{"id":149688,"date":"2026-09-04T05:12:40","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:12:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=149688"},"modified":"2026-09-04T05:29:40","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:29:40","slug":"voltumna-bog-saveza-etrurskog-saveza","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/voltumna-bog-saveza-etrurskog-saveza\/","title":{"rendered":"Voltumna \u2013 bog saveza etrurskog gradskog saveza"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"149688\" class=\"elementor elementor-149688 elementor-2607 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna \u2013 bog saveza etrurske lige i bo\u017eanstvo dvanaest gradova<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna (latinski i Vertumnus ili Veltha, etrurski Veltha ili Velthune) je najvi\u0161i bog saveza etrurske lige koja obuhva\u0107a dvanaest gradova. Njegovo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161te<\/span>, Fanum Voltumnae, nalazilo se u blizini Volsinija i bilo je mjesto godi\u0161njeg okupljanja etrurske lige. Ovaj prikaz opisuje njegov religijsko-politi\u010dki i kultni polo\u017eaj u etrurskom dr\u017eavnom ure\u0111enju.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog tradicije Etrurska.\">Bog<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149648\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija tradicije Etrurska.\">Etrurska<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog saveza i dr\u017eave.\">Bog saveza i dr\u017eave<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na ovoj stranici nisu prona\\u0111eni naslovi.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSadr\u017eaj\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151559\" alt=\"Voltumna - bogovi iz etru\u0161\u010danske tradicije, povijesno-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Polo\u017eaj u etru\u0161\u010danskom panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna u etrurskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost bogova neke religije ili kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> zauzima posebno mjesto: on nije prvenstveno &#8216;kozmi\u010dki&#8217; vrhovni bog kao <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149685\">Tinia<\/a>, ve\u0107 politi\u010dki i religijski definiran bog saveza. Njegov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obrednih radnji posve\u0107enih nekom bo\u017eanstvu ili svetoj pojavi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> bio je povezan s institucijom saveza dvanaest gradova (Dodekapolis). Grad Volsinii bio je \u010duvar njegova zajedni\u010dkog sveti\u0161ta.<\/p><p>Massimo Pallottino, Mauro Cristofani i Simonetta Stopponi obilje\u017eili su u brojnim radovima istra\u017eivanje Voltumne. Stopponijeva iskopavanja na Campo della Fiera kod Orvieta omogu\u0107ila su vjerojatnu lokalizaciju Fanum Voltumnae.<\/p><p>Bog saveza Voltumna pripada religiji koja je za <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost koja prou\u010dava religije uspore\u0111uju\u0107i ih, bez vjerske pripadnosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">religiologiju<\/span> stoga toliko zanimljiva jer posreduje izme\u0111u gr\u010dko-mediteranske i italsko-rimske predajne tradicije. Zna\u010dajne doprinose njezinu istra\u017eivanju dali su Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani i Giovanni Colonna, \u010diji su radovi izo\u0161trili sliku samostalne religijske tradicije.<\/p><p>Etrurska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno nau\u010davanje o Bogu i vjeri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologija<\/span> poznavala je jasno strukturiran <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost bogova neke religije ili kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> s hijerarhijskim rangovima i raspodijeljenim nadle\u017enostima, u kojemu je Voltumna zauzimao vlastito, politi\u010dki i religijski odre\u0111eno mjesto. Gdje su ga starije studije prikazivale kao zagonetnog ili strancu nalik, danas se u njemu vidi samostalna ina\u010dica mediteranske religije.<\/p><p>U religijskoj povijesti Italije Etru\u0161\u010dani su djelovali kao posrednici izme\u0111u gr\u010dkih utjecaja i formiraju\u0107e se rimske religije. \u010cinjenica da je etrursko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e \u0161tovano kao bo\u017eansko unutar neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span> Voltumna nastavilo \u017eivjeti u rimskom Vertumnu primjer je te posredni\u010dke ulog\u0435 koja izaziva posebno religiolo\u0161ko zanimanje.<\/p><p>Religijsko-etnolo\u0161ka istra\u017eivanja posljednjih desetlje\u0107a promatraju etrursku religiju kao zatvoren, religijsko-fenomenolo\u0161ki samostalan sustav. Starija sklonost da se ona tuma\u010di kao pusto izvedeno iz gr\u010dke religije ustupila je mjesto znatno diferenciranijem pogledu, od kojeg profitira i razumijevanje Voltumne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ime i etimologija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etrursko ime Veltha odnosno Velthune u latinskom se prenosi kao Voltumna ili Vertumnus. Etimologija je nesigurna; prijedlozi se\u017eu od &#8216;onaj koji raste\u02ca (u vezi s vertere, &#8216;okretati&#8217;) do &#8216;onaj koji se mijenja&#8217;. U istra\u017eivanjima se raspravlja o vezi sa sezonskom promjenom vegetacije.<\/p><p>Latinski Vertumnus potvr\u0111en je u Rimu kao bog promjene i vegetacije; raspravlja se je li istovjetan s Voltumnom ili je posebno rimsko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e \u0161tovano kao bo\u017eansko unutar neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span>. Etrurski izvori pritom su sadr\u017eajniji od rimskih.<\/p><p>Etrurski jezik jezi\u010dno je izoliran; smatra se izdvojenim ili se hipotetski svrstava u tirsensku jezi\u010dnu obitelj, kojoj bi mogli pripadati i lemnijski i retijski jezik. Na de\u0161ifriranju tekstova radi se od 19. stolje\u0107a, no posao nije dovr\u0161en, \u0161to se odnosi i na tuma\u010denje imena kao Veltha ili Velthune.<\/p><p>Mjerodavna epigrafska zbirka etrurskoga jezi\u010dnog korpusa jest Editio Minor Helmuta Rixa. Danas je nadopunjuju Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae i internetska baza podataka ETP, Etruscan Texts Project, u kojima se mo\u017ee prona\u0107i i gra\u0111a o Voltumni.<\/p><p>Ve\u0107 u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Razdoblje gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. po. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antici<\/span> raspravljalo se o podrijetlu Etru\u0161\u010dana: Herodot ih je izvodio iz Lidije, dok je Dionizije Halikarna\u0161ki smatrao da su doma\u0107i italski narod. Religijsko-povijesno to je pitanje relevantno jer o njemu ovisi ima li etrurska religija veze s malenoazijskim kultovima.<\/p><p>Jezikoslovlje i epigrafija danas usko sura\u0111uju. Digitalno izdanje etrurskih tekstova, Etruscan Texts Project (ETP), znatno olak\u0161ava usporedna istra\u017eivanja, primjerice teonima kao Veltha. Zna\u010dajne doprinose tomu dali su Marie-Laurence Haack i Vincent Jolivet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis i ikonografija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ikonografska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Preno\u0161enje znanja i pri\u010da kroz generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">predaja<\/span> o Voltumni relativno je oskudna. Na nekim etru\u0161\u010danskim nov\u010di\u0107ima prikazana je mu\u0161ka figura koja se identificira s Voltumnom. Ona ponekad nosi biljne simbole &#8211; klasje, cvije\u0107e, lozu &#8211; \u0161to bi podupiralo funkciju vezanu za vegetaciju.<\/p><p>U Rimu je Vertumnus poznat po slavnoj statui u Vicus Tuscusu, koja ga prikazuje kao putuju\u0107e bo\u017eanstvo vegetacije. Tu statuu spominju Properc i drugi rimski autori.<\/p><p>Fenomenologijski gledano, etru\u0161\u010danska likovna umjetnost iznimno je bogata i istovremeno glavni izvor na\u0161eg znanja. Zrcala, vaze, grobne slike i bronce \u010dine najve\u0107i dio materijala, dok je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Preno\u0161enje znanja i pri\u010da kroz generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">predaja<\/span> o samoj Voltumni razmjerno oskudna. Larissa Bonfante u svojim studijama nagla\u0161ava da je ta slikovna govor samostalna tradicija, a ne samo izvedenica.<\/p><p>Prvorazredni izvor za religiju i eshatologiju Etru\u0161\u010dana su grobne slike, sa\u010duvane prije svega u Tarquiniji, Cerveteriju i Vulciju. Njihove slike prikazuju gozbe, mitolo\u0161ke epizode te ples i muziku i zami\u0161ljaju zagrobni \u017eivot kao nastavak zemaljskog \u017eivota.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010danska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o sadr\u017eaju slika i njihovom zna\u010denju.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografija<\/span> preferira kompozicije s mnogo figura, narativne naznake i simboli\u010dki zgusnute slikovne poruke. Razumijevanje tog slikovnog jezika zadatak je etru\u0161\u010danske religijske ikonografije.<\/p><p>Za etru\u0161\u010dansku likovnu umjetnost karakteristi\u010dno je gusto narativno slojevito prikazivanje: ve\u0107 jedno jedino zrcalo ili vaza mo\u017ee istovremeno sadr\u017eavati vi\u0161e mitolo\u0161kih referenci. Ta zgusnutost od istra\u017eivanja zahtijeva pa\u017eljivu analizu svakog pojedinog slikovnog konteksta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna i etru\u0161\u010danski savez gradova<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dvanaest etru\u0161\u010danskih glavnih gradova &#8211; Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veji, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia i Roselle &#8211; \u010dinilo je religijsko-politi\u010dki savez (Dodekapolis) koji se svake godine sastajao na Fanum Voltumnae. Ta skup\u0161tina slu\u017eila je i religijskim i politi\u010dkim svrhama: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu kao izraz zahvale, molbe ili po\u0161tovanja.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017ertve<\/span>, odluke saveza, zajedni\u010dke sve\u010danosti.<\/p><p>Livije (4.23, 5.17) opse\u017eno izvje\u0161tava o tim susretima saveza. Oni su bili uzor za kasniji rimski Concilium i znatno su utjecali na razvoj politi\u010dkih institucija u Italiji. Znanstveno gledano, Voltumna je time primjer &#8216;politi\u010dkog boga&#8217; \u010diji <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih \u010dina po\u0161tovanja prema bo\u017eanstvu ili svetom bi\u0107u.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> podupire dr\u017eavna organizacija.<\/p><p>Razra\u0111ena pripovjedna knji\u017eevnost, kakvu poznaju gr\u010dka i rimska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Preno\u0161enje znanja i pri\u010da kroz generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">predaja<\/span>, ne postoji za etru\u0161\u010dansku <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost predanih pri\u010da o bogovima jedne kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologiju<\/span>. Ono \u0161to znamo, i o Voltumni, mora se rekonstruirati iz slikovnih prikaza, natpisa i izvje\u0161taja gr\u010dkih i rimskih autora. Ta neizravna izvorna situacija zahtijeva posebnu metodolo\u0161ku oprezost.<\/p><p>Odnos izme\u0111u etru\u0161\u010danske i gr\u010dke <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost predanih pri\u010da o bogovima jedne kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologije<\/span> je slojevit. Etru\u0161\u010dani su dodu\u0161e preuzeli brojne gr\u010dke motive, primjerice o Ahileju, Odiseju i Edipu, ali su ih \u010desto preoblikovali i stavljali vlastite naglaske. Kako je taj proces preuzimanja tekao, temeljito se istra\u017euje u znanosti.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010danskoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstvena nauka o Bogu i o vjeri jedne religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiji<\/span> karakteristi\u010dno pripada vije\u0107e bogova, consensus deorum. \u010cak i vrhovni bog Tinia ne djeluje sam, nego se savjetuje s ostalim bogovima, me\u0111u kojima je i Voltumna, bog saveza gradova. Fenomenologijski gledano, to tijelo predstavlja posebnost.<\/p><p>Zatvorenu pripovjednu tradiciju etru\u0161\u010danska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost predanih pri\u010da o bogovima jedne kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologija<\/span> nije ostavila; mora se rekonstruirati iz slikovnih scena, natpisa i sekundarnih izvora, \u0161to zahtijeva pa\u017eljivo tuma\u010denje. Ba\u0161 kod oskudno predane figure kao \u0161to je Voltumna, klju\u010dna je metoda povezivanje etru\u0161\u010danskog natpisa, gr\u010dkog slikovnog predlo\u0161ka i kontekstualnog \u010ditanja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fanum Voltumnae<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fanum Voltumnae najva\u017enije je etru\u0161\u010dansko savezno sveti\u0161te. Dugo je vremena njegova to\u010dna lokacija bila predmet spora. Simonetta Stopponi od 2000. godine iskopava zna\u010dajan hramski kompleks na lokalitetu Campo della Fiera kod Orvieta, koji se danas s velikom vjerojatno\u0161\u0107u identificira kao Fanum Voltumnae.<\/p><p>Kompleks obuhva\u0107a vi\u0161e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena po\u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramova<\/span>, \u017ertvenika, bunara i prostora za okupljanja. Nalazi se\u017eu od 7. stolje\u0107a pr. Kr. sve do rimskog doba. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno po\u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sveti\u0161te<\/span> je oko 1000 godina neprekidno slu\u017eilo kao religijsko i politi\u010dko sredi\u0161te.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca, ure\u0111eno etru\u0161\u010dansko proricanje, dijeli se na promatranje utrobe (haruspicina), tuma\u010denje munja (fulguratio) i promatranje ptica (auspicia). Preuzeli su ju Rimljani od Etru\u0161\u010dana, a ostala je \u017eiva praksa sve do 4. stolje\u0107a poslije Krista. Za detaljne opise zahvaljujemo Ciceronu i Seneki.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca prenosila se u posebnim sve\u0107eni\u010dkim \u0161kolama osnovanim upravo za tu svrhu. Me\u0111u njezinim va\u017enim spisima bili su Libri Rituales, Libri Haruspicini i Libri Fulgurales. Ti tekstovi nisu sa\u010duvani, ali se djelomi\u010dno mogu rekonstruirati na temelju citata rimskih autora kao \u0161to su Ciceron, Fest i Makrobije.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010danski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Skup svih religijskih obreda po\u0161tovanja posve\u0107enih bo\u017eanstvu ili svetom bi\u0107u.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> bio je sna\u017eno vezan uz pojedini grad. Svako od va\u017enih sredi\u0161ta, odnosno Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veji, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia i Roselle, njegovalo je vlastite glavne kultove i religijske posebnosti. Volsiniji je pri tome pripadala posebna uloga, jer je \u010duvao savezno sveti\u0161te Voltumne.<\/p><p>Kao zatvoreni religijsko-divinacijski sustav, Disciplina Etrusca ubraja se me\u0111u najrazvijenije prakse proricanja anti\u010dkog svijeta. Rimljani su ju sustavno preuzeli, a nastavljala se sve do kasne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Razdoblje gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. poslije Krista.\" tabindex=\"0\">antike<\/span>. Ta kontinuitet religijskohistorijski je vrlo zna\u010dajan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult i rituali<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kultna praksa u Fanum Voltumnae obuhva\u0107ala je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu radi izra\u017eavanja zahvale, molbe ili \u0161tovanja.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017ertve<\/span> (bikove, ovce, svinje), molitve, procesije i sve\u010dane igre. Godi\u0161nja okupljanja bila su va\u017eni vjerski i politi\u010dki doga\u0111aji za cijeli etru\u0161\u010danski svijet.<\/p><p>Nakon rimskog osvajanja Volsinija (264. pr. Kr.) Voltumnino <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161te<\/span> nije napu\u0161teno; nastavilo je postojati u izmijenjenom obliku i djelomi\u010dno je uklju\u010deno u rimski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost vjerskih obreda \u0161tovanja posve\u0107enih nekom bo\u017eanstvu ili svetom liku.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span>. Ta kontinuiranost svjedo\u010di o vjerskom zna\u010denju Voltumne i nakon politi\u010dkog propasti Etrurije.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010danski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramovi<\/span> imaju osebujne arhitektonske zna\u010dajke. Prepoznatljiv je toskanski stil (tuscanus), poseban stupovni red koji opisuje Vitruvije u djelu De Architectura. Tlocrti nagla\u0161avaju celu i \u0161iroki prednji trijem te se time jasno razlikuju od gr\u010dkih uzora.<\/p><p>Mnogi etru\u0161\u010danski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramovi<\/span> bili su monumentalno zami\u0161ljeni. Jupiterov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> na rimskom Kapitolu, primjerice, podigli su etru\u0161\u010danski arhitekti i umjetnici, ponajprije Vulca iz Veja, i smatra se arhitektonskim svjedo\u010danstvom etru\u0161\u010danske religioznosti u ranom Rimu.<\/p><p>Svake godine savez dvanaest etru\u0161\u010danskih gradova okupljao se u Fanum Voltumnae kraj Volsinija, gdje su se istodobno raspravljala vjerska i politi\u010dka pitanja. Voltumna je bila savezno bo\u017eanstvo tog gradskog saveza i imala je zna\u010denje koje je nadilazilo pojedina\u010dne gradske kultove.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0161titne tradicije i politika<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna je bio za\u0161titno bo\u017eanstvo etru\u0161\u010danske lige u cjelini. Onaj koji se obra\u0107ao savezu, obra\u0107ao se Voltumni. Ta politi\u010dka i religijska isprepletenost znanstveno je zanimljiva: pokazuje religiju koja ne organizira samo individualnu pobo\u017enost, nego i me\u0111udr\u017eavne odnose.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Otklanjaju\u0107e zlo: o znakovima i predmetima koji trebaju odbiti \u0161tetne utjecaje.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropejski<\/span> se Voltumna prizivao pri osnivanju gradova, sklapanju saveza i politi\u010dkim ugovorima. Ta se praksa djelomi\u010dno nastavila u rimskim obredima osnivanja gradova.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010danski za\u0161titni obi\u010daji uklju\u010duju niz odbijaju\u0107ih znakova: falusne amulete, prikaze Gorgone, simbole oka, bulle i odre\u0111ene formule. Slikovni jezik tih apotropejskih simbola razjasnila je Larissa Bonfante u svom djelu Etruscan Mirrors, objavljivanom od 1980. godine nadalje.<\/p><p>Odbijaju\u0107i simboli bili su u etru\u0161\u010danskoj kulturi vrlo ra\u0161ireni, me\u0111u njima oko Tinije, falusni amuleti i Gorgoneia. Ukra\u0161avali su <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena po\u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramove<\/span> i grobove, kao i ku\u0107na sveti\u0161ta i osobne predmete. U rimskom, kao i u \u0161irem mediteranskom pu\u010dkom vjerovanju, ta se praksa nastavila.<\/p><p>U etru\u0161\u010danskom kontekstu za\u0161titno djelovanje bilo je tijesno povezano s Disciplina Etrusca. Prije svakog va\u017enog poduhvata, bilo da se radilo o osnivanju grada, ratnom pohodu ili gradnji ku\u0107e, putem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tuma\u010denje znakova radi otkrivanja skrivenog ili budu\u0107eg.\" tabindex=\"0\">proricanja<\/span> tra\u017eila se bo\u017eja volja, \u0161to je posebno vrijedilo i za politi\u010dka odlu\u010divanja saveza oko Voltumne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele u drugim kulturama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna se mo\u017ee usporediti s drugim savezni\u010dkim bogovima: Zeusom Helanijem (panhelenskim Zeusom), Diespiterom Latiarisom (latinskim Jupiterom) ili Jahvom u njegovoj funkciji izraelskog bo\u017eanstva saveza. Povezanost politi\u010dke konfederacije i religijskog <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obreda \u0161tovanja neke bo\u017eanske ili svete pojave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulta<\/span> ra\u0161irena je pojava u anti\u010dkoj religijskoj povijesti.<\/p><p>Posebno je povijesno pou\u010dna paralela s kasnijim Jupiterom Latiarisom Latinskog saveza. Oba savezni\u010dka kulta okupljala su se svake godine na sredi\u0161njem mjestu, oba su imala politi\u010dke funkcije, oba su nad\u017eivjela politi\u010dke promjene.<\/p><p>Kroz interpretatio Romana etrurska su bo\u017eanstva dobila rimska imena: Tinia je postao Jupiter, Uni Junona, Menrva Minerva, a Voltumna je nastavio \u017eivjeti u rimskom Vertumnu. Takva izjedna\u010davanja obi\u010dno nisu bila potpuna, ve\u0107 su nagla\u0161avala samo pojedine aspekte. Istra\u017eivanja posljednjih pedesetak godina razja\u0161njavaju koje su etrurske posebnosti pri tome sa\u010duvane.<\/p><p>Etrurska religija pokazuje brojne dodirne to\u010dke s anatolskim, feni\u010dkim i predorijentalnim predajama. Feni\u010dku razmjenu posebno svjedo\u010de Pyrgijeve plo\u010dice. Ta mediteranska umre\u017eenost ve\u0107 desetlje\u0107ima predstavlja va\u017eno istra\u017eiva\u010dko podru\u010dje.<\/p><p>U religijsko-usporednoj perspektivi etrurski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obreda \u0161tovanja neke bo\u017eanske ili svete pojave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> pripada \u0161irokoj mediteranskoj religijskoj obitelji te je povezan s Gr\u010dkom, Fenicijom, Egiptom, Anatolijom i Latijem. Ta uklopljenost predstavlja zna\u010dajno istra\u017eiva\u010dko podru\u010dje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Suvremena istra\u017eivanja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Istra\u017eivanje Voltumne od 2000-ih godina do\u017eivljava sna\u017ean zamah zahvaljuju\u0107i iskopavanjima na Campo della Fiera (Simonetta Stopponi, Sveu\u010dili\u0161te u Perugi). Godi\u0161nji izvje\u0161taji o iskopavanjima i brojne monografije dokumentiraju nalaze.<\/p><p>I interdisciplinarne studije o etrurskoj dr\u017eavnosti (Mauro Cristofani, Adriano Maggiani) sustavno uklju\u010duju Voltumnu. Njegov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obreda \u0161tovanja neke bo\u017eanske ili svete pojave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> klju\u010dan je za razumijevanje etrurskog federalizma.<\/p><p>Etrurskom religijom danas se bavi me\u0111unarodno povezana znanstvena zajednica. Me\u0111u va\u017enim sredi\u0161tima su sveu\u010dili\u0161ta u Firenci, Rimu (Sapienza), Pisi, T\u00fcbingenu i Princetonu. Svake godine nekoliko me\u0111unarodnih skupova posve\u0107eno je pojedinim aspektima te teme.<\/p><p>Me\u0111unarodni projekti o etrurskoj religiji danas se oslanjaju na digitalne metode: trodimenzionalno skeniranje hramova i grobnica, baze podataka za natpise i slikovne izvore te GIS-analize strukture naseljenosti. Takve metode donose nove spoznaje, primjerice pri lokalizaciji kultnih mjesta kao \u0161to je Fanum Voltumnae.<\/p><p>\u0160iru javnost s dana\u0161njim etrurskim istra\u017eivanjima upoznaju izlo\u017ebe, me\u0111u ostalim u Vatikanskom muzeju, u Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia i u Bostonskom muzeju umjetnosti, te brojne publikacije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izvori i stanje istra\u017eivanja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najva\u017eniji izvori za istra\u017eivanje Voltumne su arheolo\u0161ki nalazi s Campo della Fiera, etrurski natpisi, spomeni kod Livija, rimski izvori o Vertumnu te epigrafski nalazi iz etrurskih gradova.<\/p><p>Dublje uklapanje u <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149648\">etrursku religijsku povijest<\/a> u cjelini pokazuje kako se Voltumnu treba razumjeti u odnosu prema Tiniji, Uni, Menrvi i drugim Atuima &#8211; s tom posebno\u0161\u0107u da je on prije svega politi\u010dki i religijski definiran.<\/p><p>Izvori o etrurskoj religiji nisu jedinstveni: epigrafska svjedo\u010danstva, prikupljena u Helmuta Rixa Editio Minor, arheolo\u0161ki nalazi, slikovni izvori i sekundarna literatura. Ta raznolikost zahtijeva interdisciplinaran pristup, a novija istra\u017eivanja sustavno povezuju filologiju, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost koja pro\u0161le kulture istra\u017euje na temelju materijalnih nalaza.\" tabindex=\"0\">arheologiju<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost koja religije istra\u017euje uspore\u0111uju\u0107i ih, bez vjerskog opredjeljenja.\" tabindex=\"0\">religiologiju<\/span> i antropologiju.<\/p><p>Ispravna kritika izvora pretpostavlja poznavanje i etrurskih izvornih svjedo\u010danstava i gr\u010dko-rimske sekundarne predaje. Ba\u0161 kod Voltumne, \u010diji je rimski pandan Vertumnus ostavio bogatije tragove nego pojedini etrurski izvor, ovaj dvostruki pogled je nezaobilazan.<\/p><p>Onaj koji Voltumnu \u017eeli religijsko-povijesno temeljito uklopiti, mora poznavati epigrafske, arheolo\u0161ke i knji\u017eevne izvore, kao i postupke moderne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost koja religije istra\u017euje uspore\u0111uju\u0107i ih, bez vjerskog opredjeljenja.\" tabindex=\"0\">religiologije<\/span>. Takvo slojevito razmatranje u znanosti se smatra standardom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26cedd68 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26cedd68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a98cf47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a98cf47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fanum Voltumnae: savezni\u010dko sveti\u0161te etrurskih gradova<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a6b7f9c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2a6b7f9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e7a2c06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e7a2c06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna, koga rimski autori nazivaju i <em>Vertumnus<\/em>, tijesno je povezan s odre\u0111enim kultnim mjestom, <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em>. Rimski povjesni\u010dar Tit Livije nekoliko puta navodi da su se predstavnici etru\u0161\u010danskih gradova okupljali na tom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161tu<\/span> radi vije\u0107anja o zajedni\u010dkim pitanjima, odlu\u010divanja o ratu i miru te odr\u017eavanja religijskih sve\u010danosti i igara.<\/p><p><em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em> bio je time istovremeno religijsko sredi\u0161te i politi\u010dko mjesto okupljanja etru\u0161\u010danskog gradskog saveza.<\/p><p>To\u010dan polo\u017eaj sveti\u0161ta dugo je bio nepoznat i predmet raznih hipoteza. Od ranih 2000-ih godina istra\u017eivanja se usmjeravaju na podru\u010dje Campo della Fiera kod Orvieta, anti\u010dke <em>Velzne<\/em> ili Volsinija.<\/p><p>Tamo su iskopavanja pod vodstvom Simonette Stopponi otkrila prostran sveti\u0161ni kompleks s temeljima hramova, \u017ertvenicima, zavjetnim darovima i dugom povijesti kori\u0161tenja. Identifikacija s <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em> mnogim je istra\u017eiva\u010dima vjerojatna, ali, kao i kod mnogih etru\u0161\u010danskih nalaza, nije potvr\u0111ena jednozna\u010dnim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tekst urezan ili uklesan u \u010dvrstu podlogu.\" tabindex=\"0\">natpisom<\/span>.<\/p><p>Nalazi u Campo della Fieri pokazuju da je mjesto ostalo u uporabi i nakon etru\u0161\u010danskog razdoblja, u rimsko i jo\u0161 i u kasnoanti\u010dko doba.<\/p><p>To se sla\u017ee s opa\u017eanjem da je Voltumnin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Skup svih religijskih \u010dina \u0161tovanja posve\u0107enih nekom bo\u017eanstvu ili svetom bi\u0107u.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> nastavio postojati i nakon rimskog osvajanja Volsinija te da se bo\u017eanstvo u rimskom obliku, kao <em>Vertumnus<\/em>, i dalje \u0161tovalo. Savezno sveti\u0161te pokazuje da etru\u0161\u010danska religija nije bila samo stvar pojedina\u010dnih gradova, nego je imala i nadregionalnu, identitetsku funkciju.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d8ceefe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2d8ceefe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22e8ff58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22e8ff58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna, Vertumnus i pitanje o naravi boga<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp246f5f53 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp246f5f53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26b57471 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26b57471\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O naravi Voltumne u znanosti ne postoji suglasnost, a to je povezano s osobito\u0161\u0107u izvora.<\/p><p>Rimski u\u010denjak Varon naziva Voltumnu najvi\u0161im bogom Etrurije, <em>deus Etruriae princeps<\/em>. Drugi izvori upu\u0107uju na boga vegetacije ili preobrazbe, \u0161to posebno potkrepljuje rimski lik <em>Vertumna<\/em>, povezan sa smjenom godi\u0161njih doba i sazrijevanjem plodova.<\/p><p>Pjesnik Propercije u poznatoj elegiji daje rije\u010d samom <em>Vertumnu<\/em>, koji hvali svoju sposobnost preobrazbe.<\/p><p>Problem je u tome \u0161to ti navodi potje\u010du iz rimske perspektive i formulirani su stolje\u0107ima nakon procvata etru\u0161\u010danskog kulta. Je li Voltumna izvorno bio bog vegetacije, politi\u010dki savezni bog ili sveobuhvatno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e koje se u nekoj religiji \u0161tuje kao bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span> s vi\u0161e aspekata, ne mo\u017ee se utvrditi na temelju rijetkih etru\u0161\u010danskih vlastitih svjedo\u010danstava.<\/p><p>Sam naziv neki istra\u017eiva\u010di povezuju s korijenom koji zna\u010di okretati se ili mijenjati se, \u0161to bi odgovaralo temi preobrazbe, no ni ta etimologija nije potvr\u0111ena.<\/p><p>Voltumna je time primjer temeljne pote\u0161ko\u0107e etruskologije: neko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e koje se u nekoj religiji \u0161tuje kao bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span> mo\u017ee biti dobro posvjedo\u010deno kod <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Razdoblje gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. po. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">anti\u010dkih<\/span> autora, a ipak ostati nejasno u svojoj izvornoj naravi, jer su svjedo\u010danstva kasna, tu\u0111a i vo\u0111ena vlastitim interesima.<\/p><p>Ozbiljni prikazi stoga uglavnom navode vi\u0161e tuma\u010denja jedno uz drugo, umjesto da se opredijele za jedno. Sigurna je jedino istaknuta uloga tog boga kao referentne to\u010dke etru\u0161\u010danskog gradskog saveza.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (izbor)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Simonetta Stopponi: <em>Il Santuario di Voltumna al Campo della Fiera<\/em> (vi\u0161e svezaka)<\/li><li>Mauro Cristofani: <em>Gli Etruschi<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942)<\/li><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> (2006)<\/li><li>Adriano Maggiani: prilozi o etru\u0161\u010danskoj religiji<\/li><li>Livije: <em>Ab Urbe Condita<\/em> (4.23, 5.17)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-voltumna e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-voltumna\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-voltumna-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-voltumna-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna, poznat i kao Veltha ili Vertumnus, bio je <strong>bo\u017eanski<\/strong> za\u0161titnik dvanaest gradova etru\u0161\u010danskog saveza. Njegovo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161te<\/span>, <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em> u blizini Volsinija, prema Liviju je slu\u017eilo kao godi\u0161nje mjesto okupljanja predstavnika saveza, gdje su se zajedni\u010dki raspravljala religijska, politi\u010dka i pravna pitanja.<\/p><p>Kao bo\u017eanska referentna to\u010dka lige, Voltumna je time manje bio dio ku\u0107nog <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Skup svih religijskih \u010dina \u0161tovanja posve\u0107enih nekom bo\u017eanstvu ili svetom bi\u0107u.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulta<\/span>, a vi\u0161e dr\u017eavne reprezentacije, osiguravaju\u0107i ritualnu poveznicu izme\u0111u ina\u010de samostalnih gradskih dr\u017eava.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-voltumna e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-voltumna\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-voltumna-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-voltumna-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etru\u0161\u010danski <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predaja koja pripovijeda o bogovima, podrijetlu i ustroju svijeta.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span><\/em> Voltumnu navodi kao najvi\u0161eg saveznog boga dvanaest gradova; u njegovu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161tu<\/span>, Fanum Voltumnae kod Volsinija, predstavnici etru\u0161\u010danske lige okupljali su se svake godine na vije\u0107anje i sve\u010dani kult.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Srodni klju\u010dni pojmovi: Voltumna Etru\u0161\u010dani Fanum Voltumnae Liga Dodekapolis Volsinij Vertumnus Campo della Fiera.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-voltumna\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicije za\u0161tite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard nastavlja kulturnopovijesnu tradiciju nosivih za\u0161titnih predmeta, u tradiciji <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149648\">Etru\u0161\u010dana<\/a> i mnogih drugih kultura svijeta. 41 razina, pravo zlato, platina, srebro, izra\u0111eno u Njema\u010dkoj. Pravo povrata u roku od 30 dana.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Vi\u0161e o iWell Guardu<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Vi\u0161e o iWell Guardu<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobna iskustva mogu se razlikovati. Nije medicinski proizvod. Nema obe\u0107anja izlje\u010denja.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nije medicinski proizvod<\/strong> i ne zamjenjuje lije\u010dni\u010dko ili psihoterapeutsko lije\u010denje. Religijsko-znanstveni sadr\u017eaji predstavljaju kulturno-povijesnu interpretaciju, a ne preporuku duhovne prakse.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2824,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Voltumna etrurska liga","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Voltumna \u2013 etrurski bog saveza, mit","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Voltumna je bog saveza etrurskog gradskog saveza, \u0161tovan na Fanum Voltumnae. Religiolo\u0161ko tuma\u010denje s mitom i izvorima.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"etruskisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-149688","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Voltumna \u2013 etrurski bog saveza, mit<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Voltumna je bog saveza etrurskog gradskog saveza, \u0161tovan na Fanum Voltumnae. 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