{"id":149690,"date":"2026-09-04T05:12:41","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:12:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=149690"},"modified":"2026-09-04T05:29:43","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:29:43","slug":"turms-etrurski-glasnik-bogova","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/turms-etrurski-glasnik-bogova\/","title":{"rendered":"Turms &#8211; Etru\u0161\u010danski glasnik bogova i bo\u017eanstvo mrtvih"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"149690\" class=\"elementor elementor-149690 elementor-2608 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms - Etru\u0161\u010danski glasnik bogova, pandan gr\u010dkom Hermesu<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms je u etru\u0161\u010danskoj religiji glasnik bogova i pratitelj mrtvih u podzemni svijet. Funkcionalno odgovara gr\u010dkom Hermesu i rimskom Merkuru. Ovaj prikaz opisuje njegov religiolo\u0161ki polo\u017eaj, ikonografska obilje\u017eja i ulogu u etru\u0161\u010danskom eshatolo\u0161kom sustavu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Glasnik tradicije Etru\u0161\u010danska.\">Glasnik<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149648\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija tradicije Etru\u0161\u010danska.\">Etru\u0161\u010danska<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Glasnik bogova i pratitelj mrtvih.\">Glasnik bogova i pratitelj mrtvih<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na ovoj stranici nisu prona\\u0111eni naslovi.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSadr\u017eaj\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151562\" alt=\"Turms \u2013 bogovi iz etru\u0161\u010danske tradicije, povijesno-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Polo\u017eaj u etru\u0161\u010danskom panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms pripada uglednim bogovima etru\u0161\u010danskog panteona. On je glasnik izme\u0111u bogova i izme\u0111u svjetova &#8211; \u017eivih i mrtvih. U toj funkciji uglavnom odgovara gr\u010dkom Hermesu Psihopomposu.<\/p><p>Larissa Bonfante i Nancy Thomson de Grummond obradile su Turmsa u svojim djelima o etru\u0161\u010danskoj religiji. On je \u010desta figura u etru\u0161\u010danskoj likovnoj umjetnosti, \u010desto prikazan na zrcalima s natpisom.<\/p><p>Glasnik bogova Turms pripada religiji koja je za <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost koja komparativno i bez vjerske pripadnosti istra\u017euje religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">religiologiju<\/span> stoga toliko zanimljiva jer posreduje izme\u0111u gr\u010dko-mediteranskog i italsko-rimskog svijeta predaje. Zna\u010dajne znanstvene doprinose dali su Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani i Giovanni Colonna, \u010diji su radovi poo\u0161trili slikuo samostalnoj religijskoj tradiciji.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010danska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstvena nauka o Bogu i o vjeri jedne religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologija<\/span> poznavala je jasno strukturiran <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost bogova jedne religije ili kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> s hijerarhijom rangova i to\u010dno raspodijeljenim zada\u0107ama; Turms je u njemu bio \u010dvrsto ukorijenjen kao glasnik izme\u0111u bogova i izme\u0111u svjetova. Gdje su ga stariji radovi prikazivali kao zagonetan ili strani sustav, danas se u njemu prepoznaje samostalna ina\u010dica mediteranske religije.<\/p><p>U religijskoj povijesti Italije Etru\u0161\u010dani su zauzimali posredni\u010dku poziciju izme\u0111u gr\u010dkih utjecaja i nastaju\u0107e rimske religije. Ta posredni\u010dka uloga, koja se odra\u017eava upravo u funkciji glasnika Turmsa, religiolo\u0161ki je posebno zanimljiva.<\/p><p>Religijsko-etnolo\u0161ka istra\u017eivanja posljednjih desetlje\u0107a promatraju etru\u0161\u010dansku religiju kao zatvoren, religijsko-fenomenolo\u0161ki samostalan sustav. Umjesto starijeg tuma\u010denja koje ju je smatralo pukom izvedenicom gr\u010dke religije, danas prevladava znatno diferenciranije gledi\u0161te, od kojeg profitira i razumijevanje Turmsa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ime i etimologija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ime Turms potvr\u0111eno je na brojnim etru\u0161\u010danskim zrcalima i natpisima. Sigurno etimolo\u0161ko zna\u010denje nije rekonstruirano. Rixova <em>Editio Minor<\/em> dokumentira epigrafske izvore.<\/p><p>Turms se javlja i pod nadimkom Turms Aitas (&#8216;Turms od Aite&#8217;), \u010dime ga se izri\u010dito ozna\u010dava kao pratitelja boga podzemlja <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149692\">Aite<\/a>. Ta veza znanstveno je va\u017ena: pokazuje njegovu dvojaku funkciju glasnika bogova i pratitelja mrtvih.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010danski jezik jezi\u010dno stoji zasebno; smatra se izoliranim ili se hipotetski svrstava u tirsensku porodicu jezika, kojoj bi mo\u017eda pripadali i lemnijski i retski jezik. Na de\u0161ifriranju tekstova znanost radi od 19. stolje\u0107a, posao nije dovr\u0161en, a to se odnosi i na tuma\u010denje imena Turms.<\/p><p>Mjerodavna epigrafska zbirka etru\u0161\u010danskog jezi\u010dnog korpusa jest Rixova Editio Minor; u njoj su dokumentirani i izvori za ime Turms. Danas se nadopunjuje Thesaurusom Linguae Etruscae i internetskom bazom podataka ETP, Etruscan Texts Project.<\/p><p>Ve\u0107 u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Razdoblje gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. po. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antici<\/span> su se mi\u0161ljenja o podrijetlu Etru\u0161\u010dana razilazila: Herodot ih je izvodio iz Lidije, dok je Dionizije iz Halikarnasa u njima vidio doma\u0107i italski narod. Religijsko-povijesno to je pitanje relevantno jer ovisi o tome ima li etru\u0161\u010danska religija poveznice s malazijskim kultovima.<\/p><p>Jezikoslovlje i epigrafika danas usko suradjuju. Digitalna edicija etru\u0161\u010danskih tekstova, Etruscan Texts Project (ETP), znatno olak\u0161ava komparativna istra\u017eivanja, primjerice o teonimima kao \u0161to je Turms. Zna\u010dajne doprinose tome dali su Marie-Laurence Haack i Vincent Jolivet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis i ikonografija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms je u etru\u0161\u010danskoj umjetnosti prikazan kao mladi\u0107, \u010desto s putnim \u0161e\u0161irom (petasos), krilatim sandalama i kaducejom (glasni\u010dkim \u0161tapom). Ta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost o sadr\u017eaju slika i njihovu zna\u010denju.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografija<\/span> preuzeta je iz gr\u010dke tradicije boga Hermesa. Poznate su etru\u0161\u010danske bronzane figurice Turmsa, sa\u010duvane u vi\u0161e zbirki po cijelom svijetu.<\/p><p>Na etru\u0161\u010danskim ogledalima (4.\/3. st. pr. Kr.) Turms se javlja u brojnim mitolo\u0161kim prizorima, \u010desto kao pratilac umiru\u0107ih ili preminulih junaka, a ponekad i kao glasnik izme\u0111u bogova.<\/p><p>S religijsko-fenomenolo\u0161kog gledi\u0161ta etru\u0161\u010danska likovna umjetnost izvanredno je bogata i istodobno glavni izvor na\u0161eg znanja, posebno o brojnim prikazima Turmsa. Ogledala, vaze, grobne slike i bronce \u010dine najve\u0107i dio te gra\u0111e. Larissa Bonfante u svojim je studijama istaknula da je ta ikonografija samostalna tradicija, a ne samo izvedena.<\/p><p>Prvorazredan izvor za religiju i eshatologiju Etru\u0161\u010dana su grobne slike, sa\u010duvane osobito u Tarquiniji, Cerveteriju i Vulciju. Njihovi prikazi pokazuju gozbe, mitolo\u0161ke prizore te ples i muziku; zagrobni svijet, u koji Turms kao vodi\u010d mrtvih uvodi pokojnike, prikazuje se kao nastavak zemaljskog \u017eivota.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010danska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost o sadr\u017eaju slika i njihovu zna\u010denju.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografija<\/span> preferira kompozicije s mnogo likova, pripovjedne naznake i simboli\u010dki zgusnute slikovne poruke; i Turms se \u010desto javlja u takvim prizorima. Tuma\u010denje tog slikovnog jezika zada\u0107a je etru\u0161\u010danske religijske ikonografije.<\/p><p>Za etru\u0161\u010dansku likovnu umjetnost karakteristi\u010dno je gusto pripovjedno slojevito prikazivanje. Ve\u0107 jedno ogledalo ili jedna vaza mogu sadr\u017eavati vi\u0161e mitolo\u0161kih referenci istodobno, primjerice kad se Turms javlja uz druge likove. Ta gusto\u0107a zahtijeva od istra\u017eiva\u010da pa\u017eljivu analizu slikovnog konteksta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms kao glasnik bogova<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U svojoj ulozi glasnika bogova Turms prenosi poruke izme\u0111u olimpskih bo\u017eanstava, izme\u0111u bogova i ljudi, te izme\u0111u \u017eivih i mrtvih. Na etru\u0161\u010danskim ogledalima \u010desto je prikazan u prizorima u kojima bogovi me\u0111usobno komuniciraju &#8211; Turms tada stoji kao posrednik me\u0111u njima.<\/p><p>Ta je funkcija dobro poznata iz Hermesove tradicije i Etru\u0161\u010dani su ju vjerojatno preuzeli iz gr\u010dkog mitskog kruga. No Etru\u0161\u010dani su unijeli i vlastite naglaske, posebno vezu s podzemnim svijetom.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost predanih pripovijesti o bogovima jedne kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitologija<\/span> Etru\u0161\u010dana, za razliku od gr\u010dke ili rimske, nije sa\u010duvana u razra\u0111enim pripovjednim tekstovima. Mitovi vezani za Turmsa moraju se rekonstruirati iz slikovnih prikaza, natpisa i gr\u010dko-rimske posredne predaje. Takva neizravna izvorna situacija zahtijeva posebnu metodolo\u0161ku oprezu.<\/p><p>Odnos etru\u0161\u010danske i gr\u010dke <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost predanih pripovijesti o bogovima jedne kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologije<\/span> je slojevit. Etru\u0161\u010dani su s jedne strane preuzeli brojne gr\u010dke motive, primjerice o Ahileju, Odiseju i Edipu, ali su im s druge strane dali vlastita tuma\u010denja i naglaske. Kako je to preuzimanje to\u010dno izgledalo, primjerice kod preno\u0161enja Hermesovih obilje\u017eja na Turmsa, intenzivno se istra\u017euje.<\/p><p>Tipi\u010dno obilje\u017eje etru\u0161\u010danske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstvena nauka o Bogu i vjeri jedne religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span> je vije\u0107e bogova, consensus deorum. Vrhovni bog Tinia ne odlu\u010duje sam, ve\u0107 se savjetuje s ostalim bogovima, a Turms posreduje me\u0111u njima kao glasnik. S religijsko-fenomenolo\u0161kog gledi\u0161ta to je vije\u0107e posebna zna\u010dajka.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010danska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost predanih pripovijesti o bogovima jedne kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologija<\/span> nije ostavila zatvorenu pripovjednu tradiciju; ona se mora sastaviti iz slikovnih prizora, natpisa i posrednih izvora, \u0161to zahtijeva pa\u017eljivo tuma\u010denje. Kako se Turms naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e javlja na ogledalima, posebno se pokazuje korisnim povezivanje etru\u0161\u010danog natpisa, gr\u010dkog slikovnog predlo\u0161ka i kontekstualnog \u010ditanja pojedinog prizora.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms kao vodi\u010d mrtvih<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najva\u017enija eshatolo\u0161ka funkcija Turmsa je pratnja mrtvih u podzemni svijet. Na etru\u0161\u010danskim sarkofazima i grobnim slikama (Tarquinia, Vulci) \u010desto je prikazan zajedno s drugim vodi\u010dima mrtvih, kao \u0161to su <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149689\">Charun<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149691\">Vanth<\/a>.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010danska eshatologija znanstveno je posebno zanimljiva jer nudi izra\u017eenu predod\u017ebu podzemnog svijeta (na etru\u0161\u010danskom djelomi\u010dno calusna). Turms je dio te predod\u017ebe. Jean-Rene Jannot u djelu <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> sustavno je obradio tu eshatologiju.<\/p><p>Religijsku podlogu Turmsa \u010dini Disciplina Etrusca, sustav proricanja Etru\u0161\u010dana koji poznaje tri grane: gledanje u utrobu (haruspicina), tuma\u010denje munja (fulguratio) i gledanje ptica (auspicia). Etru\u0161\u010dani su ga predali Rimljanima, gdje je ostao \u017eiva praksa sve do 4. stolje\u0107a poslije Krista. Ciceron i Seneka opisali su ga podrobno.<\/p><p>Predano znanje, u kojem je ukorijenjen i lik kao Turms, njegovale su specijalizirane sve\u0107eni\u010dke \u0161kole, u kojima se Disciplina Etrusca prenosila s generacije na generaciju.<\/p><p>Kao njezini najva\u017eniji spisi smatraju se Libri Rituales, Libri Haruspicini i Libri Fulgurales. Ti tekstovi nisu sa\u010duvani, ali se djelomi\u010dno mogu rekonstruirati iz navoda kod Cicerona, Festa i Makrobija.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010dansko kultno ure\u0111enje bilo je sna\u017eno vezano za pojedini grad. Svaki od velikih sredi\u0161ta, dakle Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veji, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia i Roselle, imao je vlastite glavne kultove i religijske posebnosti.<\/p><p>Zna\u010daj religioznosti, u kojoj Turms ima svoje mjesto, pokazuje se u Disciplini Etrusci: kao koherentan religijsko-divinacijski sustav, ona se broji me\u0111u najrazvijenije proro\u010danske prakse anti\u010dkog svijeta. Rimljani su ju sustavno preuzeli, a njezina primjena trajala je sve do kasne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Razdoblje gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. poslije Krista.\" tabindex=\"0\">antike<\/span>. Povijesno gledano, ta kontinuitet zaslu\u017euje pozornost.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult i rituali<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms se \u0161tovao u vlastitim hramovima, iako ne s takvom istaknuto\u0161\u0107u kao Tinia, Uni ili Menrva. Njegov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obreda \u0161tovanja posve\u0107enih nekom bo\u017eanstvu ili svetoj pojavi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> bio je prete\u017eno prakti\u010dno-pragmati\u010dne naravi: putnici, trgovci i izaslanici pozivali su se na njega, a na sprovodima je prizivan kako bi mrtve sigurno odveo u podzemni svijet.<\/p><p>Izra\u017eena je praksa polaganja malih figurica Turmsa u grobove. One su trebale mrtvima pokazivati put. Takve figurice prona\u0111ene su u brojnim etru\u0161\u010danskim grobnicama.<\/p><p>I gra\u0111evine u kojima su se \u0161tovala bo\u017eanstva poput Turmsa nose osobit pe\u010dat. Etru\u0161\u010danski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> obilje\u017eava tuskanski stil sa samosvojnim poretkom stupova, koji opisuje Vitruvije u djelu De Architectura. U tlocrtu se izrazito isti\u010du cela i \u0161iroka pro\u010delna dvorana, po \u010demu se ove gra\u0111evine jasno razlikuju od gr\u010dkih uzora.<\/p><p>Hramovi kultnog svijeta kojemu je pripadao i Turms \u010desto su bili monumentalno zami\u0161ljeni. Primjer je Jupiterov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> na Kapitoliju u Rimu, koji su podigli etru\u0161\u010danski arhitekti i umjetnici, ponajprije Vulca iz Veja. Smatra se arhitektonskim svjedo\u010danstvom etru\u0161\u010danske religioznosti u ranom Rimu.<\/p><p>Za Turmsa kao glasnika bogova pou\u010dan je nadregionalni kultni okvir u kojemu se \u0161tovao: na Fanum Voltumnae kraj Volsinija etru\u0161\u010danski savez dvanaest gradova okupljao se svake godine na vjersko, a ujedno i politi\u010dko zasjedanje. Voltumna je pritom djelovao kao savezno bo\u017eanstvo saveza dr\u017eava i imao je religijsko zna\u010denje koje je nadilazilo pojedina\u010dne gradske kultove.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradicije za\u0161tite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U za\u0161titnim kontekstima Turmsa su prizivali prije svega putnici, trgovci, glasnici i vidovnjaci. Onaj koji je kretao na put izgovarao je karakia (molitve) upu\u0107ene Turmsu; trgovci su ga uklju\u010divali kao za\u0161titnika u svoju poslovnu praksu. Turms je imao ulogu i u kontekstima gatanja, posebno pri promatranju ptica i tuma\u010denju snova.<\/p><p>Apotropejske prakse vezane za Turmsa uklju\u010divale su no\u0161enje njegovih figurica, postavljanje Turmsovih herma na ulazima u ku\u0107e i gradove te njegovo prizivanje prije va\u017enih pregovora. Ta se praksa preuzima iz gr\u010dke tradicije Hermesa.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Etru\u0161\u010danski za\u0161titni obi\u010daji poznaju brojne apotropejske znakove: falusne amulete, prikaze gorgonejona, simbole oka, bule i odre\u0111ene formule. Slikovni jezik tih apotropejskih simbola istra\u017eila je Larissa Bonfante u svom djelu Etruscan Mirrors, objavljenom od 1980. godine nadalje.<\/span><\/p><p>Kao i druge pojave etru\u0161\u010danskog panteona, i Turms se nalazi u okru\u017eenju pro\u017eetom za\u0161titnim znakovima. Oko Tinie, falusni amuleti i gorgonejoni pojavljivali su se na hramovima i grobovima, ali i na ku\u0107nim sveti\u0161tima i osobnim predmetima. Ta se praksa nastavila i izvan etru\u0161\u010danske kulture, u rimskom i \u0161irem sredozemnom narodnom vjerovanju.<\/p><p>Onaj koji se pribli\u017ei podru\u010dju djelovanja Turmsa nailazi na religioznost \u010dije je za\u0161titno djelovanje bilo \u010dvrsto povezano s Disciplina Etrusca. Osnivanje grada, vojni pohod ili gradnja ku\u0107e nisu zapo\u010dinjali bez prethodnog gatanjskog ispitivanja bo\u017eje volje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele u drugim kulturama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms funkcionalno odgovara gr\u010dkom Hermesu i rimskom Merkuru. Veza je jednako tipolo\u0161ki kao i povijesno bliska: etru\u0161\u010danska tradicija Turmsa izravno se nastavlja na gr\u010dku tradiciju Hermesa. Etru\u0161\u010dani su ipak dali vlastite naglaske, posebice u eshatologiji.<\/p><p>U religijskoj usporedbi Turms se mo\u017ee povezati s drugim bo\u017eanskim glasnicima: Anubisom (egipatski, pratitelj mrtvih), Hermesom (gr\u010dki), Merkurom (rimski), Wotanom\/Odinom u njegovoj ulozi vodi\u010da mrtvih (germanski). Ideja bo\u017eanskog glasnika kao posrednika izme\u0111u svjetova univerzalna je u religijskoj fenomenologiji.<\/p><p>Kroz interpretatio Romana etru\u0161\u010danska su bo\u017eanstva dobila rimska imena: Tinia je postao Jupiter, Uni Junona, Menrva Minerva. Takva izjedna\u010davanja obi\u010dno su obuhva\u0107ala samo odabrane osobine, a ne cijelu pojavu. Istra\u017eivanja posljednjih pedesetak godina otkrivaju koje su etru\u0161\u010danske posebnosti pri tome sa\u010duvane, primjerice kod glasni\u010dkog boga Turmsa u odnosu na Hermesa i Merkura.<\/p><p>\u010cinjenica da je Turms kao bo\u017eji glasnik blizak gr\u010dkom Hermesu i rimskom Merkuru upu\u0107uje na \u0161iru povezanost: etru\u0161\u010danska religija pokazuje brojne dodire s anatolskim, feni\u010dkim i bliskoisto\u010dnim tradicijama. Feni\u010dka je posredovanja potvr\u0111uju Pyrgijeve plo\u010dice. Ta transmediteranska mre\u017ea veza ve\u0107 se desetlje\u0107ima ubraja u va\u017ena istra\u017eiva\u010dka podru\u010dja.<\/p><p>U religijski usporednom pogledu etru\u0161\u010danski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obreda \u0161tovanja jednog bo\u017eanstva ili svete pojave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> pripada \u0161irem sredozemnom religijskom krugu i stoji u vezi s Gr\u010dkom, Fenicijom, Egiptom, Anatolijom i Latijem. Ta uklopljenost, u koju spada i glasni\u010dka pojava Turmsa, predstavlja va\u017eno istra\u017eiva\u010dko podru\u010dje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Suvremena istra\u017eivanja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Istra\u017eivanje Turmsa je u posljednjih 30 godina znatno napredovalo zahvaljuju\u0107i sustavnoj analizi etru\u0161\u010danskih zrcala (Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum, CSE). Larissa Bonfante je u nekoliko izdanja zrcala obradila prikaze Turmsa.<\/p><p>Istra\u017eivanje intenzivno prou\u010dava odnos izme\u0111u gr\u010dke Hermesove tradicije i etru\u0161\u010danske samostalnosti Turmsa. Gdje su prisutne izravne adaptacije, a gdje etru\u0161\u010danski vlastiti oblici? Ovo pitanje je predmet aktualne raspre.<\/p><p>I likovi kao Turms danas se obra\u0111uju u okviru me\u0111unarodno vo\u0111enog istra\u017eivanja etru\u0161\u010danske religije. Kao va\u017ena sredi\u0161ta smatraju se sveu\u010dili\u0161ta u Firenci, Rimu (Sapienza), Pisi, T\u00fcbingenu i Princetonu. Godi\u0161nje se nekoliko me\u0111unarodnih kongresa bavi pojedinim aspektima ovog podru\u010dja.<\/p><p>Me\u0111unarodni projekti o etru\u0161\u010danskoj religiji danas se oslanjaju na digitalne metode: trodimenzionalne skenove hramova i grobnica, baze podataka za natpise i slikovne izvore, te GIS-analize strukture naseobina. Takve metode donose nove spoznaje, uklju\u010duju\u0107i i o zrcalima na kojima je prikazan Turms.<\/p><p>Ono \u0161to istra\u017eivanje otkriva o etru\u0161\u010danskoj religiji i njezinim bo\u017eanstvima, me\u0111u kojima je i Turms, dopire do javnosti putem izlo\u017ebi, primjerice u Vatikanskom muzeju, u Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia i u Boston Museum of Fine Arts, a osim toga i putem brojnih publikacija.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izvori i stanje istra\u017eivanja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najva\u017eniji izvori za istra\u017eivanje Turmsa su etru\u0161\u010danska zrcala (posebno ona s natpisima), grobne slike, sarkofazi i natpisi. Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum (u vi\u0161e svezaka) najva\u017enija je zbirka prikaza sa zrcala.<\/p><p>Detaljnije razmatranje u okviru <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149648\">etru\u0161\u010danske religijske povijesti<\/a> u cjelini pokazuje kako se Turms treba razumjeti u odnosnom sustavu s olimpijcima i s podzemnim bo\u017eanstvima Aitom, Charunom i Vanth. Ta povezanost znanstveno je iznimno va\u017ena.<\/p><p>Izvorna osnova za etru\u0161\u010dansku religiju je neujedna\u010dena: epigrafski dokazi, prikupljeni u Editio Minor Helmuta Rixa, arheolo\u0161ki nalazi, slikovni izvori i sekundarna literatura. Onaj tko \u017eeli na odgovaraju\u0107i na\u010din razumjeti Turmsa, mora tu raznolikost obraditi interdisciplinarno; novija istra\u017eivanja pri tome sustavno povezuju filologiju, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost koja istra\u017euje pro\u0161le kulture na temelju materijalnih nalaza.\" tabindex=\"0\">arheologiju<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost koja religije istra\u017euje komparativno i bez vjerske pripadnosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">religiologiju<\/span> i antropologiju.<\/p><p>Ispravna kritika izvora zahtijeva poznavanje kako izvornih etru\u0161\u010danskih svjedo\u010danstava, tako i gr\u010dko-rimske sekundarne predaje. Taj dvojni pristup je zahtjevan, ali za utemeljenu religijsko-povijesnu rekonstrukciju Turmsa neizostavan.<\/p><p>Temeljita povijesna analiza Turmsa pretpostavlja poznavanje epigrafskih, arheolo\u0161kih i knji\u017eevnih izvora, kao i pristupa moderne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost koja religije istra\u017euje komparativno i bez vjerske pripadnosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">religiologije<\/span>. Ta slojevita analiza u istra\u017eivanju se smatra standardom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a1a9a94 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2a1a9a94\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28f7c7db elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28f7c7db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms na bronzanoj jetri iz Piacenze i u etru\u0161\u010danskoj disciplini<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp275cc351 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp275cc351\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e49d51b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e49d51b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Klju\u010dan dokument o etru\u0161\u010danskom poretku bogova je tzv. bronzana jetra iz Piacenze, bronzani model ov\u010dje jetre prona\u0111en 1877. u sjevernoj Italiji, podijeljen u polja i ozna\u010den imenima bogova na etru\u0161\u010danskom pismu.<\/p><p>Vjerojatno je slu\u017eio kao nastavno ili demonstracijsko pomagalo etru\u0161\u010danskog proricanja iz utrobe, <em>haruspicine<\/em>. Na rubu modela poredano je \u0161esnaest polja, a unutra jo\u0161 dodatnih.<\/p><p>Na tom predmetu javlja se i <em>Turms<\/em>. Njegov polo\u017eaj omogu\u0107uje zaklju\u010dke o tome u kojem se podru\u010dju etru\u0161\u010danskog neba sve\u0107enici smjestili njega i s kojim je drugim bo\u017eanstvima zami\u0161ljen kao susjed.<\/p><p>Bronzana jetra je time rijedak izvor koji ne potje\u010de iz rimske ili gr\u010dke sekundarne predaje, nego izravno iz etru\u0161\u010danske kultne prakse, tzv. <em>etrusca disciplina<\/em>.<\/p><p>\u010citanje i tuma\u010denje jetre je pak te\u0161ko. Etru\u0161\u010danski jezik je \u010ditljiv, ali samo djelomi\u010dno razumljiv, jer ne postoji blisko srodan jezik. Istra\u017eiva\u010di kao Massimo Pallottino, Ambros Josef Pfiffig i kasnije Nancy de Grummond doprinijeli su njegovu razumijevanju, iako nisu razja\u0161njena sva polja i njihova teolo\u0161ka logika. Turms tako predstavlja primjer temeljnog problema etruskologije: znamo njegovo ime i njegov polo\u017eaj u ritualnom sustavu, ali doktrina koja ga okru\u017euje ostaje fragmentarna.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2bf77d5d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2bf77d5d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp299e2b58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp299e2b58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vodi\u010d du\u0161a: Turms u etru\u0161\u010danskom grobnom slikarstvu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f54e2ee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2f54e2ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d5d35f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2d5d35f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Za razliku od gr\u010dkog Hermesa, \u010dija ga bogata knji\u017eevna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Preno\u0161enje znanja i pri\u010da kroz generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">predaja<\/span> prikazuje kao bo\u017eanskog glasnika, \u0161aljivca i izumitelja, <em>Turms<\/em> je za nas gotovo isklju\u010divo slika.<\/p><p>Jedna od njegovih najizrazitijih ul\u043e\u0433\u0430 je uloga vodi\u010da du\u0161a, <em>psychopomposa<\/em>, koji preminule vodi u podzemlje. Ta se funkcija naro\u010dito isti\u010de u etru\u0161\u010danskom grobnom slikarstvu i na urnama kasnijeg etru\u0161\u010danskog razdoblja.<\/p><p>U zidnim slikama etru\u0161\u010danskih komornih grobnica, primjerice u okolici Tarquinije i u velikim nekropolama, javlja se lik s putnim \u0161e\u0161irom i \u0161tapom koji preminulog uzima za ruku ili ide ispred njega.<\/p><p>Taj se lik \u010desto identificira s Turmsom, dijelom uz natpis, dijelom samo prema ikonografiji. Ponekad nosi nadimak koji ga izri\u010dito ozna\u010dava kao vodi\u010da u podzemlje, u istra\u017eivanju \u010desto \u010ditan kao <em>Turms Aitas<\/em>, odnosno Turms u okolini podzemnog boga Aite.<\/p><p>Ovo sna\u017eno nagla\u0161avanje funkcije vodi\u010da mrtvih dobar je primjer toga kako <em>interpretatio<\/em> mo\u017ee odvesti na krivi put. Kad bismo Turmsa jednostavno odbacili kao &#8220;etru\u0161\u010danskog Hermesa&#8221;, zanemarili bismo da etru\u0161\u010danska umjetnost upravo stavlja u prvi plan aspekt vezan za zagrobni \u017eivot, dok je lukava, prevrtljiva strana gr\u010dkog Hermesa jedva prisutna. Je li to zbog izvorne gra\u0111e, koja je u Etruriji sna\u017eno odre\u0111ena grobnicama, ili zbog stvarno druga\u010dijeg naglaska same <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e koje se u okviru religije \u0161tuje kao bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstva<\/span>, otvoreno je pitanje za istra\u017eivanje. O metodologiji etru\u0161\u010danske religije vidi i \u010dlanak o <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149648\">etru\u0161\u010danskoj mitologiji<\/a>.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (izbor)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mirrors<\/em> (razni svesci)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Nancy Thomson de Grummond: <em>Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend<\/em> (2006)<\/span><\/li><li>Jean-Rene Jannot: <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942)<\/li><li>Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum (vi\u0161e svezaka)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dodatna standardna djela u <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149465\">popisu literature<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-turms e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-turms\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-turms-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-turms-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms je etru\u0161\u010danski glasnik bogova i u anti\u010dkim izvorima, kao i u znanstvenim istra\u017eivanjima, redovito se smatra <em>interpretatio<\/em>-likom: pojavljuje se kao neposredan <strong>pandan<\/strong> gr\u010dkom Hermesu i rimskom Merkuru (Mercurius).<\/p><p>Na bronzanim zrcalima iz \u010detvrtog i tre\u0107eg stolje\u0107a prije nove ere nosi krilate sandale i glasni\u010dki \u0161tap te preuzima sli\u010dne funkcije, poput pratnje pokojnika. Ovo poistovje\u0107ivanje kao pandan pokazuje koliko je etru\u0161\u010danski svijet bogova bio tijesno povezan s gr\u010dko-rimskim predstavama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-turms e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-turms\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-turms-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-turms-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etru\u0161\u010danski <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predana pri\u010da o bogovima, podrijetlu i poretku svijeta.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span><\/em> prikazuje Turmsa kao glasnika bogova i vodi\u010da du\u0161a, \u010dija se funkcija u velikoj mjeri podudara s gr\u010dkim Hermesom; likovno je prepoznatljiv na bronzanim zrcalima iz petog i \u010detvrtog stolje\u0107a prije nove ere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Srodni klju\u010dni pojmovi: Turms Etru\u0161\u010dani glasnik bogova kaducej Hermes Merkur pratitelj du\u0161a Aita.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-turms\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicije za\u0161tite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard nastavlja kulturnopovijesnu tradiciju nosivih za\u0161titnih predmeta, u tradiciji <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149648\">Etru\u0161\u010dana<\/a> i mnogih drugih kultura svijeta. 41 razina, pravo zlato, platina, srebro, izra\u0111eno u Njema\u010dkoj. Pravo povrata u roku od 30 dana.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Vi\u0161e o iWell Guardu<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Vi\u0161e o iWell Guardu<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobna iskustva mogu se razlikovati. Nije medicinski proizvod. Nema obe\u0107anja izlje\u010denja.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nije medicinski proizvod<\/strong> i ne zamjenjuje lije\u010dni\u010dko ili psihoterapeutsko lije\u010denje. Religijsko-znanstveni sadr\u017eaji predstavljaju kulturno-povijesnu interpretaciju, a ne preporuku duhovne prakse.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2821,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Turms Etrurac","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Turms - Etru\u0161\u010danski glasnik bogova, mit","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Turms je etru\u0161\u010danski glasnik bogova i pratitelj mrtvih, pandan gr\u010dkom Hermesu. Religiolo\u0161ko utemeljenje s izvorima.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"1","wesen_kultur":"etruskisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-149690","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Turms - Etru\u0161\u010danski glasnik bogova, mit<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Turms je etru\u0161\u010danski glasnik bogova i pratitelj mrtvih, pandan gr\u010dkom Hermesu. 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