \u017ertve ptice utvrdio plutaju\u0107e stijene na kojima je Tir izgra\u0111en. Druga pri\u010da povezuje ga s izumom purpurnog bojenja, klju\u010dne gospodarske djelatnosti Feni\u010dana: Melkartov pas navodno je nehotice zagrizao purpurnog pu\u017ea i tako otkrio purpurnu boju.<\/p><p>U gr\u010dkom preuzimanju kao Herakle-Melkart on naslje\u0111uje pri\u010de iz Heraklove <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cjelina predanih pripovijesti o bogovima jedne kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologije<\/span>, prije svega epizodu s Gerionom, u kojoj Herakle na zapadnom Sredozemlju (na mjestu kasnijeg Gadesa) otima stoku trokrilnom velikanu Gerionu. Ta povezanost religijskohistorijski je pou\u010dna, jer je Gades zaista bio feni\u010danska osnova i najva\u017enije Melkartovo zapadno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161te<\/span>.<\/p><p>Va\u017ena pseudoepigrafska osoba je &#8216;Sanchunjaton&#8217; (Sankuniathon), navodni feni\u010danski sve\u0107enik \u010dije je djelo sa\u010duvano preko Filona iz Biblosa. Kriti\u010dko izdanje Alberta Baumgartena pokazuje da je materijal velikim dijelom kasna helenisti\u010dka izmi\u0161ljotina, ali da sadr\u017ei i istinske ostatke feni\u010danske mitske tradicije, posebno u pogledu Melkarta i genealogije bogova.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult i \u0161tovanje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Glavni Melkartov kult bio je u Tiru, u najstarijem i najsjajnijem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramu<\/span> grada. Herodot detaljno opisuje ovaj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> (2.44) i spominje dva stupa, jedan od zlata, jedan od smaragda, koji su no\u0107u svjetlucali, vjerojatno poznata pojava fosforesciraju\u0107ih minerala nazvana &#8216;s\u00eew\u00e2n&#8217;.<\/p><p>Hiram I. od Tira (10. stolje\u0107e pr. Kr.) uzeko je povezan s Melkartovim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramom<\/span>; prema Josipu Flaviju izgradio ga je od zlata i bronce.<\/p><p>Godi\u0161nja svetkovina o\u017eivljavanja bila je vrhunac kulta; &#8216;onaj koji budi&#8217; (<em>mqm-\u02belm<\/em>, &#8216;onaj koji podi\u017ee boga&#8217;) provodio je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ure\u0111en slijed simboli\u010dnih radnji s religijskim ili kulturnim zna\u010denjem.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>. Kralj Tira bio je sredi\u0161nja osoba u ritualu. Sli\u010dne svetkovine o\u017eivljavanja potvr\u0111ene su u Kartagi i Gadesu; one povijesno povezuju Melkarta s Tamuzom\/Dumuzijem i s Adonisom.<\/p><p>Melkart je bio prisutan i u Kartagi; godi\u0161nji danak Melkartovu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramu<\/span> u Tiru Kartaga je odr\u017eavala sve do kasne Republike, \u0161to je znak sna\u017ene veze s metropolom.<\/p><p>U Gadesu se Melkartov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> nalazio na malom ostrvu; opisali su ga Polibije, Strabon i Silije Italik. \u010cak i nakon rimskog osvajanja Gades-Melkart je nastavio djelovati kao Herkulovo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161te<\/span> te su ga posjetili Hanibal, Cezar i Hadrijan.<\/p><p>Arheolo\u0161ko istra\u017eivanje Melkartova hrama u Tiru ote\u017eano je modernom izgradnjom; u Gadesu su, naprotiv, ostaci sveti\u0161ta na dana\u0161njem ostrvu Sancti Petri pristupa\u010dniji. Teku\u0107a podvodna istra\u017eivanja pod vodstvom Antonija S\u00e1eza Romera posljednjih godina donijela su va\u017ene nove nalaze.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0161titna praksa i apotropejski elementi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melkart je bio za\u0161titnik kraljevske ku\u0107e, grada i pomorstva. Na kraljevskim pe\u010datima iz Tira javlja se kao za\u0161titnik; u feni\u010danskim osobnim imenima njegov teonim je \u010dest (Hamilkar = &#8216;sluga Melkarta&#8217;, Bomilkar = &#8216;rukom Melkarta&#8217;). \u010cesta teofori\u010dka imena s dijelom &#8216;Melkart&#8217; pokazuju sna\u017enu privatnu pobo\u017enost.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apotropejski: koji odbija zlo, odnosi se na znakove i predmete koji trebaju odbiti \u0161tetne utjecaje.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropejski<\/span> su se nosili Melkartovi skarabeji i male bronzane figure ili su se postavljali u ku\u0107anstvu. Poznata &#8216;Melkartova <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uspravna kamena ili drvena plo\u010da s natpisom ili slikom.\" tabindex=\"0\">stela<\/span>&#8216; iz Bredscha (Bredja) u sjevernoj Siriji, natpisni zavjet aramejskog kralja Bar-Hadada Melkartu, jedan je od najva\u017enijih epigrafskih svjedo\u010danstava Melkartova kulta izvan Tira.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">U pomorskoj pobo\u017enosti Melkart je bio vrhovna za\u0161titni\u010dka sila; feni\u010danski kapetani i kolonisti prinosili su mu zavjetne darove pri isplovljavanju i dolasku. Ta putna pobo\u017enost va\u017ena je religijskohistorijska zna\u010dajka feni\u010danske pokretljivosti. iWell Guard navodi Melkarta kao povijesno-kulturnu figuru bez suvremenih obe\u0107anja o iscjeljenju.<\/p><p>U karta\u0161kim hramovima 5. i 4. stolje\u0107a pr. Kr. Melkart se javlja kao drugi ili tre\u0107i bog nakon <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149708\">Baal-Hamona<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149709\">Tanit<\/a>. Trojstvo bogova feni\u010danskog mati\u010dnog grada (Baal-\u0160amem, Astarta, Melkart) preoblikovano je u Kartagi u novu konfiguraciju, bez da je Melkart potpuno potisnut.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele u drugim kulturama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Religijskohistorijski najva\u017enija paralela je gr\u010dka identifikacija s Heraklom. Walter Burkert je u djelu <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> (1984) i u nekoliko kasnijih studija pokazao da je gr\u010dki lik Herakla sna\u017eno utjecan feni\u0107kim Melqartom, prije svega u epizodi s Geryonom i u &#8216;Heraklovim stupovima&#8217; (Gibraltarski prolaz), koji su izvorno bili &#8216;Melqartovi stupovi&#8217;.<\/p><p>S mezopotamskim Gilgame\u0161om Melqart dijeli <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ponavljaju\u0107i sadr\u017eajni element u umjetnosti ili pripovijedanju.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> smrtno-besmrtnog heroja s kraljevskom funkcijom. U Kartagi se iz njegove tradicije ne razvija samostalno glavno bo\u017eanstvo, jer je karta\u0161ka religija s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149708\">Baal-Hammonom<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149709\">Tanit<\/a> izgradila vlastiti vrh bo\u017eanske hijerarhije; Melqart je pritom ostao stalno prisutan.<\/p><p>Povijesno je Melqart prototipni feni\u0107ki gradski i kraljevski bog. Sa <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149704\">Sarrumom<\/a> iz <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149649\">hetitske tradicije<\/a> dijeli funkciju osobnog kraljevog za\u0161titni\u010dkog boga; s mezopotamskim Mardukom funkciju probu\u0111enog gradskog boga nakon sezonskog poraza. U helenisti\u010dkom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Spajanje predod\u017ebi ili bo\u017eanstava iz razli\u010ditih religijskih tradicija.\" tabindex=\"0\">sinkretizmu<\/span> postaje prototipsko &#8216;prijevodno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e koje se u nekoj religiji \u0161tuje kao bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span>&#8216; izme\u0111u feni\u0107ke i gr\u010dke religije.<\/p><p>Na zapadnom Mediteranu Melqart je pod gr\u010dkim imenom Herakle prisutan u bezbrojnim natpisima i kovanicama; prijelazi izme\u0111u &#8216;Melqarta&#8217; i &#8216;Herakla&#8217; u helenisti\u010dkoj upotrebi jezika \u010desto su nejasni. U Kartagi je to dvostruko imenovanje politi\u010dki iskori\u0161teno da bi se gr\u010dki savezni partneri otvorili prema feni\u0107koj religiji.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Suvremena recepcija i istra\u017eivanja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Istra\u017eivanje Melqarta danas je na visokoj razini. Monografija Corinne Bonnet <em>Melqart<\/em> (1988) i njezine kasnije studije standardna su referenca; Maria Eugenia Aubet, Sabatino Moscati i H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader dali su va\u017ene doprinose arheolo\u0161koj strani. Natpisi su dostupni u izdanjima Charlesa Krahmalkova i Wolfganga R\u00f6lliga.<\/p><p>U popularnoj recepciji Melqart je poznat ponajprije po svojoj poistovje\u0107enosti s Heraklom te po tartesijskim predajama (povezanim s blagom El Carambolo, &#8216;zlatnom jabukom Hesperida&#8217;). U suvremenom Libanonu Tir je od 1990-ih godina, obnovom svojih arheolo\u0161kih nalazi\u0161ta, rehabilitirao Melqarta kao kulturni <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak koji predstavlja neku predod\u017ebu ili zna\u010denje.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span>.<\/p><p>U znanosti se Melqart danas smatra sredi\u0161njim predmetom prou\u010davanja feni\u010danske religije, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno u\u010denje o Bogu i vjeri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span> gradskog bo\u017eanstva te mediteranske religijske dinamike. Trenuta\u010dna se istra\u017eivanja usredoto\u010duju na razlikovanje lokalnih hipostaza Melqarta, na ikonografski prijenos u gr\u010dku tradiciju Herakla te na arheolo\u0161ko istra\u017eivanje sveti\u0161ta u Gadesu. iWell Guard vodi Melqarta kao povijesnog \u010dlana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost bogova neke religije ili kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteona<\/span>.<\/p><p>I helenisti\u010dki nov\u010di\u0107i Tira i Kartage prikazuju Melqarta, \u010desto s toljagom, lukom ili pramcem broda. Ta je numizmati\u010dka ikonografija va\u017ean izvor za povijest Melqartova likovnog prikaza.<\/p><p>Nedavne studije Josephine Quinn i Briana Doaka iznova su istra\u017eile Melqartovu ulogu u izgradnji punskog identiteta i u rimsko-feni\u010danskoj dodirnoj zoni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura i izvori<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sljede\u0107i izbor obuhva\u0107a najva\u017enija standardna djela o istra\u017eivanju Melqarta. Uklju\u010duje monografije, izdanja natpisa i religijskohistorijske sinteze. Monografija Corinne Bonnet <em>Melqart<\/em> najbolji je prvi uvid; Burkert obra\u0111uje gr\u010dku liniju; Aubet mediteransko \u0161irenje; Krahmalkov jezi\u010dnopovijesnu gra\u0111u. Najnovija monografija H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader donosi arheolo\u0161ku sintezu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ff50c6c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2ff50c6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp202ddb76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp202ddb76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Egersis, blagdan probu\u0111enja Melqarta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2683cd7c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2683cd7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27bc6d8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27bc6d8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Posebnost Melqartova kulta u Tiru bio je godi\u0161nji blagdan koji gr\u010dki izvori nazivaju <em>egersis<\/em>, probu\u0111enje ili uskrsnu\u0107e boga. Naziv upu\u0107uje na to da je u temelju blagdana le\u017eala predod\u017eba da Melqart umire i vra\u0107a se u \u017eivot.<\/p><p>Time se Melqart uvr\u0161tava me\u0111u bo\u017eanstva starog Bliskog istoka \u010diji je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost obrednih radnji \u0161tovanja nekog bo\u017eanstva ili svetog bi\u0107a.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> bio povezan s ciklusom smrti i povratka, usporedivo s Adonisom ili mezopotamskim Dumuzijem.<\/p><p>To\u010dni obredi egersisa poznati su samo fragmentarno. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Razdoblje gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. po. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Anti\u010dki<\/span> autori spominju spaljivanje slike ili figure boga i govore o osobi koja je nosila naslov onoga koji budi boga.<\/p><p>Vjerojatno je blagdan bio vezan za proljetni termin i time za ponovno o\u017eivljavanje prirode, ali izvori ne dopu\u0161taju pouzdanu rekonstrukciju. Va\u017ean <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tekst urezan ili uklesan u trajnu podlogu.\" tabindex=\"0\">natpis<\/span> s ciparskog Kitiona spominje <em>mqm \u02belm<\/em>, onoga koji budi boga, kao kultnu slu\u017ebu, i time neizravno potvr\u0111uje postojanje takvog blagdana.<\/p><p>Povijesno je egersis zna\u010dajan jer razlikuje Melqarta od \u010distog gradskog i kraljevskog boga i daje mu cikli\u010dki karakter povezan s pitanjem spasenja. Corinne Bonnet je u svojoj monografiji o Melqartu kriti\u010dki prou\u010dila dostupnu gra\u0111u o egersisu i upozorila na preuranjeno svrstavanje u starije obrasce umiru\u0107ih i uskrslih bogova.<\/p><p>Istra\u017eivanja se sla\u017eu da je blagdan postojao, ali se razilaze o njegovu to\u010dnom obliku. Ostaje jedan od najintenzivnije raspravljanih elemenata feni\u0107kog kalendara blagdana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp25186adb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp25186adb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e3a4f25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2e3a4f25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Melqart i Herakle, dvostruki identitet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp226fa5a4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp226fa5a4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp243726bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp243726bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Grci su Melqarta dosljedno izjedna\u010davali sa svojim herojem Heraklom. To izjedna\u010davanje bilo je tako \u010dvrsto da se \u010duveno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161te<\/span> Melqarta u Gadiru, dana\u0161njem C\u00e1dizu na atlantskoj obali \u0160panjolske, u anti\u010dkim izvorima spominje kao Heraklov hram.<\/p><p>Heraklovi stupovi, Gibraltarski prolaz, nazvani su prema toj vezi; izvorno su vjerojatno bili Melqartovi stupovi.<\/p><p>Razlozi za to izjedna\u010davanje le\u017ee u zajedni\u010dkim obilje\u017ejima obiju likova. Oba se smatraju herojima koji poduzimaju duga putovanja, dopiru do rubova poznatog svijeta i \u0161iri kulturu i poredak.<\/p><p>Melqart je smatran za\u0161titnikom tirske kolonizacije; gdje god je Tir osnovao k\u0107er-grad, od Kartage do Gadira, podizano mu je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161te<\/span>. Herakle, s druge strane, u gr\u010dkoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predana pri\u010da s \u010desto povijesnom sr\u017ei i \u010dudesnim obilje\u017ejima.\" tabindex=\"0\">predaji<\/span> prolazi cijelim Sredozemljem. Oboje povezuju smrt i nadila\u017eenje smrti: Melqart kroz egersis, Herakle kroz svoje uzdignu\u0107e me\u0111u bogove nakon loma\u010de.<\/p><p>Znanost govori o identifikaciji koja je djelovala u oba smjera. Neke crte gr\u010dkog Herakla, posebno epizoda s loma\u010dom, mogle su biti oblikovane pod utjecajem feni\u010dkog Melqarta. Obrnuto, Melqart se u dvojezi\u010dnim natpisima, primjerice na poznatom feni\u010dko-gr\u010dkom bilingvalnom natpisu s Malte, izravno izjedna\u010dava s Heraklom.<\/p><p>Taj malte\u0161ki <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tekst urezan ili uklesan u trajan nosa\u010d.\" tabindex=\"0\">natpis<\/span> bio je uostalom u 18. stolje\u0107u jedan od klju\u010deva za de\u0161ifriranje feni\u010dkog pisma. Dvostruki identitet Melqart-Herakle time je uzoran primjer kako su dvije kulture prepoznale isto <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e \u0161tovano kao bo\u017eansko unutar neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span> i me\u0111usobno isprepletale svoje predaje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22fd1a8d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp22fd1a8d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fd95ae4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2fd95ae4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Melqart u povijesti od Kartage do Tira<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp274edf27 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp274edf27\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27b9f300 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27b9f300\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melqart je bio gradski bog Tira, a njegov zna\u010daj daleko prelazi granice religije i se\u017ee u politi\u010dku povijest feni\u010dkog zapada. Kad je Tir u devetom stolje\u0107u prije na\u0161e ere osnovao Kartagu, novi grad je i dalje bio vezan uz boga mati\u010dnog grada.<\/p><p>Karta\u0161ki izvori i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Razdoblje gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. po. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">anti\u010dki<\/span> zapisi bilje\u017ee da je Kartaga godi\u0161nje slala desetinu svojih prihoda Melqartovu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161tu<\/span> u Tiru, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predana, u zajednici redovito ponavljana radnja.\" tabindex=\"0\">obi\u010daj<\/span> koji je stolje\u0107ima vidljivo obilje\u017eavao religijsku i politi\u010dku vezu izme\u0111u kolonije i mati\u010dnog grada.<\/p><p>Opsada Tira od strane Aleksandra Velikoga 332. godine prije na\u0161e ere tijesno je povezana s Melqartom. Aleksandar je htio prinijeti \u017ertvu u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161tu<\/span> boga kojeg je shva\u0107ao kao Herakla, od kojeg je izvodio svoje podrijetlo.<\/p><p>Tirci mu nisu dopustili pristup, \u0161to je postalo povodom za mjesecima dugu, na kraju uspje\u0161nu opsadu. Ta epizoda pokazuje kakvu je politi\u010dku snagu mogao imati pristup gradskom sveti\u0161tu.<\/p><p>I u rimsko doba Melqartov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obreda \u0161tovanja nekog bo\u017eanstva ili svetog lika.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> ostao je \u017eiv. Septimije Sever potjecao je iz severnoafri\u010dkog Lepcis Magne, izvorno feni\u010dkog naselja s vlastitim Melqartovim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obreda \u0161tovanja nekog bo\u017eanstva ili svetog lika.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultom<\/span>, a njegova dinastija poticala je feni\u010dke tradicije.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet pratila je tu dugu povijest od ranog <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prapovijesno razdoblje nakon bronzanog doba, obilje\u017eeno obradom \u017eeljeza.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017eeljeznog doba<\/span> do carskog razdoblja i pokazala da je Melqart dosljedno ostao bog grada, vlasti i kolonizacije. Njegova povijest tako je istovremeno i dio povijesti feni\u010dke ekspanzije po cijelom Sredozemlju.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (izbor)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Corinne Bonnet: <em>Melqart<\/em> (Leuven\/Namur 1988)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>Walter Burkert: <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> (Heidelberg 1984)<\/li><li>H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader: <em>The History and Archaeology of Phoenicia<\/em> (Atlanta 2019)<\/li><li>Charles Krahmalkov: <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (Leiden 2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-melqart e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-melqart\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-melqart-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-melqart-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predana pri\u010da o bogovima, podrijetlu i poretku svijeta.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mit<\/span><\/em> o Melqartu povezuje njegovu godi\u0161nju smrt u vatri i njegovo ponovno bu\u0111enje s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obreda \u0161tovanja nekog bo\u017eanstva ili svetog lika.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultom<\/span> Tira, a obilje\u017eio je feni\u010dke sveti\u0161ta od Gadesa do Kartage.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Povezani klju\u010dni pojmovi: Melqart Tir Feni\u010dani Herakle Gades gradski bog egersis bu\u0111enje.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-melqart\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicije za\u0161tite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard nadovezuje se na kulturnopovijesnu tradiciju prenosivih za\u0161titnih predmeta, u tradiciji <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149650\">Feni\u010dana<\/a> i mnogih drugih kultura \u0161irom svijeta. 41 razina, pravo zlato, platina, srebro, izra\u0111eno u Njema\u010dkoj. 30-dnevno pravo povrata.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" 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