{"id":149509,"date":"2026-09-04T05:10:59","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:10:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=149509"},"modified":"2026-09-04T05:25:23","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:25:23","slug":"enma-o","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/enma-o\/","title":{"rendered":"Enma-o"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"149509\" class=\"elementor elementor-149509 elementor-2006 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma O, sudac prokletih i vladar pakla<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma O je bog japanske tradicije.<\/p><p><strong>Sudac prokletih, vladar budisti\u010dkog pakla.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog \/ Bo\u017eica: Personificirana najvi\u0161a mo\u0107 u panteonu neke kulture, s jasnim nadle\u017enostima, silama prirode, sudbinom, ratom, plodno\u0161\u0107u. Po\u0161tovan\/a kroz kultove, \u017ertve i hramske institucije.\">Bog<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149395\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Japanski shinto kami i budisti\u010dko-yokai svjetovi.\">Japan<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149444\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bo\u017eanstva podzemlja i smrti, vladari zagrobnog svijeta, suci mrtvih, vodi\u010di du\u0161a.\">Bo\u017eanstvo smrti<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na ovoj stranici nisu prona\\u0111eni naslovi.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSadr\u017eaj\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151706\" alt=\"Enma O - bogovi iz japanske tradicije, povijesno-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma O<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ukratko: Enma O<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d je isto\u010dnoazijski oblik indijskog Yame, koji je preko kineskog Y\u00e1nlu\u00f3-W\u00e1nga stigao putem tendai \u0161kole. U isto\u010dnoazijskom budizmu dokumentiran je od pribli\u017eno 8. stolje\u0107a, a posebno se ra\u0161irio kroz \u0161kole tendai i shingon. Kao predsjedavaju\u0107i desetorice paklenih sudaca (J\u016b\u014d) odlu\u010duje sedmog dana nakon smrti o sudbini du\u0161e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uvod<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najstariji sa\u010duvani japanski izvori o Enmi-\u014d potje\u010du s kraja 8. i po\u010detka 9. stolje\u0107a, uklopljeni u prijenos budisti\u010dkih kozmologija pakla iz Kine. <em>Nihon Ry\u014diki<\/em> (oko 822.) sadr\u017ei rane pri\u010de u kojima Enma-\u014d ispituje mrtve.<\/p><p>U 12. stolje\u0107u u\u010dvr\u0161\u0107uje se sustav desetorice paklenih sudaca s Enmom-\u014d kao predsjedavaju\u0107im; standardni ikonografski repertoar (kruna, tamna ko\u017ea, zrcalo, plo\u010da za pisanje) nastaje u razdoblju Kamakura.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0160tovanje Enme-\u014d bilo je ra\u0161ireno po cijelom budisti\u010dkom svijetu isto\u010dne Azije, od velikih hramskih gradova Ky\u014dta i Nare do seoskih hodo\u010dasni\u010dkih mjesta.<\/p><p>Posebno je bio utjecajan njegov prikaz u budisti\u010dkim hramskim dvoranama, gdje su statue paklenog suca trebale poticati \u017eive na eti\u010dku samoprovjeru. Narodno kazali\u0161te preuzelo je taj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ponavljaju\u0107i sadr\u017eajni element u umjetnosti ili pripovijedanju.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> od 14. stolje\u0107a nadalje; Enma-\u014d se redovito javlja u n\u014d i kabuki komadima kao lik nepodmitljive presude.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Religijsko-povijesna istra\u017eivanja o Enmi-\u014d oslanjaju se na \u0161irok temelj izvora: kanonske budisti\u010dke sutre u kineskom prijevodu, tendai-budisti\u010dke zbirke setsuwa, ikonografske slikovne plo\u010de (J\u016b\u014d-zu) i pu\u010dke pripovijesti otogi-z\u014dshi. Sredi\u0161nja standardna djela dolaze iz regionalne religijske etnologije i me\u0111unarodnih istra\u017eivanja budizma; kurirana bibliografija za svako bi\u0107e u leksikonu se stalno nadopunjuje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Naziv<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d je prikazan kao ogroman, mi\u0161i\u0107av lik s tamnocrvenom ili modrocrnom ko\u017eom. Kosa mu stoji u plamenu, o\u010di mu sjaje kao \u017eareni ugljen. Nosi haljinu ukra\u0161enu brokatom i sjedi na uzvi\u0161enom prijestolju.<\/p><p>U rukama dr\u017ei suda\u010dki ma\u010d (<em>kensaku<\/em>) i \u010desto veliku knjigu ili svitak s ispisom karme svake du\u0161e. Simboli su paklenski \u010duvari (<em>oni<\/em>), rijeka prokletih i razli\u010dite razine pakla ispod njegova carstva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zna\u010dajke bi\u0107a<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d prima svaku du\u0161u odmah nakon smrti. Na sudu mrtvih kao tu\u017eitelji sjede lai\u010dki sve\u0107enici ili same lo\u0161e djela po\u010dinjena u \u017eivotu, dok knjiga ne la\u017ee. Enma-\u014d ne pregovara, on izvr\u0161ava. Njegova odluka odre\u0111uje sljede\u0107e ro\u0111enje unutar \u0161est podru\u010dja postojanja (<em>Rokud\u014d<\/em>).<\/p><p>Njegovo carstvo nije samo ka\u017enjavanje, ve\u0107 karmi\u010dka ravnote\u017ea: kamenita staza, uzavrelo ulje, ili povratak kao izgladnjeli <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Beztjelesno bi\u0107e kojemu se pripisuje djelovanje u svijetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duh<\/span>. U tendai \u0161koli u lokalnim hramovima odr\u017eavaju se manja sveti\u0161ta posve\u0107ena Enmi-\u014d, \u010desto uz statue <em>Jiz\u014da<\/em>, koje simboliziraju pomo\u0107 prokletoj djeci.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Enma O<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O je u japanskom budizmu sudac mrtvih koji presu\u0111uje pokojnicima na temelju njihovih djela. Prikazuje se naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e kao gnjevni du\u017enosnik u kineskoj slu\u017ebenoj odori s suda\u010dkom kapom i plo\u010dom \u010dasti. Njegov lik spaja indijske, kineske i japanske slojeve predaje u samostalnu figuru pu\u010dke vjere i hramske umjetnosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Podrijetlo<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O je japansko-budisti\u010dka adaptacija kineskog Yanluoa, \u010diji korijen le\u017ei u indijskom <em>Yami<\/em>, vedskom bo\u017eanstvu smrti i prvom smrtniku (Rigveda 10.14). Sa \u0161irenjem mahayana budizma preko srednje Azije, Yaminov koncept stigao je u 6.-8. stolje\u0107u u Kinu, gdje se razvio u Yanluo Wanga, kralja deset paklova.<\/p><p>U 9.-10. stolje\u0107u japanski budizam preuzeo je taj sustav s <em>J\u016b\u014d<\/em> (deset kraljeva). Enma-O u tom nizu stoji na najvi\u0161em mjestu. Religijsko-povijesno ovdje su se spojili indijska nauka o karmi, kinesko birokratsko-slu\u017ebeni\u010dko poimanje i japanske predod\u017ebe o mrtvima.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kome je Enma O bio namijenjen<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U Japanu su se Enmom-O najvi\u0161e bavili ljudi zabrinuti za sudbinu pokojnika, koji su kroz obrede za mrtve i pomen nastojali izboriti povoljnu presudu. Osim toga, njegov lik slu\u017eio je moralnom odgoju: roditelji i hramovi upozoravali su djecu na strogog suca, primjerice poznatom prijetnjom da Enma i\u0161\u010dupa jezik onima koji la\u017eu. Hramovi sa statuama Enme, poput onih u Kyotu i Tokyju, bili su i ostali mjesta na koja se dolazilo moliti u korist mrtvih.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izgled<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O se ikonografski prikazuje kao stra\u0161an starac duge crne brade, tamne ko\u017ee i vatrenih o\u010diju. Nosi odoru kineskog du\u017enosnika iz dinastije Tang s carskom krunom (<em>raikan<\/em>).<\/p><p>U rukama dr\u017ei Zlatnu knjigu \u017eivota (<em>j\u014dfuzu<\/em>), u koju su upisana sva karmi\u010dka djela, i \u017eezlo ili pisaljku. Pred njegovim sudom stoje glasnici <em>Gozu<\/em> (bikova glava) i <em>Mezu<\/em> (konjsko lice), te tajnik-pisar. Hramske slike (<em>jigoku-z\u014dshi<\/em> iz razdoblja Edo) prikazuju ga okru\u017eenog prizorima pakla.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Djelokrug<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Podru\u010dje djelovanja:<\/strong> Enma-O je univerzalni sudac svih pokojnika. Sedmog od 49 dana mrtvih (49. dan nakon smrti) pred njegovim tribunalom odvija se sredi\u0161nje obra\u010dunavanje karme. On odlu\u010duje o preporodu u jednom od \u0161est svjetova (bogovi, poluboga, ljudi, \u017eivotinje, gladni duhovi, pakla).<\/p><p>Njegova presuda nije proizvoljna, ve\u0107 strogo u skladu s karmom (<em>dharmatska<\/em>). \u017divi ga po\u0161tuju i radi umanjenja karme pokojnika. U selja\u010dkim regijama Japana smatra se za\u0161titni\u010dkim bogom od neo\u010dekivane smrti i pomo\u0107nikom pri te\u0161kim porodima.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0161tita<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Simboli: Zlatna knjiga \u017eivota (<em>j\u014dfuzu<\/em>), pero za pisanje, ma\u010d, zrcalo istine (<em>j\u014dhari no kagami<\/em>), pred kojim se sva \u017eivotna djela pojavljuju kao slike. Njegov apotropej: jela od konjaka nude mu se kao omiljena hrana (edo tradicija); Enma-omamori u crvenoj svili \u0161tite od neo\u010dekivane smrti i karmi\u010dnih bolesti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-Oove paralele<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Religijskopovijesno istra\u017eivanje opisuje Enma-Oa kao japansku ina\u010dicu suda\u010dke figure koja je putovala kroz Indiju i Kinu. U vedskim tekstovima Yama je prvi smrtnik i gospodar carstva mrtvih, u kineskom budizmu od njega postaje peti od Deset kraljeva pakla. Japan je preuzeo ovaj model suda zajedno s predod\u017ebom o prijelaznim stanjima nakon smrti, u kojima ostavljeni mogu posredovati za pokojnike putem obreda sje\u0107anja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Praksa za\u0161tite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apotropejski i devocionalni rituali<\/strong><\/p><p>Enma-O (jap. \u95bb\u9b54\u5927\u738b) japansko je budisti\u010dko obli\u010dje kineskog Yanlua i indijskog Yame. \u0160tuje se u brojnim Enma-hramovima Japana (Genkaku-ji u Tokiju, Inn-ji u Kyotu, Enn\u014d-ji u Kamakuri). Glavni dan \u0161tovanja jest 16. dan 1. i 7. mjeseca (<em>Enmasai<\/em>), koji se smatra vratima u svijet pakla.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Osoba koja poduzima vjerski motivirano putovanje do svetog mjesta.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hodo\u010dasnici<\/span> prinose jela od konjaka (Enmino omiljeno jelo prema tradiciji razdoblja Edo), mole se za preminule \u010dlanove obitelji i tra\u017ee ubla\u017eavanje karme (usp. Sekiguchi, <em>The Cult of King Yama in Medieval Japan<\/em>).<\/p><p><strong>Sutre i zazivi<\/strong><\/p><p><em>J\u016b\u014d-ky\u014d<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"U hinduizmu i budizmu sa\u017eeti vjerski tekst pou\u010dnog sadr\u017eaja.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> deset kraljeva) glavna je liturgija. Budisti\u010dki redovnici recitiraju Sr\u010danu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"U hinduizmu i budizmu sa\u017eeti vjerski tekst pou\u010dnog sadr\u017eaja.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutru<\/span> uz posebne naklone Enmi. Tijekom razdoblja Edo (17.\u201319. st.) Enmino se \u0161tovanje u pu\u010dkom budizmu pro\u0161irilo zahvaljuju\u0107i slikovnicama (<em>jigoku-z\u014dshi<\/em>, svicima pakla).<\/p><p><strong>Amuleti i za\u0161titni simboli<\/strong><\/p><p>Enma-omamori (za\u0161titni amuleti s prikazom Enme) potje\u010du iz Enma-hramova, obi\u010dno su izra\u0111eni od crvene tkanine sa zlatnim vezom. Go\u014dh\u014din (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak koji zastupa odre\u0111enu predod\u017ebu ili zna\u010denje.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> iscjeliteljske mo\u0107i Buddhe Yakushija) nosi se protiv karmi\u010dkih bolesti. Ikonografska plo\u010da deset kraljeva pakla (<em>J\u016b\u014d-zu<\/em>) postavlja se na budisti\u010dke ku\u0107ne oltare kao priprema za smrt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-O, paralele u drugim kulturama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O potje\u010de od indijskog boga smrti Yame, koji je s budizmom dospio u Kinu gdje je kao Yanluo Wang uklopljen u sustav Deset kraljeva pakla. Ovaj kineski oblik dospio je s budisti\u010dkim \u0161kolama u Japan, gdje je postao Enma-O. Sli\u010dne suda\u010dke figure zagrobnog svijeta poznaju i druge kulture, primjerice egipatski Ozirid pri sudu nad mrtvima ili korejski Yeomra, koji potje\u010de iz iste budisti\u010dke predaje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdd3226a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpdd3226a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpecda6a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpecda6a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Put jednog indijskog bo\u017eanstva do Japana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp085f5fd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp085f5fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp00ded11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp00ded11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-o, vladar podzemnog svijeta i sudac mrtvih japanskog budizma, posljednja je karika dugog putovanja. Njegov izvor le\u017ei u vedskoj Indiji, gdje se <em>Yama<\/em> smatrao prvim smrtnikom i time kraljem mrtvih.<\/p><p>Preko budizma figura je dospjela u Kinu, gdje je kao <em>Yanluo<\/em> ugra\u0111ena u sustav podzemnih sudova, a odatle preko Koreje u Japan. Japansko ime <em>Enma<\/em> glasovna je prilagodba sanskrtskog <em>Yama<\/em>, a dodatak <em>o<\/em> zna\u010di kralj.<\/p><p>Sa svakom postajom figura se mijenjala. Indijski Yama isprva je bio prije vladar carstva mrtvih nego strog sudac.<\/p><p>U Kini se stopio s birokratskom predod\u017ebom zagrobne uprave koja provjerava \u017eivot svakog pokojnika, obra\u010dunava ga i odlu\u010duje o njegovom preporodu. Ovu kinesku obojenost, koja zagrobni svijet prikazuje kao \u010dinovni\u010dki aparat s dosjeima, pisarima i sudovima, japanski budizam je uglavnom preuzeo.<\/p><p>U Japanu je Enma-o \u010dvrsto ukorijenjen u pu\u010dku budisti\u010dku <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Do\u017eivljeni religiozni stav i praksa jedne osobe.\" tabindex=\"0\">pobo\u017enost<\/span>. Pojavljuje se u propovijedima, hramskom slikarstvu i pou\u010dnim tekstovima kao instanca pred kojom se svaki \u010dovjek nakon smrti mora obra\u010dunati. Za razliku od apstraktnog pojma karmi\u010dke odmazde, on je toj nauci dao lice, konkretnu, oslovljivu i strah izazivaju\u0107u priliku.<\/p><p>Znanstveni zna\u010daj ovog putovanja le\u017ei u tome \u0161to se na primjeru Enma-oa mo\u017ee pratiti kako se religiozna predod\u017eba prenosi preko jezi\u010dnih i kulturnih granica te se pri tom svaki put iznova preboji. Japanski sudac mrtvih u sebi nosi slojeve triju kultura, indijsko podrijetlo, kinesku birokratizaciju i japansko pu\u010dkoreligijsko oblikovanje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3083d3c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3083d3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd9e0c27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd9e0c27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Deset kraljeva podzemnog svijeta i zagrobni sud<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd44577 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpfd44577\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc0abe80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc0abe80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U kinesko-utjecajnom budizmu koji je dospio u Japan, Enma-o nije jedini vladar zagrobnog svijeta, nego dio vije\u0107a.<\/p><p>Sustav deset kraljeva podzemnog svijeta, koji je razra\u0111en u kineskom srednjovjekovlju i preko slikovnih svitaka i tekstova dospio u Japan, dodjeljuje svakom kralju sud i odre\u0111eno vrijeme nakon smrti. Pokojnik prolazi kroz te sudove u utvr\u0111enom slijedu, na odre\u0111ene dane nakon smrti i na godi\u0161njice.<\/p><p>Enma-o u tom sustavu zauzima istaknut polo\u017eaj. Obi\u010dno je peti od deset kraljeva, njegov se sud prolazi tridesetpetog dana nakon smrti, a smatra se najva\u017enijim i najmo\u0107nijim me\u0111u njima. Pred njegovim se sudom djela pokojnika posebno temeljito ispituju.<\/p><p>Opremu njegova suda \u010dine utvr\u0111eni ikonografski elementi. Enma-o vodi popise u kojima je zabilje\u017eeno svako dobro i lo\u0161e djelo. Uz njega stoje pomo\u0107nici, japanska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Preno\u0161enje znanja i pri\u010da kroz generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">predaja<\/span> poznaje na primjer lik koji na \u0161tapovima nosi ljudima sli\u010dne glave, jednu s ljutitim, drugu s mirnim izrazom lica, koje otkrivaju narav pokojnika.<\/p><p>Poznat je predmet i zrcalo du\u0161e, u kojemu pokojnik neprikriveno vidi odraz svojeg \u017eivota i svojih prijestupa, tako da la\u017e postaje nemogu\u0107a.<\/p><p>Ovaj sudski sustav imao je izrazitu pastoralnu funkciju. Utemeljio je praksu spomena na mrtve, koji se obilje\u017eavaju u utvr\u0111enim razmacima nakon smrti.<\/p><p>Ostav\u0161tina je obredima i prijenosom zasluga mogla povoljno utjecati na put pokojnika kroz deset sudova. Enma-o tako nije bio samo lik koji izaziva strah, nego okosnica cijele obredne ekonomije izme\u0111u \u017eivih i mrtvih.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc7399f9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc7399f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp32219a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp32219a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikonografija i hramske slike sudaca pakla<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa8fb7d6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa8fb7d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfb0fb1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfb0fb1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Slikovni prikaz Enma-oa slijedi ustaljenu konvenciju izvedenu iz kineskog uzora. On se prikazuje kao kralj ili visoki du\u017enosnik, \u010desto u slu\u017ebenoj odori kineskog velikodostojnika s karakteristi\u010dnom krunom ili pokrivalom za glavu, na kojem se \u010desto nalazi znak za kralja.<\/p><p>Njegovo lice obi\u010dno je gnjevno zacrvenjeno, s razroga\u010denim o\u010dima i mra\u010dnim izrazom, znak nepokolebljive strogosti.<\/p><p>Takvi se prikazi nalaze u brojnim japanskim hramovima, \u010desto kao skulptura u posebnoj dvorani, Enma-dvorani. Poznati primjeri su Enma-likovi u hramovima u Kyotu i Kamakuri te njihovoj okolici.<\/p><p>Enma-o je \u010desto okru\u017een ostalih devet kraljeva ili uklopljen u \u0161iri prikaz pakla. Japanska slikovna tradicija <em>jigoku-e<\/em>, paklenih slika, prikazuje u drasti\u010dnim scenama kazne podzemnog svijeta i stavlja Enma-oa kao suditelja na njihov po\u010detak.<\/p><p>Ikonografski zna\u010dajna tradicija povezuje Enma-oa s bodhisattvom Jizom. U japanskoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pro\u017eivljeni vjerski stav i praksa \u010dovjeka.\" tabindex=\"0\">pobo\u017enosti<\/span> Jizo se smatra suosje\u0107ajnim spasiteljem koji poma\u017ee bi\u0107ima u paklu.<\/p><p>Neki tekstovi i slike tuma\u010de Enma-oa i Jiza \u010dak kao dva aspekta iste stvarnosti, strogu i milosrdnu stranu, koje zajedno djeluju kako bi preminule usmjerile prema pobolj\u0161anju i povoljnom ponovnom ro\u0111enju. Ovo sparivanje ubla\u017eava stra\u0161ni karakter suca i uklapa ga u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno u\u010denje o Bogu i vjeri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiju<\/span> usmjerenu na spasenje.<\/p><p>Hramske slike imale su odgojnu zada\u0107u. Propovjednici monasi koristili su ih kako bi laicima prikazali posljedice lo\u0161ih djela. Zacrvenjeni, gnjevni Enma-o bio je time nastavno sredstvo koje je apstraktno u\u010denje o karmi prevodilo u upe\u010datljivu, zastra\u0161uju\u0107u sliku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp998b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp998b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpac0eec6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpac0eec6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-o u narodnom vjerovanju i u modernoj kulturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa4d7b45 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa4d7b45\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp72e526a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp72e526a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Izvan samostana Enma-o je postao ustaljen lik japanskog narodnog vjerovanja. Njegovo ime u\u0161lo je u ustaljene izraze i odgojne opomene.<\/p><p>Roditelji su upozoravali djecu koja la\u017eu da \u0107e im Enma-o i\u0161\u010dupati jezik, prijetnja poznata u mnogim krajevima Japana. Time je sudac mrtvih postao instanca svakodnevnog moralnog odgoja, dugo prije nego \u0161to bi dijete ikad u\u0161lo u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina koja slu\u017ei \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span>.<\/p><p>Na odre\u0111ene dane u godini, tradicionalno u prolje\u0107e i kasno ljeto, u nekim se krajevima odr\u017eavalo posebno bogoslu\u017eje pred Enma-figurama, kada su se hramske dvorane otvarale i vjernici mogli razgledati ina\u010de zatvorene prikaze. Takvi obi\u010daji pokazuju da Enma-o nije bio samo knji\u017eevni ili doktrinarni lik, nego predmet \u017eivog \u0161tovanja i strahovanja.<\/p><p>U modernoj japanskoj kulturi Enma-o je ostao izuzetno prisutan. Pojavljuje se u mangama, animeima, videoigrama i filmovima, nekad kao zastra\u0161uju\u0107i protivnik, nekad u komi\u010dnom obliku kao preoptere\u0107en birokrat podzemnog svijeta.<\/p><p>Ova popularno-kulturna obrada rado upravo nagla\u0161ava birokratsku stranu lika, kralja koji aktima, pe\u010datima i podre\u0111enima vodi ogroman zagrobni upravni aparat.<\/p><p>Ova postojanost je znanstveno zanimljiva. Enma-o je izvr\u0161io prijelaz iz religijskog nastavnog lika u kulturno op\u0107i lik, bez da je izgubio svoju bit. I u humoristi\u010dnoj obradi ostaje onaj koji odlu\u010duje o pravu i nepravu pro\u017eivljenog \u017eivota.<\/p><p>Ovaj lik dokazuje kako je duboko budisti\u010dka predod\u017eba o sudu mrtvih prodrla u japansku kulturu i kako se, od hramske dvorane do dje\u010dje knjige, iznova i iznova prepri\u010dava.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Daljnje poveznice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149504\">Yama, vedski prethodnik<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149512\">Yama (budizam), izravni prethodnik<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149508\">Yanluo Wang, kineski prethodnik<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149513\">Yeomra, korejski pandan<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149378\">Budisti\u010dka tradicija, op\u0107i kontekst<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Znanstvena literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Sekiguchi, Makiko: <em>The Cult of King Yama in Medieval Japan<\/em>. Brill, Leiden 2013.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em>The Scripture on the Ten Kings and the Making of Purgatory in Medieval Chinese Buddhism<\/em>. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em>The Ghost Festival in Medieval China<\/em>. Princeton UP, Princeton 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Bock, Felicia: <em>Engi-Shiki: Procedures of the Engi Era<\/em>. Sophia University, Tokyo 1972.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Picken, Stuart D. B.: <em>Essentials of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Autohtona japanska religija, obilje\u017eena po\u0161tovanjem kamija.\" tabindex=\"0\">shintoizma<\/span><\/em>. Greenwood, Westport 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S. (ur.): <em>Buddhism in Practice<\/em>. Princeton UP, Princeton 1995.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1732,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Enma-O, sudac mrtvih","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Enma-\u014d \u2013 sudac mrtvih u japanskom budizmu","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Vladar japanskog pakla Jigoku, upravitelj karme i sudac mrtvih u budisti\u010dkoj mitologiji Japana.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"japan","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-149509","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast 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