{"id":149661,"date":"2026-09-04T05:12:26","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:12:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=149661"},"modified":"2026-09-04T05:29:02","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:29:02","slug":"supay-zli-duhovi-podzemlje-anda","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/supay-zli-duhovi-podzemlje-anda\/","title":{"rendered":"Supay \u2013 Zli duhovi i gospodar podzemlja Anda"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"149661\" class=\"elementor elementor-149661 elementor-2580 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Supay, zli duhovi, gospodar podzemlja i rudarski demon andske visoravni<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay (ke\u010dua <em>supay<\/em>, ajmara <em>supaya<\/em>) u andskoj tradiciji ozna\u010dava i skupinu \u0161tetnih duhova i posebnu podzemnu gestalt. U bolivijskoj rudarskoj regiji preobrazio se u <em>Tia<\/em>, demona jamskih rovova srebrnih rudnika Potosija i Oruroa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zli duh tradicije Anda \/ Inka.\">Zli duh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149645\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija tradicije Anda \/ Inka.\">Anda \/ Inke<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Demon podzemlja.\">Demon podzemlja<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na ovoj stranici nisu prona\\u0111eni naslovi.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSadr\u017eaj\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151603\" alt=\"Supay - duhovi iz andsko-inkanske tradicije, povijesno-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Polo\u017eaj u andskom panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay je gestalt andske religije koju je te\u0161ko kategorizirati. Za razliku od dr\u017eavno-imperijalnih visokih bo\u017eanstava <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149655\">Intija<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149657\">Viracoche<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149658\">Mame Killa<\/a>, Supay nije ni personificirani stvoritelj ni jasno definirano pojedina\u010dno bo\u017eanstvo. U najranijim ke\u010duanskim izvorima ozna\u010dava skupinu \u0161tetnih, netjelesnih bi\u0107a, duhova mrtvih, demona bolesti, no\u0107nih uznemiritelja, a paralelno s tim i personificiranu vladarsku gestalt podzemlja.<\/p><p>\u0160panjolski misionari od 16. stolje\u0107a koriste izraz <em>supay<\/em> kao ke\u010duanski ekvivalent za kr\u0161\u0107anskog vraga (<em>diablo<\/em>).<\/p><p>Ta identifikacija znatno je iskrivila izvorno zna\u010denje: dok je kr\u0161\u0107anski vrag zami\u0161ljen kao \u010disto zla mo\u0107, supay je u prehispanskoj andskoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu i vjeri jedne religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiji<\/span> bio moralno ambivalentna figura, opasna, ali u odre\u0111enim okolnostima i korisna, u svakom slu\u010daju ne \u010disto zla.<\/p><p>Peruanski antropolog Manuel Marzal u djelu <em>El mundo religioso de Urcos<\/em> (1971) sustavno je opisao to iskrivljenje supay\/diablo.<\/p><p>U religijsko-znanstvenoj klasifikaciji Supay pripada \u0161iroj kategoriji <em>htonskih numinoznosti<\/em>, bi\u0107a dubine, unutra\u0161njosti zemlje, \u0161pilja i rudarskih okna.<\/p><p>Strukturno usporedivi su gr\u010dki Had, germanska Hel, mezoameri\u010dki Mictlantecuhtli, a u odre\u0111enom smislu i vodujski Baron Samedi. U svim tim slu\u010dajevima rije\u010d je o bi\u0107ima povezanima sa svijetom mrtvih i podzemnim kraljevstvom.<\/p><p>Zanimljivo je rano \u0161panjolsko zapa\u017eanje da ke\u010dua-govorni Inke nisu poznavali jedinstven koncept apsolutno zloga. Polo de Ondegardo je 1559. zabilje\u017eio da su Inke poznavali mnoga \u0161tetna bi\u0107a, ali ne jedinstvenu gestalt zla kakva je kr\u0161\u0107anski Sotona.<\/p><p>To je zapa\u017eanje misionare u po\u010detku navelo da ga smatraju manjkavo\u0161\u0107u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu i vjeri jedne religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span>, koju su ispravili identifikacijom supay\/diablo, postupak koji religijsko-povijesna istra\u017eivanja i danas zaokuplja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ime i etimologija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ke\u010duanski pojam <em>supay<\/em> potvr\u0111en je ve\u0107 u najranijim kolonijalnim rje\u010dnicima. Diego Gonzalez Holguin 1608. navodi zna\u010denje <em>demonio o sombra<\/em>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duhovno bi\u0107e kojemu se pripisuje \u0161tetno ili dvojako djelovanje.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> ili sjena. Ta dvostrukost zna\u010denja je zanimljiva: <em>sombra<\/em> ne zna\u010di samo opti\u010dku sjenu, nego vrstu netvarnog bi\u0107a koje se mo\u017ee vezati na \u017eivoga. Mno\u017eina <em>supaykuna<\/em> ozna\u010dava mno\u0161tvo takvih sjenovitih bi\u0107a.<\/p><p>U ajmarskom jezi\u010dnom podru\u010dju ekvivalent glasi <em>supaya<\/em> ili <em>saxra<\/em>. Ovaj drugi izraz danas je uobi\u010dajeniji u bolivijskim ajmarskim selima i ozna\u010dava zle duhove koji obitavaju u odre\u0111enim prirodnim pojavama (vrtlozima, pukotinama u stijenama, \u0161piljama).<\/p><p>U modernim ke\u010dua-govornim selima <em>supay<\/em> je pro\u0161ao diferenciranu pojmovnu povijest.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen u djelu <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002) razlikuje tri semanti\u010dka polja: prvo, <em>supay<\/em> kao pejorativan naziv za kr\u0161\u0107anske demone (u smislu misionarske identifikacije), drugo, <em>supay<\/em> kao generi\u010dki naziv za sjenovitog zlog duha, i tre\u0107e, <em>supay<\/em> kao po\u0161tovan nadimak odre\u0111enih gospodara planina (Apu) ili mumija predaka (mallqui), koji upozorava na strahopo\u0161tovanje i opreznost.<\/p><p>Etimolo\u0161ka blizina rije\u010di <em>supay<\/em> ke\u010duanskom glagolu <em>supay-<\/em> (biti odnesen vjetrom, biti otpuhan) navela je neke lingviste na pretpostavku da je izvorno zna\u010denje <em>vjetrom odnesen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Netjelesno bi\u0107e kojemu se pripisuje djelovanje u svijetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duh<\/span><\/em>, bi\u0107e koje vjetar nakon smrti vra\u0107a u svijet \u017eivih.<\/p><p>Ta jezi\u010dno-povijesna hipoteza nije kona\u010dno potvr\u0111ena, ali se dobro uklapa u etnografski uo\u010denu predod\u017ebu o supayu kao <em>vjetrenom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Netjelesno bi\u0107e kojemu se pripisuje djelovanje u svijetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duhu<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis i ikonografija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U ranim kronikama Supay se opisuje kao bezobli\u010dno bi\u0107e, nevidljivo i prolazno, koje \u017eivima prijeti u snu, bolesti ili no\u0107u. Ta ikonografska praznina karakteristi\u010dna je za staru andsku predstavu o \u0161tetnim duhovima; oni se nisu prikazivali u \u010dvrstom obliku, ve\u0107 su ih se bojali kao nevidljive prisutnosti.<\/p><p>Sa \u0161panjolskom misijom i izjedna\u010davanjem s kr\u0161\u0107anskim vragom ikonografija se radikalno promijenila. U kolonijalnom slikarstvu \u0161kola Cusquena i Potosi Supay se sve vi\u0161e prikazuje u europsko-vra\u017ejem obliku: s rogovima, dugim repom, jare\u0107im nogama, ponekad okru\u017een sumpornim dimom.<\/p><p>Poznata slika <em>Triumph des Heiligen Michael<\/em> (Cusquena \u0161kola, 17. stolje\u0107e) prikazuje nekoliko takvih Supaya pod nogama arkan\u0111ela.<\/p><p>U bolivijskoj rudarskoj regiji od 17. stolje\u0107a razvila se posebna ikonografija Tia: od glinene ilova\u010de modelirane mu\u0161ke figure sa zlatnim o\u010dima, glavom s rogovima, cigaretom duhana u ustima i istaknutim ukru\u0107enim falusom, izrazom plodnosti zemlje koja ra\u0111a srebro.<\/p><p>Te Tio-figure i danas stoje u gotovo svakom rudarskom oknu u regiji Potosi-Oruro. June Nash ih je detaljno dokumentirala u knjizi <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitolo\u0161ke pri\u010de<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mitolo\u0161ka <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Preno\u0161enje znanja i pri\u010da kroz generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">predaja<\/span> o Supayu fragmentirana je. U rukopisu Huarochiri (oko 1608.) pojavljuje se vi\u0161e supay-bi\u0107a kao protivnika juna\u010dkih likova; obi\u010dno ih se pobje\u0111uje lukavstvom ili odbija ritualnim postupcima.<\/p><p>Cristobal de Albornoz u svom djelu <em>Instruccion para descubrir todas las guacas<\/em> (oko 1581.) opisuje razli\u010dite klase supaya, me\u0111u njima <em>aya supay<\/em> (duhove mrtvih), <em>chuqui supay<\/em> (koplje-duhove, odnosno ratni\u010dke demone) i <em>llocsi supay<\/em> (izlaze\u0107e, odnosno lutaju\u0107e duhove strave).<\/p><p>Uobi\u010dajen motiv u pripovijestima quechua-govornih sela odnosi se na <em>condenado<\/em> (prokletnika): mrtvu du\u0161u koja zbog incesta, ubojstva ili drugih te\u0161kih zlo\u010dina ne nalazi pristup zagrobnom svijetu i luta kao Supay.<\/p><p>Ti condenadi no\u0107u lutaju posebno u visokogorju, putnicima se prikazuju kao tu\u017eni, ali sablasni suputnik i poku\u0161avaju odvu\u0107i \u017eive u smrt. Catherine Allen zabilje\u017eila je vi\u0161e takvih pripovijesti o condenadu za selo Sonqo.<\/p><p>U rudarskoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost predanih pri\u010da o bogovima jedne kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologiji<\/span> bolivijskih Anda Supay\/Tio javlja se kao gospodar naslaga srebra. Sredi\u0161nja pri\u010da opisuje kako je prvi rudar nai\u0161ao na statuu Tia i upitao je za savjet: Tio je obe\u0107ao bogato srebro, ali je zauzvrat tra\u017eio koku, \u017eestoko pi\u0107e i povremeno i ljudski \u017eivot.<\/p><p>Ta je pri\u010da dodu\u0161e legendarna, ali vrlo precizno odra\u017eava stvarno povi\u0161en rizik nesre\u0107a u oknima, koji se ritualno obra\u0111uje kroz <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost obreda \u0161tovanja bo\u017eanstva ili svetog lika.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> Tia.<\/p><p>Jo\u0161 jedna va\u017ena skupina pri\u010da odnosi se na bi\u0107a <em>pishtaco<\/em>, posebnu vrstu srodstva s Supayem, koja je u novijim andskim selima privukla posebnu pa\u017enju. Pishtaci su bjeloko\u017ea bi\u0107a koja si\u0161u mast i navodno ugra\u0111uju mast svojih <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu kao izraz zahvale, molbe ili po\u0161tovanja.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017ertava<\/span> u industrijske strojeve.<\/p><p>Ta se pri\u010da bilje\u017ei od kasnog 16. stolje\u0107a i ponovno se aktivira u svakom razdoblju ekonomskih preokreta. Mary Weismantel je u djelu <em>Cholas and Pishtacos<\/em> (2001) pokazala kako ta pri\u010da religijski obra\u0111uje strukturne napetosti izme\u0111u autohtonog stanovni\u0161tva i neautohtonih mo\u0107i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult i rudarski ritual<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kult Supaya (Supay) iz vremena Inka postojao je samo u negativnom obliku: Supayi nisu bili bo\u017eanstva kojima se iskazivala po\u010dast, ve\u0107 duhovi \u010diju je \u0161tetu trebalo odvratiti ritualnim mjerama.<\/p><p>Najva\u017eniji primjer je godi\u0161nji \u010distila\u010dki festival <em>Citua<\/em> u Cuscu (rujan), tijekom kojeg su ratnici s bakljama prolazili gradom, tjeraju\u0107i sve bolesti, sva poznata supay-bi\u0107a i sve nevolje iz grada te ih simboli\u010dki odnosili u sve \u010detiri strane svijeta.<\/p><p>Od 17. stolje\u0107a u bolivijskim rudarskim regijama razvio se samostalan kult Tia, koji nadilazi puko odbijanje zla i prerasta u aktivno njegovanje odnosa s demonom rudnika.<\/p><p>Rudari svakog utorka i petka prinose \u017ertve Tiju: stavljaju mu li\u0161\u0107e koke u krilo, ulijevaju mu rakiju u usta, stavljaju upaljene cigarete u usta i mole ga da oslobodi srebro i sa\u010duva sigurnost rudnika.<\/p><p>Vrhunac je godi\u0161nji <em>Carnaval Minero<\/em> (Karneval rudara) u Oruru, koji je od 2001. godine uvr\u0161ten na UNESCO-ov popis svjetske ba\u0161tine.<\/p><p>Sredi\u0161nje mjesto zauzima ples <em>Diablada<\/em>, koji prikazuje Tijev poraz od nadan\u0111ela Mihaela, koreografski spoj pret\u0161panjolske Supay-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno u\u010denje o Bogu i vjeri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span> s katoli\u010dkom doktrinom o demonima. Poznate srebrne maske vraga s karnevala u Oruru istovremeno su umjetni\u010dko-povijesni i religijsko-povijesni fenomen.<\/p><p>Rudarska regija Potos\u00ed bila je od otkri\u0107a nalazi\u0161ta srebra 1545. godine gospodarsko sredi\u0161te \u0161panjolskog kolonijalnog gospodarstva. Grad Potos\u00ed u 17. stolje\u0107u je s vi\u0161e od 160 000 stanovnika postao jedan od najve\u0107ih gradova svijeta.<\/p><p>Ogroman broj mrtvih me\u0111u domoroda\u010dkim mita-radnicima, tisu\u0107e rudara godi\u0161nje umiralo je od trovanja \u017eivom, nesre\u0107a i iscrpljenosti, obilje\u017eio je teologiju Tia i dao joj krvavu pozadinu koja je i danas prisutna u pripovijestima karnevala u Oruru u Boliviji.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0161titna praksa i apotropejski elementi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Za\u0161titna praksa protiv supaya \u010dini jedno od najbogatijih poglavlja andske pu\u010dke religije. Catherine Allen, Joseph Bastien i Olivia Harris u svojim etnografskim djelima sustavno su opisale odgovaraju\u0107u praksu u selima.<\/p><p>Sredi\u0161nja za\u0161titna sredstva uklju\u010duju: no\u0161enje crvene vunene niti na zape\u0161\u0107u (posebno kod male djece), postavljanje malog krsnog sklopa iznad ulaznih vrata ku\u0107e, okuriravanje ku\u0107e listovima eukaliptusa i mune (divlje planinske metvice) te no\u0161enje komadi\u0107a \u010de\u0161njaka ili rute oko vrata. Ove su prakse u pojedinostima sinkreti\u010dki oblikovane i pod utjecajem europskih narodnomedicinskih tradicija.<\/p><p>Poseban oblik za\u0161titne prakse odnosi se na <em>almas en pena<\/em> (du\u0161e u patnji) i <em>condenados<\/em>: ako se na Dan mrtvih (1.\/2. studenoga) ne pripremi ritualni obrok za pokojne, postoji opasnost da se preminuli preci vrate kao supayi.<\/p><p>Razvijena praksa blagdana <em>Todos Santos<\/em>, s posebno pe\u010denim figuricama od kruha (<em>t&#8217;antawawas<\/em>), kukuruzom choclo, kukuruznim slatki\u0161ima i listovima koke, istovremeno je i \u0161tovanje mrtvih i za\u0161tita od odmazde lo\u0161e tretiranih duhova.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele u drugim kulturama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Konstelacija supay\/Tio privukla je veliku pa\u017enju u znanstvenoj literaturi jer predstavlja izvrstan primjer fenomena <em>religijske inverzije<\/em>: figura koja je izvorno zastra\u0161uju\u0107a u rudarskoj praksi postaje odnos koji se aktivno njeguje, jer ekonomska situacija opstanka name\u0107e instrumentalno pribli\u017eavanje zlu.<\/p><p>Strukturno paralelne pojave nalaze se u mezoameri\u010dkoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno prou\u010davanje Boga i vjerovanja neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiji<\/span> Tlazolteotl i Mictlantecuhtlija, u zapadnoazijskoj tradiciji Lilit (koja mo\u017ee biti i zlo\u0107udni duh i za\u0161titni\u010dki duh) te u afri\u010dkoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno prou\u010davanje Boga i vjerovanja neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiji<\/span> Eshua. June Nash je bolivijskog Tia u djelu <em>We Eat the Mines<\/em> (1979) izri\u010dito opisala kao primjer <em>working-class theology<\/em>, koja se mo\u017ee \u010ditati istovremeno marksisti\u010dki i religijsko-etnolo\u0161ki.<\/p><p>Za andski prostor specifi\u010dno je povezivanje kompleksa Supay\/Tio s kompleksom <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149656\">Pachamame<\/a>. U bolivijskim rudnicima Tio i Pachamama se shva\u0107aju kao komplementaran par: Tio unutar rudni\u010dkog okna, Pachamama izvan njega, na ulazu. Ova komplementarnost odgovara op\u0107em andskom na\u010delu <em>yanantin<\/em>, principu dvostrukih parova.<\/p><p>Va\u017enu paralelu \u010dini \u017eidovska tradicija <em>Lilit<\/em>, koja tako\u0111er predstavlja lik dvostrukog lica, izme\u0111u zlo\u0107udnog duha i, u odre\u0111enim okolnostima, pristupa\u010dne posrednice.<\/p><p>Srodan je i japanski koncept <em>oni<\/em>, jer se i bi\u0107a oni prikazuju moralno ne jednozna\u010dno zla, ve\u0107 ambivalentna. Ove strukturne paralele ipak ne bi trebale navesti na tipolo\u0161ko izjedna\u010davanje: povijesno-kulturna specifi\u010dnost svake pojedine tradicije ostaje klju\u010dna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Suvremena recepcija i istra\u017eivanja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost obreda i \u0161tovanja usmjerenih prema nekom bo\u017eanstvu ili svetoj figuri.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kult<\/span> Tia u bolivijskim rudnicima danas je jedan od najbolje istra\u017eenih religijsko-prakti\u010dnih kompleksa u svijetu. Radovi June Nash (1979), Tristana Platta (1983), Pascale Absi (2005) te francuskog rudarskog etnologa Tristana Platta detaljno su opisali kontinuitete i promjene tog kulta od doba \u0161panjolske kolonijalne vlasti.<\/p><p>Zanimljiva je povijest identifikacije Supaya s kr\u0161\u0107anskim vragom: isprva pomalo sjenovit, moralno ambivalentan kompleks duhova, \u0161panjolska misionarska strategija pretvorila je u istaknutog anti-boga, koji je u rudarskoj praksi paradoksalno ponovno postao primatelj u recipro\u010dnom odnosu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu kao izraz zahvale, molbe ili \u0161tovanja.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017ertve<\/span>.<\/p><p>Ovaj ironi\u010dan obrat klasi\u010dan je primjer <em>religious creativity<\/em> autohtonih kultura u kolonijalnim uvjetima.<\/p><p>Sa znanstvenog gledi\u0161ta Supay\/Tio ostaje va\u017eno upozorenje protiv jednostavnog izjedna\u010davanja autohtonih zlo\u0107udnih duhova s kr\u0161\u0107anskim vragom. Kategorija <em>diablo<\/em>, koja je kolonijalnog podrijetla, prikriva izvornu andsku moralnu ambivalentnost supay-kompleksa i time ga \u010dini neprikladnim za znanstvenu analizu. Kontekst iWell Guarda ovaj nalaz opisuje povijesno, bez obe\u0107anja djelovanja.<\/p><p>Suvremena istra\u017eivanja povezuju kompleks Supaya i s pitanjem autohtonih shva\u0107anja pravde. Gdje tradicionalni dr\u017eavni pravosudni sustav ne funkcionira, predod\u017eba supay-condenado u selima slu\u017ei kao mehanizam moralne ravnote\u017ee: onaj koji je na sebe navukao krivnju, u smrti se vra\u0107a kao lutaju\u0107i supay i sam izvr\u0161ava svoju kaznu.<\/p><p>Ovu eti\u010dku dimenziju <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno prou\u010davanje Boga i vjerovanja neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span> Supaya Allen, Bastien i Salomon u svojim djelima opisali su kao <em>moral ecology<\/em> que\u010duansko-aymarske religioznosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura i izvori<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sljede\u0107i popis navodi klju\u010dna djela o tradiciji supaya\/Tia u sredi\u0161njim Andama, posebno o bolivijskoj rudarskoj etnografiji.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp290cce30 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp290cce30\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp268756bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp268756bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Supay izme\u0111u predkolonijalne predod\u017ebe i kr\u0161\u0107anske preinake<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e5496e8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e5496e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2761718f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2761718f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pojam <em>supay<\/em> spada u rije\u010di \u010dije se zna\u010denje temeljno promijenilo pod utjecajem \u0161panjolske kolonizacije.<\/p><p>U ranim rje\u010dnicima ke\u010duanskog jezika, primjerice u <em>Lexicon<\/em> Dominga de Santo Tom\u00e1sa (1560) i u rje\u010dniku Diega Gonz\u00e1leza Holgu\u00edna (1608), <em>supay<\/em> se javlja kao naziv za <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Netjelesno bi\u0107e kojemu se pripisuje djelovanje u svijetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duha<\/span> ili sjenovito bi\u0107e povezano s carstvom mrtvih i podzemljem.<\/p><p>Za predkolonijalno razdoblje se jednozna\u010dno negativna moralna procjena ne mo\u017ee sa sigurno\u0161\u0107u rekonstruirati.<\/p><p>Kr\u0161\u0107anski misionari su, me\u0111utim, dosljedno prevodili <em>supay<\/em> kao vrag ili <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duhovno bi\u0107e kojemu se pripisuje \u0161tetno ili dvosmisleno djelovanje.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span>. Tako je od dvosmislenog bi\u0107a andskog svijeta postala figura kr\u0161\u0107anskog zla. Ta se poistovje\u0107enost javlja ve\u0107 u katekizmima koje je Tre\u0107i koncil u Limi objavljivao od 1583. na ke\u010duanskom i ajmarskom jeziku.<\/p><p>Istra\u017eivanja, me\u0111u ostalim radovi Sabine MacCormack i Geralda Taylora, pokazala su da su kolonijalni tekstovi time stvorili kategoriju koja prije toga nije postojala.<\/p><p>Slika postaje slo\u017eenija time \u0161to je andsko stanovni\u0161tvo tu preinaku dijelom prihva\u0107alo, a dijelom joj se opiralo. Podzemno je podru\u010dje u predod\u017ebama ostalo povezano s bogatstvom i rudnicima, pa je <em>supay<\/em> istovremeno postao i gospodar rudnika.<\/p><p>U tom nizu stoji i lik <em>t\u00edja<\/em>, gospodara podzemlja, kojemu rudari u Potos\u00edju i drugim rudarskim sredi\u0161tima do danas prinose darove.<\/p><p>On nije jednostavno kr\u0161\u0107anski vrag, nego bi\u0107e s kojim se treba susresti jer ono raspola\u017ee blagom planine. Srodna dvosmislenost o\u010dituje se i u odnosu prema <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149656\">Pachamami<\/a>, kojoj se tako\u0111er prinose darovi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2745eaad e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2745eaad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c1826c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c1826c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Diablada i ples vragova<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d0b1363 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2d0b1363\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f6bbec7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2f6bbec7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kontekst u kojem je predod\u017eba o Supayu i danas \u017eiva jest <em>Diablada<\/em>, ples vragova, koji je najvi\u0161e povezan s karnevalom u Oruru u Boliviji.<\/p><p>Na tom je slavlju, \u010diji je dana\u0161nji oblik zabilje\u017een u 18. stolje\u0107u, skupine plesa\u010da u razra\u0111enim maskama vragova mogu\u0107e vidjeti kako prolaze gradom. Nositelji maski prikazuju vojsku bi\u0107a <em>supay<\/em>, koju na kraju simboli\u010dno pobje\u0111uje lik arkan\u0111ela Mihaela.<\/p><p>Znanstveno tuma\u010denje u <em>Diabladi<\/em> vidi spoj dvaju slojeva. Vanjski oblik slijedi kr\u0161\u0107anski obrazac o pobjedi dobra nad zlom, kakav su prenosile \u0161panjolske misionarske predstave.<\/p><p>Istovremeno se o\u010duvala i podzemna poveznica: Oruro je bio rudarski grad, a sredi\u0161nje hodo\u010dasni\u010dko mjesto, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Malo sveto mjesto \u010duvanja ili molitve.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161te<\/span> Virgen del Socav\u00f3n, Djevice okna, nalazi se na ulazu u rudarski prolaz. Ples se prinosi Djevici, ali odvija se na mjestu koje pripada gospodaru rudnika.<\/p><p>Istra\u017eiva\u010di kao Thomas Abercrombie ukazali su da sami sudionici tu dvosmislenost tuma\u010de razli\u010dito. Za neke je ples pokora, za druge obveza prema planini. UNESCO je 2001. karneval u Oruru uvrstio na popis nematerijalne kulturne ba\u0161tine, \u0161to je dovelo do sna\u017enijeg ujedna\u010davanja i komercijalizacije.<\/p><p>Istra\u017eivanja bilje\u017ee da turisti\u010dko vrednovanje dijelom prekriva obredno zna\u010denje, ali ga ne potiskuje potpuno. <em>Diablada<\/em> je tako dobro dokumentiran primjer kako kolonijalno preina\u010dena figura nastavlja \u017eivjeti u javnom slavlju i pri tome preuzima nova zna\u010denja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24212341 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp24212341\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2406cb69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2406cb69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Znanstvena rasprava o dualnosti gornjeg i donjeg svijeta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20d2c88b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp20d2c88b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20a30241 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp20a30241\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sporno je pitanje andske znanosti odnos <em>supaya<\/em> prema pretpostavljenom predkolonijalnom modelu svijeta.<\/p><p>Neki prikazi andsku kozmologiju dijele u tri podru\u010dja: gornji svijet, srednji svijet \u017eivih i donji svijet, povezan s unutra\u0161njo\u0161\u0107u zemlje i mrtvima. U tom se pogledu <em>supay<\/em> shva\u0107a kao stanovnik ili gospodar donjeg svijeta.<\/p><p>Istra\u017eiva\u010di se ne sla\u017eu koliko je taj troslojni model bio stvarno stara i ra\u0161irena predod\u017eba. Kriti\u010dari kao Bruce Mannheim upozorili su da su izvori iz kojih se model rekonstruira gotovo svi kolonijalnog podrijetla te bi ve\u0107 mogli sadr\u017eavati kr\u0161\u0107anske predod\u017ebe o nebu, zemlji i paklu.<\/p><p>Postoji opasnost da se kr\u0161\u0107anski obrazac projicira unatrag u predkolonijalno razdoblje i potom prikazuje kao izvorno doma\u0107e vlasni\u0161tvo.<\/p><p>Drugi istra\u017eiva\u010di, primjerice u okviru radova o rukopisima iz Huarochir\u00edja, zbirci lokalnih predaja zapisanoj na ke\u010duanskom oko 1600. godine, vide odre\u0111ene naznake predkolonijalnog zna\u010denja podzemnog podru\u010dja, iako ono nije odgovaralo kr\u0161\u0107anskom pojmu pakla. <em>Supay<\/em> bi prema tome izvorno bio neutralno ili dvosmisleno bi\u0107e carstva mrtvih.<\/p><p>Rasprava nije zaklju\u010dena, jer ovisi o temeljnoj pote\u0161ko\u0107i rekonstrukcije predkolonijalne andske religije iz uglavnom kolonijalnih tekstova. Za ozbiljan prikaz iz toga slijedi suzdr\u017eanost: sigurnim se mo\u017ee smatrati promjena zna\u010denja u kolonijalnom razdoblju, a ne to\u010dan predkolonijalni nalaz.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (izbor)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>June Nash: <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979)<\/li><li>Tristan Platt: <em>Estado boliviano y ayllu andino<\/em> (1982)<\/li><li>Pascale Absi: <em>Les ministres du diable<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Catherine Allen: <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002)<\/li><li>Manuel Marzal: <em>El mundo religioso de Urcos<\/em> (1971)<\/li><li>Cristobal de Albornoz: <em>Instruccion para descubrir todas las guacas<\/em> (ca. 1581)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-supay e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-supay\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-supay-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-supay-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay se u <em>andskoj<\/em> povijesti religije smatra <em>gospodarom podzemlja<\/em> i istovremeno <em>demonom rudnika<\/em>, kojemu su rudari u kolonijalnim srebrnim rudnicima Potos\u00edja prinosili <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu radi izra\u017eavanja zahvale, molbe ili po\u0161tovanja.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017ertve<\/span> da sprije\u010de ru\u0161enja rudni\u010dkih prolaza i bolesti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Srodni klju\u010dni pojmovi: Supay Saxra Tio Condenado Citua Diablada Oruro Potosi Aya Supay Tantawawa.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-supay\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard i tradicije za\u0161tite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard nastavlja kulturno-povijesnu tradiciju prenosivih za\u0161titnih predmeta, u tradiciji <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149645\">Anda \/ Inka<\/a> i brojnih drugih kultura \u0161irom svijeta. 41 razina, pravo zlato, platina, srebro, izra\u0111eno u Njema\u010dkoj. Pravo povrata u roku od 30 dana.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Vi\u0161e o iWell Guardu<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Vi\u0161e o iWell Guardu<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobna iskustva mogu se razlikovati. Nije medicinski proizvod. Nema obe\u0107anja izlje\u010denja.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nije medicinski proizvod<\/strong> i ne zamjenjuje lije\u010dni\u010dko ili psihoterapeutsko lije\u010denje. Religijsko-znanstveni sadr\u017eaji predstavljaju kulturno-povijesnu interpretaciju, a ne preporuku duhovne prakse.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2675,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Supay zli duh Anda","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Supay \u2013 andski gospodar podzemlja i zli duh","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Supay u andskoj tradiciji ozna\u010dava zle duhove i gospodara podzemlja. 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