{"id":149545,"date":"2026-09-04T05:11:28","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:11:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=149545"},"modified":"2026-09-04T05:26:14","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:26:14","slug":"shamash","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/shamash\/","title":{"rendered":"Shamash"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"149545\" class=\"elementor elementor-149545 elementor-2081 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash, bo\u017eanstvo mezopotamske tradicije<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash je bo\u017eanstvo mezopotamske tradicije.<\/p><p><strong>Bog Sunca, \u010duvar pravde, svjetlost nad svim stvarima.<\/strong> Shamash (sumerski Utu) jedan je od najdublje po\u0161tovanih bogova Mezopotamije, ne kao divlja vatra, ve\u0107 kao sjajna, postojana sila poretka. Svakodnevno prelazi nebo svojim kolima, vidi sve \u0161to ljudi \u010dine u tajnosti i sve iznosi pred sud. Nikakva tajna ne izmi\u010de Shamashu, nikakva nepravda ne prolazi neka\u017enjeno.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog \/ bo\u017eica: Personificirana najvi\u0161a mo\u0107 u panteonu neke kulture, s jasnim nadle\u017enostima poput prirodnih sila, sudbine, rata ili plodnosti. \u0160tuju ih kroz kultove, \u017ertve i hramske institucije.\">Bog<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149318\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kolijevka dokumentirane religije, Sumer, Akad, Babilon, Asirija (od oko 3500. pr. Kr. do 330. pr. Kr.).\">Mezopotamija<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na ovoj stranici nisu prona\\u0111eni naslovi.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSadr\u017eaj\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151800\" alt=\"Shamash - bogovi mezopotamske tradicije, povijesno-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Brzi pregled: Shamash<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Mezopotamsko glavno bo\u017eanstvo, bog Sunca i Bo\u017eanski sudac<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveukupnost bogova neke religije ili kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: Sumer (kao Utu), Akad\/Babilon\/Asur (kao \u0160ama\u0161)<br>Funkcija: Sunce, dnevna svjetlost, pravo, pravda, istina<br>Glavni atributi: krilati sun\u010dev disk, pila (sije\u010de la\u017eno), \u0161tap i prsten<br>Glavna kultna mjesta: Sippar (glavno kultno mjesto, hram E-babbar), Larsa, Ur, Niniva<br>Rodbina: Sin (Mjesec) kao otac, Inana\/I\u0161tar kao sestra<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Povijesni okvir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Utu\/\u0160ama\u0161 potvr\u0111en je jo\u0161 iz ranosumerskog razdoblja (3. tisu\u0107lje\u0107e pr. Kr.), bog sunca bio je glavno bo\u017eanstvo Sippara i Larse. Vrhunac tradicije \u0160ama\u0161a bilo je starobabilonsko razdoblje (Hamurabijeva <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uspravna kamena ili drvena plo\u010da s natpisom ili slikom.\" tabindex=\"0\">stela<\/span> prikazuje \u0160ama\u0161a kao Bo\u017eanskog suca koji Hamurabiju predaje zakonik).<\/p><p>U novobabilonskom i asirskom carstvu ostaje sredi\u0161nji. Propa\u0161\u0107u Babilonskog Carstva (1. st. n. Kr.) gasi se <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Skup svih obreda \u0161tovanja jednog bo\u017eanstva ili svete pojave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Glavna kultna mjesta: <strong>Sippar<\/strong> (danas Tell Abu Habba, sjeverno od Babilona) s hramom sun\u010devog boga <em>E-babbar<\/em> (\u201eBijela ku\u0107a\u201c), <strong>Larsa<\/strong> (ju\u017enije, tako\u0111er hram E-babbar), Babilon, Niniva, Mari. Prilozi u tisu\u0107ama babilonsko-asirskih grobova svjedo\u010de o rasprostranjenosti kulta. U biblijskim tekstovima spominje se kao <em>Shemesh<\/em> (Bet-Shemesh = \u201eKu\u0107a sunca\u201c).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Sredi\u0161nji izvori: <em>Hamurabijeva <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uspravna kamena ili drvena plo\u010da s natpisom ili slikom.\" tabindex=\"0\">stela<\/span><\/em> (oko 1750. pr. Kr., \u0160ama\u0161 predaje zakon), prolog <em>Kodeksa Hamurabi<\/em>, veliki <em>Himan \u0160ama\u0161u<\/em> (starobabilonski), plo\u010da Nabu-apla-iddine (9. st. pr. Kr., naslikani sun\u010dev disk \u0160ama\u0161a), zaklinjateljske plo\u010de. Sekundarna literatura: Schwemer, <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens<\/em>; Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Naziv i pravopisni oblici<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0160ama\u0161 se prikazuje kao dostojanstven mu\u0161karac sa sjajnom dijademom ili sun\u010devom krunom, \u010desto s okruglim suncem iznad glave. Sjedi na prijestolju ili stoji u svojim kolima koje vuku dva usijana konja.<\/p><p>Ponekad nosi plamenu auru ili je okru\u017een zrakama svjetlosti. Osmokraki zvjezdani disk (<em>\u0160ama\u0161-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak koji predstavlja neku predod\u017ebu ili zna\u010denje.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span><\/em>) njegov je prepoznatljivi znak. Mo\u017ee ga pratiti suda\u010dki \u0161tap ili ma\u010d pravde.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0160ama\u0161 je bog sunca i pravde, dvije sile koje su usko povezane. Suci su mu se molili pred sudom kako bi donijeli pravedne presude. Bolesni su ga zazivali za ozdravljenje, jer sunce lije\u010di i pro\u010di\u0161\u0107ava. Bog rijeka (Ea\/Enki) stoji pod \u0160ama\u0161evim nadzorom, jer voda treba sun\u010devu svjetlost da bi bila plodna.<\/p><p>Njegov glavni hram bio je <em>\u00c9-babbar<\/em> (Ku\u0107a sjaja) u Sipparu, poznato sredi\u0161te astronomije i pravne znanosti. Svakodnevno su sve\u0107enici prinosili \u017ertve u zoru i molili se za njegov povratak. \u0160ama\u0161 nije bio samo \u0161tovan, nego i voljen, najpouzdaniji od svih bogova.<\/p><h3>Izgled i simbolika<\/h3><p><em>\u0160ama\u0161<\/em> se prikazuje kao bradati mu\u0161karac unutar sun\u010devog diska ili okru\u017een blistavom svjetlo\u0161\u0107u. \u010cesto nosi kraljevske odore i krunu koja predstavlja sun\u010dev disk. U ruci ponekad dr\u017ei \u017eezlo pravde ili plamenove sunca.<\/p><p>Njegovo je tijelo zlatno i blistavo. Bik ili konj ponekad su njegove svete \u017eivotinje, jer slijede sunce. <em>\u0160ama\u0161<\/em> se \u010desto prikazuje s krilima ili aurama svjetlosti. \u010cetiri zrake sunca njegov su <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak koji predstavlja neku predod\u017ebu ili zna\u010denje.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najva\u017eniji aspekti Shamasha na jedan pogled. Sljede\u0107a polja sa\u017eimaju podrijetlo, funkciju, izgled, \u0161tovanje, simbole i paralele.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kulturni kontekst<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash je sin boga Mjeseca <em>Sina<\/em> (Nanna) i <em>Ningal<\/em>, brat bo\u017eice ljubavi i rata <em>Inanne\/I\u0161tar<\/em>. Suprug <em>Aye<\/em> (bo\u017eice zore). U teogonijskom poretku spada u drugu generaciju babilonskog panteona. U novobabilonskom carstvu bio je gotovo istog ranga kao Marduk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Predmet djelovanja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bog Sunca i bo\u017eanski sudac. Njegovo oko vidi sve, zbog \u010dega vlada nad zlo\u010dinom i pravdom. Zakletve se pola\u017eu &bdquo;pred Shamashom&ldquo;; sudske presude su <em>dinu \u0161a Shamash<\/em> (Shamashove presude). Zajedno s Adadom (bogom vremena) glavni je glasnik bo\u017eanskih poruka (tekstovi predskazanja). Za\u0161titnik putnika (posebno danju) i vje\u0161tine proricanja. Za\u0161titnik nemo\u0107nih: udovica, siro\u010dadi, robova.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izgled<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antropomorfno prikazan kao bradata mu\u0161ka prilika s visokom dijademom u obliku \u0161e\u0161ira (\u010desto s prikazom sun\u010devog diska), u dugoj, vi\u0161eslojnoj odori. Karakteristi\u010dni atributi: <em>sun\u010deve zrake koje izlaze iz ramena<\/em> (ili sun\u010dev disk na vrhu), <em>pila<\/em> (u ruci, kojom razrezuje ono \u0161to je la\u017eno), <em>\u0161tap i prsten<\/em> (insignije suda).<\/p><p>\u010cesto prikazan sjede\u0107i na prijestolju sa sun\u010devim zrakama. Na Hammurabijevoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uspravna, natpisom ili slikom ukra\u0161ena kamena ili drvena plo\u010da.\" tabindex=\"0\">steli<\/span> okrenut je prema kralju i predaje mu zakonik. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak koji zastupa neku ideju ili zna\u010denje.\" tabindex=\"0\">Simbol<\/span>: krilati sun\u010dev disk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamashevo djelovanje<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Djelokrug:<\/strong> \u0160ama\u0161a su zazivali suci, putnici, proricatelji i svi koji su tra\u017eili pravdu. Prije sudskih rasprava prinosile su mu se \u017ertve. Sredi\u0161nji je u proricanju: gledanje jetre (haruspicium) i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tuma\u010denje znakova radi spoznaje skrivenog ili budu\u0107eg.\" tabindex=\"0\">proricanje<\/span> pomo\u0107u ulja na vodi (lekanomantija) bile su \u0160ama\u0161eve prakse. Osobno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mole\u0107ivo ili zazivaju\u0107e obra\u0107anje bo\u017eanstvu ili sili.\" tabindex=\"0\">zazivanje<\/span>: prije va\u017enih odluka, na putovanjima, kod sudskih tu\u017ebi. Sippar je bio hodo\u010dasni\u010dko odredi\u0161te proricatelja i sudskih molitelja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0161titna sredstva<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sun\u010deve zrake iz ramena, krilati sun\u010dev disk, pila (koja razrezuje ono la\u017eno), \u0161tap i prsten (insignije suda), visoka dijadema u obliku \u0161e\u0161ira, duga odora, bik (sekundarna \u017eivotinja). Biljke: tamarisk. Sveti broj: 20. Sveti smjer: istok (izlazak sunca).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Srodna bi\u0107a<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Utu<\/em> (sumerski, prethodnik), <em>Shemesh<\/em> (hebrejski), <em>Re\/Ra<\/em> (Egipat, glavni sun\u010dev bog), <em>Helios<\/em> (Gr\u010dka), <em>Sol<\/em> (Rim), <em>Sol Invictus<\/em> (kasnorimski), <em>S\u016brya<\/em> (hinduizam), <em>Amaterasu<\/em> (Japan, \u017eenska sun\u010deva bo\u017eica), <em>Mitra<\/em> (perzijski bog sunca i pravde). Funkcionalno: svi bo\u017eanski suci (Yama, Anubis, aspekti Hada) dijele Shamasheve funkcije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prakti\u010dna obrana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Rituali \u0161tovanja<\/h3><p>Shamash, bog sunca i pravde, imao je svoje glavno kultno sredi\u0161te u E-babbar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramu<\/span> u Sipparu (i Larsi). Dnevna \u017ertva pri izlasku sunca (\u201enu\u1e2batim\u201d, pe\u010deni hljebovi, datulje, pivo) bila je du\u017enost sve\u0107eni\u010dke klase <em>\u0161angu<\/em>.<\/p><p>Ljetno-solsticijski blagdan <em>b\u012bt sab\u012bti<\/em> s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sve\u010dana religijska sve\u010dana povorka.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesijom<\/span> bo\u017eanskog kipa do obale Eufrata potvr\u0111en je ve\u0107 iz doba Hammurabija (18. st. pr. Kr.); i sam Hammurabijev zakonik po\u010dinje <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Molbeno ili prizivno obra\u0107anje bo\u017eanstvu ili mo\u0107i.\" tabindex=\"0\">zazivanjem<\/span> Shamasha kao garanta pravde (usp. Bott\u00e9ro).<\/p><h3>Zazivanja i himne<\/h3><p>\u201eVelika Shamashova himna\u201d (BWL 121-138, Lambert), duga preko 200 redaka, jedan je od najsredi\u0161njih himnijskih tekstova akadske religije. Svakodnevna jutarnja zazivanja po\u010dinjala su rije\u010dima \u201e\u0160ama\u0161 mu\u0161t\u0113\u0161er kibr\u0101t\u201d (Shamash, vladar \u010detiriju strana svijeta). Prije sudskih postupaka Shamash je bio zazivan kao svjedok.<\/p><h3>Amuleti i za\u0161titni simboli<\/h3><p>Solarni simboli (krilati sun\u010dev disk, \u010detverozraka zvijezda u krugu) nalaze se na babilonskim pe\u010datnim cilindrima (usp. Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>). Solarne plo\u010dice od karneola ili gorskog kristala nosile su se kao za\u0161tita od bolesti i nepravde. Sun\u010dev prsten s dvanaest zraka (Babilon, 7. st. pr. Kr.) simbolizira Shamashevu svenazo\u010dnost.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash, paralele u drugim kulturama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash sli\u010di egipatskom Ri ili Atonu, oba su sun\u010deva bo\u017eanstva svevi\u0111enja. S gr\u010dkim Apolonom deli aspekte reda i iscjeljenja. Hebrejski Bog se ponekad opisuje sa Shamashevim funkcijama, kao svevi\u0111aju\u0107i i sudac.<\/p><p>U indijskim kulturama sli\u010di Suryi, bogu sunca, ili Mitri, bogu ugovora i pravde. Shamash u svim kulturama ostaje sredi\u0161nja figura reda i svjetlosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbf8fe6e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbf8fe6e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5b3c70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc5b3c70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hammurabijev zakonik i sunce kao sudac<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcd489b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpcd489b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa50d0d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa50d0d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najpoznatiju vezu izme\u0111u Shamasha i kraljevskog pravosu\u0111a prikazuje reljef na vrhu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uspravna, natpisom ili slikom ukra\u0161ena kamena ili drvena plo\u010da.\" tabindex=\"0\">stele<\/span> <em>Hammurabijeva zakonika<\/em>, danas u Louvreu. Prikazan je babilonski kralj Hammurabi koji stoji pred bo\u017eanstvom koje sjedi na prijestolju.<\/p><p>Starija istra\u017eivanja dugo su tuma\u010dila tu figuru kao Shamasha, jer bogu iz ramena izlaze zrake, a on kralju predaje prsten i \u0161tap, insignije koje su u mezopotamskoj slikovnoj tradiciji povezane s preno\u0161enjem pravne ovlasti. Neki su istra\u017eiva\u010di umjesto toga predlo\u017eili Marduka, ali atributi zraka govore u prilog Shamashu.<\/p><p>Sadr\u017eajno ta scena odgovara samorazumijevanju teksta. U prologu i epilogu zakonika Hammurabi se vi\u0161e puta poziva na to da je uspostavio pravo u zemlji, a Shamash se tamo pojavljuje kao bog koji jam\u010di pravo i pravdu.<\/p><p>Sun\u010dev bog vidi sve \u0161to se doga\u0111a danju, i ta svevi\u0111aju\u0107a mo\u0107 u\u010dinila ga je u mezopotamskoj predod\u017ebi prirodnim garantom zakletve, ugovora i presude.<\/p><p>Ta uloga starija je od Hammurabija. Ve\u0107 u sumerskim himnama Utuu, prethodniku Shamasha, bog se zaziva da otkrije nepravdu i pomogne potla\u010denome. U sudskim ispravama i zakletvenim formulama drugog i prvog tisu\u0107lje\u0107a njegovo ime redovito se pojavljuje. Onaj tko je prekr\u0161io zakletvu pred Shamashem, izlagao se njegovoj kazni.<\/p><p>Povezanost svjetlosne metaforike i ideje prava, svjetlosti koja skriveno iznosi na vidjelo, u izvorima je provedena tako dosljedno da se mo\u017ee smatrati temeljnom zna\u010dajkom mezopotamske predod\u017ebe o bo\u017eanstvu. Ona istovremeno pokazuje kako su u toj kulturi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predod\u017eba o ustroju i poretku svijeta unutar neke kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmologija<\/span> i dru\u0161tveni poredak bili tijesno povezani.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2921025 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2921025\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a869b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a869b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sippar i Larsa: velika kultna sredi\u0161ta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40bfd84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp40bfd84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb809579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb809579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0160ama\u0161 je imao dva glavna hrama, oba su nosila naziv <em>E-babbar<\/em>, sjajna ili bijela ku\u0107a. Jedan se nalazio u Sipparu na sjeveru Babilonije, drugi u Larsi na jugu. Oba grada smatrana su tijekom tisu\u0107lje\u0107a sredi\u0161njim mjestima kulta sunca, a njihovi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina koja slu\u017ei \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramovi<\/span> obnavljani su i opremani od strane brojnih vladara.<\/p><p>Za Sippar je stanje izvora osobito dobro. Iskopavanja su otkrila opse\u017ene hramske arhive iz starobabilonskog i novobabilonskog doba, koje pru\u017eaju uvid u gospodarstvo, upravu i osoblje sveti\u0161ta. \u010cesto citiran predmet je tzv. Sun\u010deva plo\u010da Nabu-apla-iddine, kamena plo\u010da iz devetog stolje\u0107a prije na\u0161e ere.<\/p><p>Ona na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prikaz izra\u0111en iz plohe, plasti\u010dno izbo\u010den.\" tabindex=\"0\">reljefu<\/span> prikazuje \u0160ama\u0161a na prijestolju i u tekstu opisuje kako je kralj, nakon dugog razdoblja zanemarivanja, naredio izradu novog <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slikovni prikaz bo\u017eanstva koji se \u0161tuje u hramu ili sveti\u0161tu.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultnog lika<\/span> za boga, nakon \u0161to je prona\u0111en stari model od gline. Tekst tako dokumentira i brigu za pravilnu obnovu izgubljenog kultnog lika.<\/p><p>U Larsi je \u0160ama\u0161ov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obreda \u0161tovanja bo\u017eanstva ili svetog bi\u0107a.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> procvao pod vladarima kao Rim-Sin. I ovdje su vladari obnavljali E-babbar, a graditeljski natpisi zabilje\u017eili su njihove zadu\u017ebine. Kontinuitet je vrijedan pa\u017enje: \u010dak i novobabilonski kralj Nabonid, poznat prije svega po poticanju kulta boga mjeseca Sina, brinuo se o sun\u010danim hramovima u oba grada.<\/p><p>Udvostru\u010denje kultnih sredi\u0161ta na sjeveru i jugu odra\u017eava geografsku strukturu Babilonije i osiguralo je bogu sunca prisutnost u cijeloj zemlji, koja ga je izdigla iznad lokalnih vezanosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpda201f0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpda201f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3bb6221 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3bb6221\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0160ama\u0161 u vra\u010danju i u Epu o Gilgame\u0161u<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp60b57ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp60b57ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3fcf874 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3fcf874\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Osim uloge suca, \u0160ama\u0161 je bio bog gledanja u utrobu i vra\u010danja. Mezopotamsko \u010ditanje jetre, pri kojem su sve\u0107enici iz jetre \u017ertvenih \u017eivotinja tuma\u010dili znakove, upiti su se \u010desto upu\u0107ivali \u0160ama\u0161u zajedno s bogom vremena Adadom.<\/p><p>Tako zvane molitve \u017ertvenog gledanja, u znanosti \u010desto nazivane <em>tamitu<\/em>-tekstovi ili upiti <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mjesto ili ustanova na kojoj se tra\u017ei bo\u017eanski odgovor.\" tabindex=\"0\">proro\u0161tvu<\/span>, formulirale su konkretna pitanja, na primjer ho\u0107e li vojni pohod biti uspje\u0161an, i molile su boga da svoj odgovor upi\u0161e u utrobu. Tako je \u0160ama\u0161 bio ne samo onaj koji je otkrivao postoje\u0107u nepravdu, nego i onaj koji je otkrivao skrivenu budu\u0107nost.<\/p><p>U <em>Epu o Gilgame\u0161u<\/em> \u0160ama\u0161 se javlja kao za\u0161titnik heroja. Prije pohoda na Humbabu, \u010duvara cedrove \u0161ume, Gilgame\u0161 se obra\u0107a bogu sunca i moli za pomo\u0107. \u0160ama\u0161 tada \u0161alje vjetrove koji priti\u0161\u0107u Humbabu i pru\u017eaju heroju odlu\u010duju\u0107u prednost.<\/p><p>Kasnije, kad Enkidu umire i izgovara svoju <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jezi\u010dna formula kojom se osobi ili stvari \u017eeli nanijeti zlo.\" tabindex=\"0\">kletvu<\/span> protiv bludnice koja ga je uvela u civilizaciju, \u0160ama\u0161 je taj koji ga koriji i podsje\u0107a na dobro koje mu se dogodilo. Enkidu tada povla\u010di svoju <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jezi\u010dna formula kojom se osobi ili stvari \u017eeli nanijeti zlo.\" tabindex=\"0\">kletvu<\/span>.<\/p><p>Ove epizode prikazuju \u0160ama\u0161a kao instancu koja unosi red i mjeru u pri\u010du. On ne intervenira samovoljno, nego podupire one koji mu se obra\u0107aju i poziva na promi\u0161ljenost gdje prijeti nesuzdr\u017eanost. Time se njegova uloga u epu uklapa u cjelokupnu sliku koju stvaraju hvalospjevi i pravni tekstovi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66f75a0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp66f75a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp846bc1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp846bc1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Od Utua do \u0160ama\u0161a: etimologija i sumerski korijeni<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7fc2d21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7fc2d21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp61cd3cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp61cd3cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ime \u0160ama\u0161 akadska je rije\u010d za sunce i pripada zajedni\u010dkom semitskom korijenu koji se u srodnom obliku javlja i u hebrejskom kao <em>\u0161eme\u0161<\/em>, u arapskom kao <em>\u0161ams<\/em> i u drugim semitskim jezicima. Bog i nebesko tijelo nose stoga isto ime, \u0161to nagla\u0161ava blisku vezu prirodne pojave i bo\u017eanske osobe.<\/p><p>Sumerski prethodnik zvao se Utu. Sa stapanjem sumerske i akadske religije tijekom tre\u0107eg i drugog tisu\u0107lje\u0107a, Utu i \u0160ama\u0161 uglavnom su izjedna\u010deni, bez da je starije lice potpuno i\u0161\u010dezlo. U dvojezi\u010dnim tekstovima oba imena stoje jedno pored drugog.<\/p><p>Utu je ve\u0107 u sumersko doba smatran sinom boga mjeseca Nanne i Ningal te bratom Inanne, kasnije I\u0161tar. Ovi obiteljski odnosi preneseni su u akadske tekstove: \u0160ama\u0161 je sin Sina i brat I\u0161tar.<\/p><p>Zanimljiv je polo\u017eaj sunca kao djeteta mjeseca. U mnogim drugim mitologijama vrijedi obrnuto, sunce se smatra vi\u0161im ili starijim tijelom. Mezopotamski poredak se \u010desto obja\u0161njava time da je bog mjeseca u Uru imao osobito stari i presti\u017eni <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obreda \u0161tovanja bo\u017eanstva ili svetog bi\u0107a.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span>.<\/p><p>Genealogija tako odra\u017eava prije povijest kultnih sredi\u0161ta nego sustavnu astronomiju. Zanimljiv je i na\u010din pisanja imena: znak za sunce mogao se \u010ditati i sumerski kao Utu i akadski kao \u0160ama\u0161, tako da tekstovi \u010desto ostavljaju otvorenim koji je jezi\u010dni oblik pisar imao na umu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75cc266 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp75cc266\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa19f12f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa19f12f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepcija: bog sunca u istra\u017eivanju starog Orijenta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa0bc082 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa0bc082\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp636a807 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp636a807\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0160ama\u0161 spada u bo\u017eanstva koja su rano ponovno postala poznata tijekom de\u0161ifriranja klinastog pisma u devetnaestom stolje\u0107u.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uspravno postavljena, natpisom ili slikom ukra\u0161ena kamena ili drvena plo\u010da.\" tabindex=\"0\">Stela<\/span> <em>Codexa Hammurapi<\/em>, koju je 1901. i 1902. prona\u0161la francuska ekspedicija u Suzi, u\u010dinila je prikaz boga na prijestolju sa zracima na ramenima jednim od najpoznatijih prikaza iz starog Orijenta uop\u0107e. Prikazana je u brojnim priru\u010dnicima i sve do danas oblikuje popularnu predod\u017ebu o mezopotamskoj religiji.<\/span><\/p><p>U znanstvenoj raspravi dugo je u prvom planu bilo pitanje koliko je mezopotamski kult sunca bio tijesno povezan s pravnim predstavama i je li se ta veza \u0161irila i na susjedne kulture.<\/p><p>Povjesni\u010dari religije raspravljali su o paralelama s pravnim metaforama svjetlosti u zapadnosemitskim i biblijskim tekstovima, primjerice tamo gdje se pravednost i spasenje uspore\u0111uju s izlaskom sunca. Takve usporedbe treba tuma\u010diti s oprezom, jer se sli\u010dne metafore mogu razviti neovisno jedna od druge, ali je mezopotamski nalaz zbog obilja izvora posebno dobro potvr\u0111en.<\/p><p>Za moderno prou\u010davanje temeljna su izdanja himni i molitava, me\u0111u njima velika \u0160ama\u0161eva himna, sa\u010duvana u vi\u0161e tekstualnih svjedo\u010danstava, koja opse\u017eno slavi boga kao sveznaju\u0107eg \u010duvara pravde.<\/p><p>Ona je vi\u0161e puta prevo\u0111ena i komentirana i smatra se jednim od najimpresivnijih religijskih tekstova Mezopotamije. Onaj tko se bavi mezopotamskim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveukupnost bogova neke religije ili kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonom<\/span> mo\u017ee od \u0160ama\u0161a krenuti dalje prema srodnim likovima, primjerice njegovu ocu <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149771\">Sinu<\/a> ili njegovoj sestri <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149535\">I\u0161tar<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Daljnje poveznice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149535\">I\u0161tar, sestra<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149451\">Marduk, nadre\u0111en u novobabilonskom panteonu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149318\">Mezopotamija, pregled panteona<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149443\">Vrhovna bo\u017eanstva, podkategorija<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149415\">Bogovi, pregled klasa<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (izbor)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Schwemer, Daniel: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em>. Wiesbaden 2001.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Roth, Martha T.: <em>Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor<\/em>. Atlanta 1995 (Codex Hammurabi).<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (izd.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (natuknica &bdquo;Shamash&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Ostala standardna djela u <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149465\">popisu literature<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1637,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Shamash","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Shamash \u2013 bog Sunca i \u010duvar pravde","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Shamash, mezopotamski bog Sunca i \u010duvar pravde. 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