{"id":149706,"date":"2026-09-04T05:12:49","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:12:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=149706"},"modified":"2026-09-04T05:30:10","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:30:10","slug":"astarte-fenicanska-bozica","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/astarte-fenicanska-bozica\/","title":{"rendered":"Astarte \u2013 feni\u010danska bo\u017eica"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"149706\" class=\"elementor elementor-149706 elementor-2625 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte, feni\u010danska bo\u017eica ljubavi, rata i kraljevske vlasti<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte (feni\u010danski <em>\u02bf\u0161trt<\/em>) najva\u017enije je \u017eensko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e koje se u nekoj religiji po\u0161tuje kao bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span> feni\u010danskog panteona i javlja se u gradovima-dr\u017eavama Sidonu, Tiru, Biblosu, Kitionu te na cijelom feni\u010danskom Sredozemlju. Bo\u017eica je ljubavi, rata, kraljevske vlasti i plodnosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bo\u017eica tradicije Feni\u010danska.\">Bo\u017eica<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149650\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija tradicije Feni\u010danska.\">Feni\u010danska<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vrhovno bo\u017eanstvo.\">Vrhovno bo\u017eanstvo<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na ovoj stranici nisu prona\\u0111eni naslovi.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSadr\u017eaj\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151546\" alt=\"Astarta Feniks - bogovi iz feni\u010danske tradicije, povijesno-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uvod i kratki profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte (akadski I\u0161tar, ugaritski \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu) feni\u010danski je oblik jednog od najstarijih \u017eenskih bo\u017eanstava Bliskog istoka. Sabatino Moscati je u djelu <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (1966) pokazao da Astarte u gotovo svakom feni\u010danskom gradu-dr\u017eavi ima sredi\u0161nji polo\u017eaj, \u010desto kao supruga lokalnog vrhovnog boga.<\/p><p>U Sidonu je supruga Eshmuna; u Tiru se javlja uz <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149707\">Melqarta<\/a>; u Biblosu uz Baalat. Unutar <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149650\">feni\u010danske tradicije<\/a> ona je daleko najva\u017enija bo\u017eica.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet je u djelu <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (1996) predstavila najopse\u017eniju monografiju o ovom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e koje se u nekoj religiji po\u0161tuje kao bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvu<\/span>. Pokazuje da je Astarte imala vrlo \u0161irok raspon funkcija: bo\u017eica ljubavi i seksualnosti, ratna bo\u017eica, za\u0161titnica kraljevske vlasti, za\u0161titnica moreplovaca, bo\u017eica ljekovitosti, a u nekim kontekstima ima i htonsko-podzemnu funkciju. Ta vi\u0161efunkcionalnost tipi\u010dna je za starosemitske bo\u017eice iz porodice \u02bfA\u1e6ftart\/I\u0161tar.<\/p><p>Religijskopovijesno Astarte pripada zapadnosemitskom tipu bo\u017eica koji se razvio iz starosirijsko-amoritske tradicije A\u1e6ftart. U 1. tisu\u0107lje\u0107u pr. Kr. bila je izjedna\u010dena s gr\u010dkom Afroditom; ciparska tradicija Afrodite izravno potje\u010de od feni\u010danske Astarte, kako je ve\u0107 primijetio Herodot.<\/p><p>Va\u017ena je gradska specifikacija &#8216;Astarte s Libanona&#8217;, koja se spominje u vi\u0161e natpisa; vjerojatno je bila istovjetna s Astartom iz Bejruta. U Tiru je zabilje\u017eena i &#8216;Astarte s mora&#8217;. Ta raznolikost hipostaza tipi\u010dna je za feni\u010dansku religiju i \u010dini Astartu najvi\u0161e diferenciranom bo\u017eicom panteona.<\/p><p>Astartin polo\u017eaj u feni\u010danskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost bogova jedne religije ili kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> usporediv je s hetitskom <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149696\">Sun\u010devom bo\u017eicom iz Arinne<\/a> ili s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149700\">Hebat<\/a> kao vrhovnom \u017eenskom dr\u017eavnom bo\u017eicom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ime i etimologija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ime \u02bf\u0161trt (Astarte) zapadnosemitsko je i pripada korijenu <em>\u02bf\u0161tr<\/em>, koji je temelj i imenima \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu (Ugarit) i I\u0161tar (Mezopotamija). Etimologija nije kona\u010dno razja\u0161njena; jedno mogu\u0107e tuma\u010denje povezuje korijen s pojmom &#8216;zvijezda&#8217; i vidi Astartu kao &#8216;zvjezdanu bo\u017eicu&#8217;, vjerojatno u odnosu na Zvijezdu Danicu (Veneru).<\/p><p>U feni\u010danskim natpisima javlja se kao <em>\u02bf\u0161trt<\/em>, jednako i u punskim tekstovima. Va\u017ean helenisti\u010dki oblik je <em>A\u0161tart<\/em>, s aramejskom promjenom vokala.<\/p><p>Na akadskom se izjedna\u010dava s I\u0161tar; u helenisti\u010dkom svijetu s Afroditom ili Herom (ovisno o nagla\u0161enoj funkciji); u Egiptu se od Novog kraljevstva javlja kao samostalno uvezeno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e koje se u nekoj religiji po\u0161tuje kao bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span> pod imenom Astarte. I tamo zadr\u017eava svoj zapadnosemitski karakter.<\/p><p>Gr\u010dka Afrodita Uranija izravno odgovara feni\u010danskoj Astarti; Herodot njezino \u0161tovanje izvodi iz Fenicije preko Cipra do Gr\u010dke. Ta linija naslije\u0111a \u010dini Astartu jednom od religijskopovijesno najutjecajnijih bo\u017eica sredozemnog svijeta.<\/p><p>U nekim tekstovima nazivana je i &#8216;Gospodarica neba&#8217; ili &#8216;Kraljica neba&#8217;, naslov koji se javlja i u biblijskoj Knjizi Jeremijinoj (Jr 7,18; 44,17, 19) gdje se kriti\u010dki komentira. Ta tradicija &#8216;Kraljice neba&#8217; religijskopovijesno je prou\u010davana i predstavlja va\u017enu poveznicu izme\u0111u kanaanske i biblijske religijske povijesti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis i ikonografija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte se u feni\u010danskoj ikonografiji javlja u vi\u0161e prikaza: kao goli stoje\u0107i lik bo\u017eice (poza &#8216;astartejske plo\u010dice&#8217;), kao bo\u017eica na tronu s krunom polos, kao ratna bo\u017eica sa sulicom i \u0161titom, kao jaha\u010dica na lavu ili kao nebeska kraljica u okviru zvijezda. Ta raznolikost prikaza odra\u017eava njezinu vi\u0161efunkcionalnost.<\/p><p>Njezina je sveta \u017eivotinja lav ili lavica; u Sidonu i Kartagi \u010desto se prikazuje kako sjedi na tronu ili ja\u0161e lava. Uz nju se vezuje i golubica, posebno u ciparskim i mediteranskim kontekstima; Afroditine golubice izravna su ba\u0161tina feni\u010danske Astarte. Jo\u0161 jedna \u017eivotinjska asocijacija je zmija, koja predstavlja njezinu htonsku stranu.<\/p><p>U zapadnomediteranskim kolonijama, prije svega u Tartesu (\u0160panjolska), Astarte se osobito intenzivno \u0161tovala; poznata bronzana figura &#8216;Astarte iz Carambola&#8217; iz 7. stolje\u0107a pr. Kr. prikazuje je kao bo\u017eicu na tronu s feni\u010danskim posvetnim natpisom. I u Sevilli, C\u00e1dizu i drugim nalazi\u0161tima prona\u0111ene su figurice Astarte, koje svjedo\u010de o intenzivnoj prisutnosti njezina kulta.<\/p><p>U Kitionu (Cipar) iskopan je ogroman <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina posve\u0107ena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> Astarte, jedno od najve\u0107ih sveti\u0161ta \u017eeljeznodobnog sredozemnog svijeta. Iskopavanja pod vodstvom Vassosa Karageorghisa, a u novije vrijeme i Marije Iacovou, znatno su pro\u0161irila slika feni\u010danskog kulta na Cipru.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitolo\u0161ke pri\u010de<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U ugaritskim tekstovima (KTU 1.92 i drugi) Astarta se pojavljuje kao bo\u017eica lova i pratiteljica boga <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149705\">Baala<\/a>; u Baalovom ciklusu ona ipak igra manju ulogu od svoje sestre <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149713\">Anat<\/a>. U feni\u0107kim mitskim fragmentima, prije svega kod Filona iz Biblosa (citiranog kod Eusebija), pojavljuje se kao kraljica koja putuje s bikom u Tir i tamo zasjeda na kraljevsko prijestolje.<\/p><p>Filon izvje\u0161tava da je Astarta &#8216;prona\u0161la bikovsku glavu&#8217; i postavila ju na svoju vlastitu, \u010dime je potvrdila svoju bo\u017eansku prirodu. Ta pri\u010da podsje\u0107a na egipatsku tradiciju o Hator i na mezopotamsku pri\u010du o Inani i Anu. Albert Baumgarten je u djelu <em>The Phoenician History of Philo of Byblos<\/em> (1981) kriti\u010dki izdao tu gra\u0111u.<\/p><p>U helenisti\u010dkim tekstovima Astarta se povezuje s pripovijetkom o Europi: Europu, k\u0107er kralja Agenora iz Tira, Zeus je u obliku bika oteo na Kretu. Ta veza je povijesno vrlo znakovita: Astarta je i majka Europe i njezina bo\u017eanska pozadina. Europska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cjelina predanih pri\u010da o bogovima jedne kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologija<\/span> tako je heleno-feni\u0107ka sinteza.<\/p><p>Iz karta\u0161kog razdoblja sa\u010duvana je veza izme\u0111u Astarte i heroine Didone; kraljicu Didonu, osniva\u010dicu Kartage, u nekim rimskim izvorima tuma\u010di se kao &#8216;sve\u0107eni\u010dki utjelovljenje&#8217; Astarte. Ta identifikacija je religijsko-povijesno vrlo pou\u010dna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult i \u0161tovanje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najva\u017enija Astartina kultna sredi\u0161ta bili su Sidon (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena obo\u017eavanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> Astarte, koji je izgradio E\u0161munazar II.), Tir, Biblos (s Baalat), Kition (Cipar, gdje je ogroman Astartin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena obo\u017eavanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> dominirao otokom), Kartaga i mediteranske kolonije. Maria Eugenia Aubet u djelu <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001) dokumentirala je to mediteransko \u0161irenje.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cjelina vjerskih obreda posve\u0107enih bo\u017eanstvu ili svetom bi\u0107u.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kult<\/span> je obuhva\u0107ao paljene \u017ertve, teku\u0107e \u017ertve i takozvanu &#8216;svetu plesnu sve\u010danost&#8217;, koja se spominje u nekim feni\u0107kim izvorima.<\/p><p>Posebnu ulogu imali su <em>qedeshim<\/em> i <em>qedeshot<\/em>, posve\u0107eni mu\u0161karci i \u017eene \u010dija se to\u010dna funkcija jo\u0161 raspravlja u znanosti; Annie Caubet, Corinne Bonnet i Stephanie Budin argumentirale su protiv starijeg tuma\u010denja kao &#8216;hramske prostitucije&#8217;, bez kona\u010dnog razrje\u0161enja pitanja.<\/p><p>U helenisti\u010dkom razdoblju Astarta je identificirana s Afroditom; poznato Afroditino <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno obo\u017eavanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161te<\/span> u Pafosu na Cipru povijesno je izravan nastavak feni\u0107kog obo\u017eavanja Astarte. I u Korintu, u Eriksu (Sicilija) te na brojnim drugim mediteranskim lokalitetima feni\u0107ka Astartina tradicija nastavljala se pod gr\u010dkim imenom.<\/p><p>U Kartagi je Astartu s vremenom sve vi\u0161e potiskivala <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149709\">Tanit<\/a>, iako nikad potpuno nije nestala; u tofetskim natpisima obje se bo\u017eice povremeno javljaju zajedno. To rivalstvo dviju vrhovnih \u017eenskih bo\u017eica jedna je od najkarakteristi\u010dnijih osobina punske religije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0161titna praksa i apotropejski elementi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarta je bila za\u0161titnica kraljevskih obitelji, trudnica, mornara i ratnika. U Sidonu se pojavljuje na kraljevskim pe\u010datima kao za\u0161titnica kraljevske ku\u0107e; poznati <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tekst urezan ili uklesan u trajnu podlogu.\" tabindex=\"0\">natpis<\/span> kralja E\u0161munazara II. (5. stolje\u0107e pr. Kr.) spominje je zajedno s E\u0161munom kao vrhovnu za\u0161titnicu.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Onaj koji odbija zlo: odnosi se na znakove i predmete koji trebaju odbiti \u0161tetne utjecaje.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropejski<\/span> su se Astartine figurice postavljale u ku\u0107ama; takozvane &#8216;Astartine plo\u010dice&#8217;, male terakotne reljefe gol\u0435 \u017eene, poznate su u tisu\u0107ama primjeraka s feni\u0107kih lokaliteta. Vjerojatno su slu\u017eile za\u0161titi, prizivanju plodnosti i za\u0161titi ku\u0107anstva. Funkcija tih plo\u010dica predmet je znanstvene rasprave; njihova brojnost svakako je znak intenzivnog ku\u0107nog obo\u017eavanja Astarte.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">U feni\u0107kim putnim obredima Astarta je zazivana kao za\u0161titnica pomorstva; kapetani i trgovci prinosili su joj zavjetne darove prije i nakon pomorskih putovanja. Ta &#8216;putna pobo\u017enost&#8217; povijesno-religijski je zanimljiva jer izravno vjerski okvirava me\u0111unarodnu pokretljivost feni\u0107kog svijeta. iWell Guard vodi Astartu kao povijesno-mitolo\u0161ku figuru bez suvremenih poveznica s obe\u0107anjima ozdravljenja.<\/p><p>Feni\u0107ki pe\u010dati skarabeji iz 7. i 6. stolje\u0107a pr. Kr. \u010desto prikazuju Astartine motive: golu stoje\u0107u bo\u017eicu, Astartu na lavu, Astartu s lotosovim cvijetom. Ti mali pe\u010dati no\u0161eni su kao osobni za\u0161titni amuleti i bili su vrlo ra\u0161ireni u feni\u0107kom svijetu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele u drugim kulturama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarta pripada velikoj zapadnosemitsko-mezopotamskoj obitelji bo\u017eica \u02bfA\u1e6ftart\/I\u0161tar. Bliska je srodnica ugaritske \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu, mezopotamske I\u0161tar, srednjearamejske Atargatis (koja se razvija zasebno), hurijske \u0160au\u0161ge i hetitske I\u0161tar iz \u0160amuhe. U akadskom je materijalu multifunkcionalnost posebno dobro dokumentirana kod I\u0161tar iz Uruka.<\/p><p>S gr\u010dkom Afroditom Astarta je religijsko-povijesno istovjetna; ciparska Afrodita izravna je nasljednica feni\u010dke Astarte. I gr\u010dka Hera, Atena, a u nekim aspektima i Artemida, nose ba\u0161tinu Astarte. U Kartagi se sve vi\u0161e preklapa s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149709\">Tanit<\/a>, koja razvija svoju samostalnu funkciju.<\/p><p>U hebrejskim tekstovima Astarta se javlja kao Ashtoreth, polemi\u010dki negativno prikazana (1 Kraljevima 11,5; 2 Kraljevima 23,13). Ta polemika usmjerena je protiv kanaanske religije u njezinu feni\u010dkom obliku.<\/p><p>Znanstveno gledano, Astarta je za stari Izrael konkurentsko bo\u017eanstvo iz iste kanaanske tradicije; biblijski anti-a\u0161tartizam teolo\u0161ka je reakcija na stvarnu religijsku susjedsku blizinu. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149649\">Hetitske<\/a> paralele nalaze se u \u0160au\u0161gi iz \u0160amuhe.<\/p><p>Identifikacija Astarta = Afrodita povijesno nije proizvoljna; Pausanija i drugi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoha gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. po. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">anti\u010dki<\/span> autori svjedo\u010de o podrijetlu gr\u010dke Afrodite iz feni\u010dkih uzora. Studije Waltera Burkerta u <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> i Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge standardna su referenca u tom pitanju.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Suvremena recepcija i istra\u017eivanja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Istra\u017eivanje Astarte danas je na visokoj razini. Monografija Corinne Bonnet <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (1996) standardna je referenca; djelo Stephanie Budin <em>The Origin of Aphrodite<\/em> (2003) kriti\u010dki razmatra povezanost s Afroditom. Sabatino Moscati i Maria Eugenia Aubet autoriteti su za mediteransko \u0161irenje kulta. Izdanje feni\u010dkih natpisa koje su priredili Charles Krahmalkov i Wolfgang R\u00f6llig donosi primarne tekstove.<\/p><p>U popularnoj recepciji Astarte je poznata prvenstveno po poistovje\u0107ivanju s Afroditom i po biblijskoj polemici. Duhovno o\u017eivljavanje u novopoganskom smislu, osobito u feministi\u010dkim i neopaganskim krugovima od 1980-ih godina, preuzelo je Astartu kao &#8216;Majku Bo\u017eicu&#8217;; ova moderna recepcija religijsko-povijesno je problemati\u010dna jer pojednostavljuje njezin povijesni profil.<\/p><p>Znanstveno se Astarta danas smatra jednim od najva\u017enijih predmeta prou\u010davanja zapadnosemitske religije. Aktualna te\u017ei\u0161ta istra\u017eivanja odnose se na razlikovanje lokalnih hipostaza Astarte (Astarta Sidonska, Tirska, Biblosa, Kitiona), na povezanost s tradicijom Afrodite te na pitanje <em>qedeshot<\/em> unutar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih \u0161tovateljskih \u010dina posve\u0107enih nekom bo\u017eanstvu ili svetom liku.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulta<\/span> Astarte. iWell Guard vodi Astartu kao sredi\u0161njeg \u010dlana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost bo\u017eanstava neke religije ili kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteona<\/span>, a ne kao suvremenu adresatu za\u0161tite.<\/p><p>Novi arheolo\u0161ki nalazi s feni\u010dkih nalazi\u0161ta u \u0160panjolskoj (Sevilla, C\u00e1diz) i Maroku (Lixus) znatno pro\u0161iruju sliku njezina \u0161tovanja na zapadu. Istra\u017eivanja Mar\u00eda Bel\u00e9n Deamos i Manuele Mar\u00edn posljednjih su godina objavila va\u017ene nove dokaze.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura i izvori<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sljede\u0107i izbor okuplja najva\u017enija standardna djela o istra\u017eivanju Astarte. Obuhva\u0107a monografije, izdanja natpisa i povijesne sinteze. <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> Corinne Bonnet prvi je korak; Budinova studija o Afroditi obra\u0111uje gr\u010dku liniju; Aubetova djela mediteransko \u0161irenje. Krahmalkovova gramatika feni\u010dko-punskog jezika donosi jezi\u010dno-povijesni materijal, a klasi\u010dna sinteza Moscatija kulturno-povijesni okvir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b13b4ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2b13b4ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp277df97f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp277df97f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarta u sarkofagu Eshmunazara i kraljevskim natpisima Sidona<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp293101c9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp293101c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26973d69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26973d69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jedan od najva\u017enijih epigrafskih izvora o Astarti je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tekst urezan ili uklesan u \u010dvrsti nosa\u010d.\" tabindex=\"0\">natpis<\/span> na sarkofagu kralja E\u0161munazara II. od Sidona, datiran u rano 5. stolje\u0107e prije na\u0161e ere. Sam sarkofag egipatskog je podrijetla i prona\u0111en je 1855. godine; danas se nalazi u Louvreu. Feni\u010danski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tekst urezan ili uklesan u \u010dvrsti nosa\u010d.\" tabindex=\"0\">natpis<\/span> spada me\u0111u najdu\u017ee sa\u010duvane tekstove na tom jeziku.<\/p><p>U njemu kraljevska ku\u0107a izvje\u0161tava da je Astarti izgradila <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span>. Spominje se <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161te<\/span> <em>Astarte \u0160em Baal<\/em>, odnosno Astarte, imena Baala, izraz koji je blizak formuli Tanit pene Baal iz punskih natpisa i koji izra\u017eava teolo\u0161ku povezanost bo\u017eice i boga.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tekst urezan ili uklesan u \u010dvrsti nosa\u010d.\" tabindex=\"0\">Natpis<\/span> spominje i boga E\u0161muna, \u010dime otkriva vjerski program sidonske kraljevske dinastije.<\/p><p>Drugi klju\u010dni izvor je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tekst urezan ili uklesan u \u010dvrsti nosa\u010d.\" tabindex=\"0\">natpis<\/span> kralja Boda\u0161tarta, tako\u0111er iz Sidona, koji isto tako govori o gradnji za Astartu i E\u0161muna. Iz tih tekstova proizlazi da je Astarta bila glavna bo\u017eica Sidona i da je gradski kult bio usko povezan s legitimacijom kraljevske ku\u0107e.<\/p><p>Feni\u010danski kraljevski natpisi vrijedni su upravo zato \u0161to, za razliku od mitolo\u0161kih tekstova iz Ugarita, potje\u010du izravno iz feni\u010danske mati\u010dne zemlje i iz stvarnog kultnog \u017eivota.<\/p><p>Oni ne prikazuju Astartu kao lik iz pri\u010de, nego kao primateljicu hramova, zadu\u017ebina i kraljevskog \u0161tovanja. Izdanja tih tekstova nalaze se u standardnim zbirkama feni\u010danskih natpisa, primjerice kod Herberta Donnera i Wolfganga R\u00f6lliga.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2acdcf65 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2acdcf65\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28ce0b2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28ce0b2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarta, Afrodita i gr\u010dki prijevod boginje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp241006cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp241006cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21761654 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp21761654\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Grci, koji su bili u dodiru s Feni\u010danima \u0161irom Sredozemlja, izjedna\u010dili su Astarte sa svojom vlastitom bo\u017eicom ljubavi i ljepote Afroditom. To izjedna\u010davanje je vi\u0161e od pukog prijevoda.<\/p><p>Herodot govori o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161tu<\/span> nebeske Afrodite u Askalonu i naziva ga najstarijim od svih sveti\u0161ta te bo\u017eice, od kojega potje\u010de i sveti\u0161te na Cipru. Time izri\u010dito smje\u0161ta podrijetlo Afrodite u sirijsko-feni\u010dki prostor.<\/p><p>Cipar u ovoj pri\u010di ima klju\u010dnu ulogu. Otok su rano naselili Feni\u010dani, posebno grad Kition, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Skup svih vjerskih obreda \u0161tovanja posve\u0107enih nekom bo\u017eanstvu ili svetoj pojavi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> ciparske bo\u017eice koju su Grci \u0161tovali kao Afroditu nosi jasne tragove Astarte.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sveti\u0161te<\/span> u Pafosu na Cipru \u0161tovalo je njezin bo\u017eji lik u obliku konusnog kamena, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predana, u zajednici redovito ponavljana radnja.\" tabindex=\"0\">obi\u010daj<\/span> koji vi\u0161e odgovara prednjeazijskom nego gr\u010dkom shva\u0107anju kulta.<\/p><p>Znanost raspravlja o tome je li Afrodita uop\u0107e izvorno gr\u010dko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e \u0161tovano kao bo\u017eansko unutar neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span> ili je u biti proiza\u0161la iz preuzimanja feni\u010dki Astarte. Walter Burkert je u svojim radovima o orijentalnom utjecaju na gr\u010dku religiju sna\u017eno naglasio tu vezu. Drugi istra\u017eiva\u010di vide mje\u0161avinu indoeuropske bo\u017eice zore i prednjeazijskih elemenata.<\/p><p>Sigurno je da su Astarte i Afrodita tijekom stolje\u0107a tretirane kao dva imena jedne, srodno shva\u0107ene bo\u017eice. Za Astarte to zna\u010di da njezina povijest utjecaja se\u017ee daleko izvan feni\u010dkih gradova i nastavlja se u gr\u010dkoj, a potom i rimskoj religiji.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cd57195 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2cd57195\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b9874d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2b9874d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte i A\u0161toret u hebrejskoj Bibliji<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23d0ede1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23d0ede1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e38e53c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e38e53c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarta se u hebrejskoj Bibliji pojavljuje pod oblikom <em>A\u0161toret<\/em>, u mno\u017eini <em>A\u0161tarot<\/em>. Vokalizacija tog imena u znanosti se smatra namjernim izobli\u010denjem: masoretski u\u010denjaci navodno su izvorne samoglasnike zamijenili onima iz hebrejske rije\u010di za sramotu, postupak koji se pretpostavlja i kod drugih stranih bo\u017eanstava.<\/p><p>Biblijski tekstovi na vi\u0161e mjesta spominju A\u0161toret. U Prvoj knjizi o kraljevima naziva se bo\u017eicom Sidonaca, \u010diji je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost vjerskih obreda \u0161tovanja nekog bo\u017eanstva ili svete pojave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> navodno dopustio kralj Salomon.<\/p><p>\u010cesto se javlja u mno\u017eini uz Baalime, likove Baala, kao oli\u010denje stranih kultova protiv kojih polemiziraju biblijski autori. Knjiga o sucima i knjige o Samuelu koriste izraz da je narod slu\u017eio Baalima i A\u0161tartama.<\/p><p>Ti su dokazi religijsko-povijesno va\u017eni iz dva razloga. Prvo, izvana potvr\u0111uju da je Astarta doista bila glavna bo\u017eica Sidona, \u0161to svjedo\u010de i feni\u010danski kraljevski natpisi iz vlastite perspektive. Drugo, pokazuju da je Astartin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost vjerskih obreda \u0161tovanja nekog bo\u017eanstva ili svete pojave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> bio ra\u0161iren i me\u0111u stanovni\u0161tvom izraelskog i judejskog prostora, jer ina\u010de proro\u010dka polemika ne bi imala metu.<\/p><p>Biblija je ovdje neprijateljski, ali upravo zato pou\u010dan izvor. Ona ne prenosi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno u\u010denje o Bogu i vjeri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiju<\/span> \u0161tovatelja Astarte, ali daje neizravan dokaz da je njihov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost vjerskih obreda \u0161tovanja nekog bo\u017eanstva ili svete pojave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> bio dovoljno \u017eiv da se stolje\u0107ima do\u017eivljavao kao vjerska konkurencija.<\/p><p>Pitanje kako se A\u0161toret odnosi prema A\u0161eri, koja se tako\u0111er spominje u Bibliji, i dalje se raspravlja u znanosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (izbor)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Corinne Bonnet: <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (Rom 1996)<\/li><li>Stephanie Budin: <em>The Origin of Aphrodite<\/em> (Bethesda 2003)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>Stephanie Budin: <em>The Myth of Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity<\/em> (Cambridge 2008)<\/li><li>Charles Krahmalkov: <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (Leiden 2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U feni\u010dkom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predana pri\u010da o bogovima, podrijetlu i poretku svijeta.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitu<\/span> Astarte povezuje ljubav, rat i kraljevsku vlast; njezin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Skup svih vjerskih obreda \u0161tovanja posve\u0107enih nekom bo\u017eanstvu ili svetoj pojavi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> prote\u017ee se od Sidona i Tira do Kartage, a kasnije obilje\u017eava helenisti\u010dke identifikacije s Afroditom i Herom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Povezani klju\u010dni pojmovi: Astarte Feni\u010dani bo\u017eica ljubav rat I\u0161tar Afrodita Sidon Tir.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-astarte-phoenix\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicije za\u0161tite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard nadovezuje se na kulturnopovijesnu tradiciju prenosivih za\u0161titnih predmeta, u tradiciji <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149650\">Feni\u010dana<\/a> i mnogih drugih kultura \u0161irom svijeta. 41 razina, pravo zlato, platina, srebro, izra\u0111eno u Njema\u010dkoj. 30-dnevno pravo povrata.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span 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Nije medicinski proizvod. Nema obe\u0107anja izlje\u010denja.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nije medicinski proizvod<\/strong> i ne zamjenjuje lije\u010dni\u010dko ili psihoterapeutsko lije\u010denje. 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