{"id":149668,"date":"2026-09-04T05:12:29","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:12:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=149668"},"modified":"2026-09-04T05:29:13","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:29:13","slug":"tunkasila-djed-nebo-lakota","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/tunkasila-djed-nebo-lakota\/","title":{"rendered":"Tunkasila \u2013 Djed Nebo Lakota naroda"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"149668\" class=\"elementor elementor-149668 elementor-2587 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tunkasila, Djed, nebesko bi\u0107e i oslovljavanje Svetoga u lakotskoj tradiciji<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tunkasila (lakotski <em>Thunkasila<\/em>, Djed) je po\u010dasno oslovljavanje Svetoga u lakotskoj tradiciji. Koristi se jednako za <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149665\">Wakan Tanku<\/a>, za \u010cetiri praoca Neba i za personificiranu referentnu osobu u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jezi\u010dno obra\u0107anje \u010dovjeka bo\u017eanstvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">molitvi<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Stvoritelj tradicije Native American.\">Stvoritelj<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149646\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija tradicije Native American.\">Native American<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Oslovljavanje djedom.\">Oslovljavanje djedom<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na ovoj stranici nisu prona\\u0111eni naslovi.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSadr\u017eaj\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151582\" alt=\"Tunka\u0161ila, Djed Nebo \u2013 bogovi iz tradicije ameri\u010dkih starosjedilaca, povijesno-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mjesto u religiji Lakota<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tunkasila u lakotskom religijskom sustavu nije samostalno bi\u0107e, nego teolo\u0161ki va\u017ean oblik oslovljavanja. Rije\u010d <em>tunkasila<\/em> jednostavno zna\u010di <em>djed<\/em> i u svakodnevnom govoru koristi se za biolo\u0161kog djeda, ali i za starije mu\u0161ke srodnike. U religijskom govoru to se oslovljavanje pro\u0161iruje na Sveto, \u010dime se uspostavlja odre\u0111en srodni\u010dki odnos prema Svetom.<\/p><p>Religijskoznanstveno gledano, koncept Tunkasile sredi\u0161nji je element lakotske <em>srodni\u010dke <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno u\u010denje o Bogu i vjerovanju neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span><\/em>. Lakotske molitve ne oblikuju Sveto kao daleko, udaljeno vrhovno bi\u0107e, nego kao blisku obiteljsku osobu s kojom se stoji u srodni\u010dkom odnosu.<\/p><p>Ovaj element su Joseph Epes Brown, Vine Deloria Jr. i lakotska teologinja Doris Leader Charge vi\u0161e puta istaknuli kao klju\u010dnu razliku u odnosu na zapadnu monoteisti\u010dku tradiciju.<\/p><p>Lakotska molitvena praksa sadr\u017ei dva sredi\u0161nja srodni\u010dka oslovljavanja: <em>Tunkasila<\/em> (Djed) za mu\u0161ka, a posebno za vi\u0161a nebeska bi\u0107a, i <em>Unci<\/em> (Baka) za \u017eenska, a posebno za zemaljska bi\u0107a (vidi i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149671\">Spider Grandmother<\/a>). Ovo dvostruko oslovljavanje odra\u017eava rodno bipolarnu strukturu lakotskog Svetoga i samostalan je teolo\u0161ki element.<\/p><p>Tunkasila tradicija stoji u komplementarnom odnosu prema \u017eenskoj <em>Unci<\/em> tradiciji. Oslovljavanje bakom vrijedi posebno za zemaljska bi\u0107a, za tradiciju bake-pauka zapadnih Lakota i za vi\u0161u \u017eensku numinoznost op\u0107enito.<\/p><p>Ova rodno bipolarna dvostruka <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno u\u010denje o Bogu i vjerovanju neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologija<\/span> klju\u010dno je strukturno obilje\u017eje lakotske religije koje je razlikuje od rodno monotipskih glavnih bo\u017eanstava abrahamskih religija. Joseph Epes Brown i Severt Young Bear opisali su tu rodnu bipolarnost kao ravnopravnu komplementarnost, a ne kao hijerarhijski ure\u0111enu rodnu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno u\u010denje o Bogu i vjerovanju neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiju<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ime i etimologija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lakotski pojam <em>thunkasila<\/em> sastoji se od <em>thunka<\/em> (pleme) i <em>sila<\/em> (oznaka za mu\u0161kog srodnika po precima). Doslovno to zna\u010di <em>mu\u0161ki plemenski srodnik<\/em> ili <em>mu\u0161ki predak<\/em>. Primjenom na Sveto uspostavlja se predod\u017eba transgeneracijske obiteljske veze: Sveto je vi\u0161i srodnik, a ne daleka instanca.<\/p><p>Lakotska srodni\u010dka terminologija iznimno je slo\u017eena. Za razliku od modernog ameri\u010dkog engleskog, koji za biolo\u0161kog djeda ima samo jedan pojam, lakotski jezik razlikuje razli\u010dite pojmove za razli\u010dite kategorije djedova (npr. <em>tunkasila<\/em> za djeda po ocu i <em>kakaala<\/em> za djeda po majci).<\/p><p>Primjena op\u0107enitijeg oblika <em>tunkasila<\/em> na Sveto poop\u0107uje odnos djeda i pretvara ga u nadbiolo\u0161ku referentnu figuru.<\/p><p>Va\u017eno teolo\u0161ko opa\u017eanje jest da se <em>tunkasila<\/em> \u010desto koristi u mno\u017einskom obliku <em>tunkasilas<\/em> ili <em>tunkasilapi<\/em>, \u0161to ozna\u010dava <em>djedove<\/em>. U tom mno\u017einskom obliku oslovljavanje se posebno odnosi na <em>\u010cetiri djeda<\/em>, \u010cetiri strane svijeta, koje kao personificirana wakan-bi\u0107a predstavljaju kozmi\u010dko ustrojstvo svijeta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u010cetiri djeda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U specifi\u010dnijoj teolo\u0161koj primjeni izraz <em>Tunkasila<\/em>, odnosno mno\u017eina <em>Tunkasilas<\/em>, odnosi se na <em>\u010cetiri djeda strana svijeta<\/em>. To su: <em>Wiyohpeyata<\/em> (zapad, g\u0440\u043e\u043c), <em>Waziyata<\/em> (sjever, bizon, snaga), <em>Wiyohinyanpata<\/em> (istok, bijeli labud, razum) i <em>Itokagata<\/em> (jug, \u017edral, rast \u017eivota).<\/p><p>Svakom od ovih \u010cetvorice pripisuje se boja (crna, crvena, \u017euta, bijela), odre\u0111ena wakan-\u017eivotinja te specifi\u010dna funkcija u kozmi\u010dkom poretku.<\/p><p>\u010cetiri djeda izri\u010dito se prizivaju na po\u010detku svakog lakotskog <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ure\u0111eni slijed simboli\u010dnih radnji s religijskim ili kulturnim zna\u010denjem.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituala<\/span>.<\/p><p>To se \u010dini predstavljanjem svete lule <em>chanunpa<\/em> u sve \u010detiri strane svijeta, bacanjem malih mrvica duhana u sva \u010detiri smjera ili verbalnim prizivanjem standardnom formulom <em>Mitakuye Oyasin<\/em> (Svim mojim ro\u0111acima), koja u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ure\u0111eni slijed simboli\u010dnih radnji s religijskim ili kulturnim zna\u010denjem.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> uklju\u010duje sve ro\u0111ake, vidljive i nevidljive.<\/p><p>Ova struktura \u010detiriju strana svijeta predstavlja temeljni organizacijski okvir cjelokupne lakotske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno nauk o Bogu i vjeri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span>. Ona odre\u0111uje <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jezi\u010dno obra\u0107anje \u010dovjeka bo\u017eanstvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">molitvu<\/span>, ritualnu topografiju kolibe za znojenje (sweat lodge, koja je usmjerena prema \u010detiri strane svijeta), vremensku strukturu velikih rituala (\u010detiri dana Ples sunca, \u010detiri no\u0107i potrage za vizijom) te simboli\u010dku strukturu iscjeliteljske prakse.<\/p><p>Joseph Epes Brown u djelu <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> detaljno je opisao sredi\u0161nje zna\u010denje strukture \u010detiriju strana svijeta.<\/p><p>Simbolika boja \u010cetiri djeda razlikuje se ovisno o tradiciji pojedinog rezervata. U naj\u010de\u0161\u0107oj varijanti, kakva je sa\u010duvana u tekstovima Black Elka, zapad je crn, sjever crven, istok \u017eut, jug bijel. U drugim lakotskim tradicijama zapad je crven, sjever bijel, istok \u017eut, jug crn.<\/p><p>Ove regionalne varijante ponovljeno su zapa\u017eene u etnolo\u0161kim istra\u017eivanjima i odra\u017eavaju genealo\u0161ku raznolikost lakotske tradicije. James Walker u tekstovima Swordu dokumentirao je vlastitu strukturu koja se u mnogim detaljima razlikuje i koju treba smatrati alternativnom glavnom linijom lakotske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno nauk o Bogu i vjeri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funkcija u molitvi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Funkcija oslovljavanja Tunkasila u lakotskoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jezi\u010dno obra\u0107anje \u010dovjeka bo\u017eanstvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">molitvi<\/span> duboko je razra\u0111ena. Standardna lakotska molitvena formula po\u010dinje rije\u010dima <em>Tunkasila Wakan Tanka, unsi unkila<\/em> (Djede Sveti Veliki, smiluj nam se), \u010dime se sveto oslovljava izravnim rodbinskim obra\u0107anjem.<\/p><p>Ovakvo oslovljavanje uspostavlja emocionalnu bliskost sa svetim, koja u zapadnoj tradiciji vi\u0161e odgovara obra\u0107anju Ocu u kr\u0161\u0107anskoj molitvi (<em>O\u010de na\u0161<\/em>).<\/p><p>Od modela roditelj-otac oslovljavanje djedom razlikuje se dodatnim elementom: generacijskom udaljeno\u0161\u0107u. Djed je jednu generaciju udaljeniji od neposrednog odgajatelja (a to bi bio otac); on je dostojanstven, mudar, pou\u010dava, ali se ne mije\u0161a izravno. Ta generacijska udaljenost omogu\u0107uje po\u0161tovanu bliskost bez autoritarne izravnosti, \u0161to obilje\u017eava osobit ton lakotske molitve.<\/p><p>Va\u017ean element lakotske molitve jest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mole\u0107ivo ili zazivaju\u0107e obra\u0107anje bo\u017eanstvu ili sili.\" tabindex=\"0\">zaziv<\/span> najva\u017enijih wakan-bi\u0107a s njihovim posebnim nadimcima Tunkasila: <em>Wakinyan Tunkasila<\/em> (Djed Grom, vidi <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149674\">Thunderbird<\/a>), <em>Tatanka Tunkasila<\/em> (Djed Bizon), <em>Inyan Tunkasila<\/em> (Djed Kamen). Ta brojna oslovljavanja Tunkasila pokazuju da se naziv djed mo\u017ee fleksibilno primijeniti na sva vi\u0161a wakan-bi\u0107a.<\/p><p>Formula <em>Mitakuye Oyasin<\/em>, kojom se zaklju\u010duje svaki lakotski molitveni \u010din, sredi\u0161nja je teolo\u0161ka izjava. Doslovno zna\u010di <em>Svi moji ro\u0111aci<\/em> i u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jezi\u010dno obra\u0107anje \u010dovjeka bo\u017eanstvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">molitvu<\/span> uklju\u010duje, uz ljudske ro\u0111ake, i wakan-ro\u0111ake, \u017eivotinjske ro\u0111ake, biljne ro\u0111ake te kamene ro\u0111ake.<\/p><p>To radikalno pro\u0161irenje pojma srodstva na cjelokupni kozmi\u010dki inventar izvorno je lakotska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno u\u010denje o Bogu i vjeri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolo\u0161ka<\/span> tvorevina i ubraja se me\u0111u istaknuta obilje\u017eja lakotske religije u usporedbi s monoteisti\u010dkim tradicijama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Primjena u obredima<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zaziv Tunkasili prisutan je tijekom cijelog ritualnog procesa u lakotskoj tradiciji. U obredu <em>Inipi<\/em> (koliba znojenja) prizivan je vi\u0161e puta na po\u010detku svake od \u010detiri faze izdr\u017eljivosti. U obredu <em>Hanblechiyapi<\/em> (potraga za vizijom) predstavlja stalno ponavljani molitveni element usamljene stra\u017ee. U obredu <em>Wiwanyag Wachipi<\/em> (Ples sunca) prizivan je svakog od \u010detiri dana s razli\u010ditim naglaskom.<\/p><p>Jedna va\u017ena ritualna primjena je <em>Cetan Wakan<\/em>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jezi\u010dno obra\u0107anje \u010dovjeka bo\u017eanstvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">molitva<\/span>, molitva Svetoj ptici, u kojoj se sveta ptica (\u010desto orao) priziva kao glasnik izme\u0111u \u010dovjeka i Tunkasile.<\/p><p>Vjeruje se da orao nosi ljudsku <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jezi\u010dno obra\u0107anje \u010dovjeka bo\u017eanstvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">molitvu<\/span> Djedu na nebu i donosi odgovor natrag. Ta predod\u017eba o ptici glasniku zajedni\u010dka je brojnim indigenim ameri\u010dkim religijama i \u010dini va\u017ean element posredni\u010dke <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno u\u010denje o Bogu i vjeri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span> izme\u0111u \u010dovjeka i svetoga.<\/p><p>U suvremenim indigenim pokretima, osobito na panindijanskim okupljanjima (poput pokreta American Indian Movement od 1970-ih godina), zaziv Tunkasile postao je jedan od najpoznatijih oblika molitve sjevernoameri\u010dkih indijanskih religija. \u0160iroko se koristi na javnim ceremonijama Sun Dance, na okupljanjima AIM-ovih aktivista i u suvremenoj indijanskoj duhovnosti.<\/p><p>Tradicija orlovskog pera u sklopu <em>Cetan Wakan<\/em> detaljno je propisana. Samo odre\u0111ene vrste orlova, stepski orao (<em>wanblee<\/em>), a ne obi\u010dna mi\u0161arica, daju svete perje. To se perje mijenja isklju\u010divo u ritualnom obliku; ne smije se kupovati ni prodavati. Mora se predati <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pripadaju\u0107i utvr\u0111enom vjerskom slijedu radnji.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualno<\/span> ili ste\u0107i putem vizije.<\/p><p>Savezni zakon <em>Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act<\/em> (1940, vi\u0161e puta noveliran) dopu\u0161ta posjedovanje orlovskih pera u ritualne svrhe isklju\u010divo priznatim pripadnicima indigenih plemena; sva ubijanja orlova strogo su regulirana. Taj pravni okvir za\u0161tite jedinstven je primjer dr\u017eavnog priznanja indigene religioznosti u ameri\u010dkom pravu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0161titna praksa i apotropejsko djelovanje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Za\u0161titna praksa vezana uz Tunkasilu op\u0107a je praksa lakotske molitvene tradicije. Tko dospije u nevolju, bolest, opasnost ili susretne zle duhove, priziva Djeda, \u010desto standardnom formulom <em>Tunkasila, unsi unkila<\/em>. To se \u010dini pu\u0161enjem svete lule, ka\u0111enjem bizonjom kadulom ili slatkom travom, ili jednostavnim usmenim prizivanjem.<\/p><p>Posebna za\u0161titna praksa je obred imenovanja (<em>Naming Ceremony<\/em>), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ure\u0111eni slijed simboli\u010dnih radnji s vjerskim ili kulturnim zna\u010denjem.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> u kojem dijete ili odrasla osoba dobiva sveto lakotsko ime. To se ime utvr\u0111uje u viziji ili posredovanjem iskusnog iscjelitelja, a dodjeljuje se uz opse\u017ean <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mole\u0107iv ili zazivaju\u0107i obra\u0107anje bo\u017eanstvu ili sili.\" tabindex=\"0\">prizivni<\/span> obred \u010detiriju Tunkasila i Tunkasile-Wakan Tanke.<\/p><p>Sveto ime prati dijete ili odraslu osobu \u010ditav \u017eivot i smatra se najva\u017enijom za\u0161titom od zlih duhova i nesre\u0107a.<\/p><p>Druga va\u017ena za\u0161titna praksa jest no\u0161enje malih orlovskih pera (<em>wanblee wapaha<\/em>) kao ukrasa od orlovskog perja, koje smiju nositi samo osobe zaslu\u017eno inicirane za to.<\/p><p>Orlovsko pero simbolizira vezu s Djedom na nebu i smatra se djelotvornom apotropejskom za\u0161titom. U tradicionalnoj lakotskoj praksi dodjela orlovskog pera bila je povezana sa slo\u017eenom ritualnom sve\u010dano\u0161\u0107u, koja se u nekim rezervatskim zajednicama prakticira i danas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele u drugim kulturama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Obra\u0107anje svetom bi\u0107u kao rodbinskom srodniku ra\u0161ireni je religijsko-povijesni fenomen. Strukturno usporedivi su kr\u0161\u0107ansko obra\u0107anje <em>Otac na\u0161<\/em> (iako s ocem, a ne djedom), \u017eidovsko obra\u0107anje <em>Avinu Malkenu<\/em> (Otac na\u0161, Kralju na\u0161) i islamsko obra\u0107anje <em>Rabbana<\/em> (Gospodaru na\u0161).<\/p><p>Va\u017ena je pak kulturnopovijesna posebnost lakotske tradicije: obra\u0107anje vrijedi djedu, a ne ocu; ono po\u0161tuje generacijsku udaljenost koju zapadno obra\u0107anje ocu ne poznaje. Ovu razliku Vine Deloria Jr. vi\u0161e je puta istaknuo kao sredi\u0161nji element lakotske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu i o vjerovanjima neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span>, koja se protivi prenaglom izjedna\u010davanju s kr\u0161\u0107anskim Bogom Ocem.<\/p><p>Unutar ameri\u010dkih indijanskih tradicija obra\u0107anje djedu vrlo je ra\u0161ireno. Kod plemena algonkinskog jezi\u010dnog kruga to se zove <em>Gitchi Manitou<\/em> (Veliki <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bezotjelesno bi\u0107e kojemu se pripisuje djelovanje u svijetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duh<\/span>), s sli\u010dnom konotacijom generacijske udaljenosti.<\/p><p>Kod Cherokeeja, Choctawa, Cheyenneja i Crowa postoje vlastita obra\u0107anja djedu koja su strukturno usporediva. Panindijansko \u0161irenje obra\u0107anja <em>Tunkasila<\/em> u modernom panindijanskom pokretu ipak je uop\u0107ilo specifi\u010dno lakotsko zna\u010denje i djelomi\u010dno ga u\u010dinilo manje o\u0161trim.<\/p><p>Unutar \u0161ire tradicije indijanskih plemena Ravnica posebno je sli\u010dno obra\u0107anje djedu kod Cheyenneja. Cheyenneji se vrhovnom bogu <em>Maheu<\/em> obra\u0107aju kao <em>Starcu<\/em>, a ponekad i kao <em>Djedu<\/em>. Kod Crowa se odgovaraju\u0107e obra\u0107anje zove <em>Akbatatdia<\/em>, Sveti prenositelj predaje, koje tako\u0111e nosi konotaciju djeda.<\/p><p>Strukturna podudarnost ovih teologija djeda kod plemena Ravnica upu\u0107uje na kulturnopovijesnu povezanost koja se vjerojatno razvila u okviru bliskih me\u0111uplemenskih odnosa u regiji Ravnica u 17. i 18. stolje\u0107u.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Suvremena recepcija i istra\u017eivanja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Obra\u0107anje Tunkasili neprekinuto je \u017eivo u dana\u0161njoj lakotskoj praksi i redovito se koristi u zajednicama u rezervatima te u sve ve\u0107oj urbanoj lakotskoj dijaspori. To je jedan od rijetkih elemenata lakotske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno u\u010denje o Bogu i o vjeri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span> koji se izravno prevodi u anglo-ameri\u010dkom jezi\u010dnom prostoru, kao <em>Grandfather<\/em>, \u010dime postaje dostupan i govornicima koji ne govore lakotski jezik.<\/p><p>U akademskim istra\u017eivanjima Vine Deloria Jr., Joseph Epes Brown, \u00c5ke Hultkrantz, Raymond DeMallie i lakotska teologinja Doris Leader Charge sustavno su opisali tradiciju Tunkasile. Sredi\u0161nja teolo\u0161ka poruka, srodni\u010dki odnos sa svetim, priznata je kao va\u017ean doprinos autohtone ameri\u010dke <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno u\u010denje o Bogu i o vjeri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span> globalnoj povijesti religija.<\/p><p>S religijsko-znanstvenog gledi\u0161ta obra\u0107anje Tunkasili va\u017ean je primjer samosvojnosti autohtone ameri\u010dke religioznosti nasuprot unaprijed oblikovanim europskim religijskim kategorijama.<\/p><p>Za razliku od pojednostavljenog koncepta <em>Great Spirit<\/em> iz popularne literature o Indijancima, koji predstavlja pojednostavljeno kristijanizirano \u010ditanje lakotske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno u\u010denje o Bogu i o vjeri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span>, obra\u0107anje Tunkasili prenosi specifi\u010dno lakotsku srodni\u010dku <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno u\u010denje o Bogu i o vjeri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiju<\/span>, koja u komparativnoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost koja istra\u017euje religije uspore\u0111uju\u0107i ih, bez vjerskog opredjeljenja.\" tabindex=\"0\">religijskoj znanosti<\/span> zaslu\u017euje posebnu pozornost. Osvrt iWell Guarda na lakotsku tradiciju opisuje ove nalaze religijsko-povijesno, bez obe\u0107anja u\u010dinka ili duhovnih preporuka.<\/p><p>Jedan va\u017ean smjer novijih istra\u017eivanja bavi se pitanjem lakotske jezi\u010dne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno u\u010denje o Bogu i o vjeri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span>. Obra\u0107anje Tunkasili ugra\u0111eno je u opse\u017ean lakotski jezik, \u010dije gramati\u010dke strukture (sustav glagola, terminologija srodstva, koncepcije wakan) nose religijske sadr\u017eaje.<\/p><p>Ako se lakotski jezik izgubi, a on je zbog gubitka jezika kod mla\u0111ih generacija pod znatnom prijetnjom, gubi se i izvorna teolo\u0161ka dubina tradicije Tunkasile. Programi o\u017eivljavanja lakotskog jezika u \u0161kolama u rezervatima od 1990-ih godina stoga su i religijsko-teolo\u0161ka briga.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura i izvori<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sljede\u0107i popis navodi klju\u010dna djela lakotske religije i komparativne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost koja istra\u017euje religije uspore\u0111uju\u0107i ih, bez vjerske pripadnosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">religiologije<\/span> o tunkasila tradiciji.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp289d6f52 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp289d6f52\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d341ae1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d341ae1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila kao obra\u0107anje u lakotskoj molitvi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp293703eb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp293703eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp225c40b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp225c40b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Naziv <em>T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila<\/em>, doslovno Djed, u razumijevanju Lakota manje je vlastito ime jasno ograni\u010denog <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e koje se u nekoj religiji po\u0161tuje kao bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstva<\/span>, a vi\u0161e po\u010dasno obra\u0107anje koje se koristi u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jezi\u010dno obra\u0107anje \u010dovjeka bo\u017eanstvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">molitvi<\/span>.<\/p><p>Mo\u017ee se odnositi na <em>Wak\u021f\u00e1\u014b T\u021f\u00e1\u014bka<\/em>, veliku svetu tajnu, ali i na pojedine svete mo\u0107i i na duhove predaka. Ta pokretljivost pojma presudna je za pravilno razumijevanje i temeljno razlikuje lakotsku religiju od <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost bogova jedne religije ili kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonskih<\/span> sustava s jasno odre\u0111enim pojedina\u010dnim bogovima.<\/p><p>U sa\u010duvanim molitvama, primjerice u tekstovima povezanima sa svetim \u010dovjekom Black Elkom, obra\u0107anje T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila pojavljuje se ponavljano, \u010desto u vezi s okretanjem prema \u010detiri strane svijeta, prema gore ka nebu i prema dolje ka zemlji.<\/p><p>Onaj koji se moli obra\u0107a se Djedu u svakom smjeru i time se postavlja u sredi\u0161te ure\u0111enoga svetog svijeta.<\/p><p>Njema\u010dki prijevod kao Djed Nebo suzuje ovaj nalaz jer sugerira fiksno nebesko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e koje se u nekoj religiji po\u0161tuje kao bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span>. U lakotskoj tradiciji razlikovanje izme\u0111u Djeda Neba i Bake Zemlje, <em>U\u014b\u010d\u00ed Mak\u021f\u00e1<\/em>, dodu\u0161e je uobi\u010dajeno, ali oboje pripadaju odnosnom sklopu u kojem se sveto ne raspada na pojedina\u010dne figure, ve\u0107 se zami\u0161lja kao srodstveno povezana cjelina. Znanstveno je zato va\u017eno T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila prije svega \u010ditati kao molitveno obra\u0107anje i izraz kozmologije srodstva, a ne kao izoliranog nebeskog boga po europskom uzoru.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27df1f4e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp27df1f4e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22486db9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22486db9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izvori: od Jamesa Walkera do kritike ranih prikuplja\u010da<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b8dc244 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2b8dc244\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26823363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26823363\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pisano sa\u010duvano znanje o religijskim predstavama Lakota, u koje spada i govor o Djedu, potje\u010de u velikoj mjeri od malog broja sakuplja\u010da s kraja 19. i po\u010detka 20. stolje\u0107a.<\/p><p>Najva\u017eniji je James R. Walker, lije\u010dnik koji je od 1896. radio u rezervatu Pine Ridge i godinama sura\u0111ivao sa svetim ljudima kao \u0161to su George Sword, Thomas Tyon i Little Wound.<\/p><p>Njegove zapise tek su kasno, od 1980-ih godina, kriti\u010dki priredili Raymond DeMallie i Elaine Jahner te objavili pod naslovima kao <em>Lakota Belief and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ure\u0111en slijed simboli\u010dkih radnji s religijskim ili kulturnim zna\u010denjem.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span><\/em>.<\/p><p>Walkerova gra\u0111a je bogata, ali ne bez problema. Izjave svojih izvornika djelomi\u010dno je uredio u sustavnu nauku koja je hijerarhiju svetih sila oblikovala izra\u017eenije nego \u0161to je to mo\u017eda odgovaralo stvarno \u017eivljenoj religiji.<\/p><p>Kasnija istra\u017eivanja upozorila su da je Walker pri tome unosio vlastite predstave o poretku i da mu pojedini izvornici mo\u017eda nisu prenijeli sve ili nisu prenijeli sve neizmijenjeno.<\/p><p>Drugi klju\u010dni izvor je gra\u0111a koja potje\u010de od Black Elka, prenesena preko Johna Neihardta u djelu <em>Black Elk Speaks<\/em> (1932) i preko Josepha Epesa Browna u djelu <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> (1953). I ovdje treba uzeti u obzir posredni\u010dku ulogu autora koji nisu doma\u0107i. Znanstveno je stoga stanje sljede\u0107e: izjave o T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ili filtrirane su kroz uzak izvorni temelj obilje\u017een posredovanjem i sustavizacijom. Novija istra\u017eivanja, primjerice DeMallieova, sna\u017enije izvla\u010de unutarnju perspektivu Lakota i pozivaju na oprez prema zatvorenim sustavima ranih sakuplja\u010da.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (izbor)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Joseph Epes Brown: <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> (1953)<\/li><li>Vine Deloria Jr.: <em>God Is Red<\/em> (1973)<\/li><li>Raymond DeMallie: <em>The Sixth Grandfather<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>James Walker: <em>Lakota Belief and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ure\u0111en slijed simboli\u010dkih radnji s religijskim ili kulturnim zna\u010denjem.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span><\/em> (1980)<\/li><li>Aase Hultkrantz: <em>Belief and Worship in Native North America<\/em> (1981)<\/li><li>Doris Leader Charge: <em>Lakota Way of Strength and Courage<\/em> (1995)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Povezani klju\u010dni pojmovi: Tunkasila Thunkasila Djed Lakota \u010cetiri strane svijeta Mitakuye Oyasin.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tunkasila-grossvater-himmel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicije za\u0161tite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard nastavlja kulturnopovijesnu tradiciju nosivih za\u0161titnih predmeta, u tradiciji <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149646\">Native American<\/a> i mnogih drugih kultura \u0161irom svijeta. 41 razina, pravo zlato, platina, srebro, izra\u0111eno u Njema\u010dkoj. 30-dnevno pravo povrata.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Vi\u0161e o iWell Guardu<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Vi\u0161e o iWell Guardu<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobna iskustva mogu se razlikovati. Nije medicinski proizvod. Nema obe\u0107anja izlje\u010denja.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nije medicinski proizvod<\/strong> i ne zamjenjuje lije\u010dni\u010dko ili psihoterapeutsko lije\u010denje. Religijsko-znanstveni sadr\u017eaji predstavljaju kulturno-povijesnu interpretaciju, a ne preporuku duhovne prakse.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2706,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tunkasila Djed Lakota","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tunkasila Djed Lakota","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tunkasila, Djed Nebo Lakota naroda, oslovljavanje Svetoga i odnos prema Svetom. 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