{"id":149388,"date":"2026-09-04T05:09:55","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:09:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=149388"},"modified":"2026-09-04T05:22:27","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:22:27","slug":"yamaduta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/yamaduta\/","title":{"rendered":"Yamad\u016bta"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"149388\" class=\"elementor elementor-149388 elementor-1209\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta, duh budisti\u010dke tradicije<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Glasnici smrti boga Yame, izvr\u0161itelji karmi\u010dkih presuda.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-yamaduta\">Yamadute u sustavu Naraka<\/h2>\n<p>Yamadute su <strong>glasnici smrti boga Yame<\/strong>, gospodara mrtvih u vedskoj, hinduisti\u010dkoj i budisti\u010dkoj tradiciji.<\/p><p>U Garuda Purani i sustavu Naraka u Mahabharati oni odvode du\u0161u odmah nakon <strong>trenutka smrti<\/strong>. Njihove du\u017enosti obuhva\u0107aju: identifikaciju du\u0161e, razdvajanje \u017eivotnih vezanosti, prijelaz preko <strong>rijeke Vaitarani<\/strong>, predaju na Yaminom sudu u <strong>Yamapuriju<\/strong>. Tamo pisar <strong>Citragupta<\/strong> vaga zasluge i grijehe, a Yama donosi presudu.<\/p><p>Kazne vode u jedan od <strong>28 Naraka<\/strong> (paklova): Raurava (pakao vriska), Maharaurava, Tamisra, Andhatamisra, Kalasutra. Budisti\u010dko preuzimanje (Mahayana, Vajrayana) \u010duva ovu shemu, ali dodaje mogu\u0107nost izbavljenja kroz izgovaranje <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveti slog ili formula koja se ponavlja u hinduizmu i budizmu.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantre<\/span> i prakse prijelaznog stanja (bardo, Tibetanska knjiga mrtvih). Ikonografski su Yamadute tamnopute, s om\u010dom i toljagom, i ja\u0161u vodenog bivola.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duh: Netjelesno ili polutjelesno bi\u0107e, preminuli, prirodna bi\u0107a, ku\u0107ni duhovi ili \u010duvari pragova. Djeluje u svakodnevnom \u017eivotu, \u010desto vezano za mjesta ili obitelji.\">Duh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149378\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Budisti\u010dka tradicija s bodhisattvama, bo\u017eanstvima za\u0161titnicima, gladnim duhovima i \u010duvarima pakla.\">Budizam<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na ovoj stranici nisu prona\\u0111eni naslovi.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSadr\u017eaj\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151741\" alt=\"Yamaduta - duhovi iz budisti\u010dke tradicije, povijesno-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamad\u016bta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yamaduta je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Netjelesno bi\u0107e kojem se pripisuje djelovanje u svijetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duh<\/span> budisti\u010dke tradicije.<\/p><p>Yamad\u016bte su glasnici smrti u slu\u017ebi Yame, gospodara mrtvih u indijsko-budisti\u010dkoj tradiciji. U trenutku smrti se javljaju kako bi odveli du\u0161u i doveli je na Yamin sud.<\/p><p>Tamo se vaga <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"U hinduizmu, budizmu i d\u017eainizmu zakon posljedice djela: svaka radnja utje\u010de na sljede\u0107e egzistencije.\">karma<\/span>; Yama donosi presudu; Yamad\u016bte je izvr\u0161avaju, bilo u nebeskim svjetovima ili u Narakama (paklovima). Ova figura povezuje indijske i budisti\u010dke tradicije kulta mrtvih; u isto\u010dnoj Aziji se spaja s lokalnim predod\u017ebama o carstvu mrtvih.<\/p><p>Devad\u016bta Sutta (\u201eSutra o glasnicima bogova&#8221;) u Pali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Skup svetih spisa neke religije koji se priznaje kao obvezuju\u0107i.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonu<\/span> pripovijeda Budi jednu scenu: preminuli se dovodi pred Yamu; Yama ga pita nije li vidio \u201eglasnike bogova&#8221;, starost, bolest, smrt, nalaze le\u0161eva, koji su ga mogli navesti na promjenu.<\/p><p>Yamad\u016bte tako nisu samo izvr\u0161itelji, nego i navjestitelji \u017eivota. Ova dvostruka uloga \u010dini ovu figuru teolo\u0161ki bogatom.<\/p><div><p><strong>Garuda Purana i topografija Yamaloke<\/strong><\/p><p>Najdetaljniji prikaz <em>Yamadute<\/em> nalazi se u <em>Garuda Purani<\/em> (8. do 10. stolje\u0107e), gdje se Yamini glasnici klasificiraju prema rangu i funkciji. Osim uloge obi\u010dnih \u010duvara ili glasnika, oni djeluju kao porotnici i dokumentaristi karmi\u010dke presude.<\/p><p>Svakog preminulog njegove osobne Yamadute vode iz svijeta umiranja u Maharloku, gdje Yama dr\u017ei sud. Sama topografija Yamaloke, kako je opisana u raznim Puranama, pokazuje birokratsku strukturu: vrata, put, dvoranu pravde, razne predjele pakla. Yamadute su upravitelji te topografije, a ne njezini \u010duvari.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Brzi pregled: Yamaduta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> glasnici smrti, izvr\u0161itelji pakla<br>Podrijetlo: slu\u017eba Yame, gospodara mrtvih<br>Tekstovi: Devad\u016bta Sutta, Jatake, Abhidharmakosha, Tibetanska knjiga mrtvih<br>Razdoblje: od vedsko-budisti\u010dkog do danas<br>Isto\u010dnoazijski oblik: u kineskom sustavu podzemlja kao glasnici Yanlua<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uvod<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vedska pozadina (Yama u Rigvedi), budisti\u010dka razrada u Pali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Skup svetih spisa neke religije koji se priznaje kao obvezuju\u0107i.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonu<\/span> i sutrama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201aVeliko vozilo'; jedna od tri glavne tradicije budizma, s idealom bodhisattve i razra\u0111enom filozofskom refleksijom.\">Mahayane<\/span>. Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu, 4.\/5. st. n. e.) sistematizira <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predod\u017eba o strukturi i poretku svijeta unutar neke kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmologiju<\/span>. Tibetanska knjiga mrtvih (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"U tibetanskom budizmu prijelazno stanje izme\u0111u dvije egzistencije; Bardo Th\u00f6dol opisuje fazu nakon smrti.\">bardo<\/span> Th\u00f6dol, 8. stolje\u0107e ili kasnije) sadr\u017ei detaljan prikaz Yamad\u016bta scene. Kineske i japanske poveznice u budisti\u010dkoj knji\u017eevnosti o podzemlju.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Indijski potkontinent, zemlje Theravade, isto\u010dna Azija (u Kini kao glasnici Yanlua, kao Niu Tou \u201eVolovska glava&#8221; i Ma Mian \u201eKonjsko lice&#8221;), Tibet s pro\u0161irenjem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201aDijamantno vozilo'; tantri\u010dki oblik Mahayana budizma, primarno u Tibetu, sa yidam praksom i tehnikom mantre u sredi\u0161tu.\">Vajrayane<\/span>, Japan s razradom Emme.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Devad\u016bta Sutta (Anguttara Nikaya i Majjhima Nikaya), Visuddhimagga (Buddhaghosa), Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tibetanska knjiga mrtvih; ritualne upute za prijelazna stanja nakon smrti.\">Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/span>, kineske pri\u010de o podzemlju (<em>Di Yu<\/em> literatura), japanske Jigoku-z\u014dshi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Naziv i pravopisni oblici<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskrt:<\/strong> <em>yamad\u016bta<\/em>, \u201eYamin glasnik&#8221;; <em>yamap\u0101la<\/em>, \u201eYamin \u010duvar&#8221;; <em>yamapuru\u1e63a<\/em>, \u201eYamin \u010dovjek&#8221;.<br>Kineski: \u725b\u982d\u99ac\u9762 (<em>Niu Tou Ma Mian<\/em>, \u201eVolovska glava i konjsko lice&#8221;, popularni par).<br>Japanski: <em>Jigoku no Kishi<\/em>, Yama kao Emma.<br>Tibetanski: <em>Shinje&#8217;i pho nya<\/em>.<\/p><p>Specifikacija u isto\u010dnoj Aziji zanimljiva je: par Volovska glava i Konjsko lice samostalan je kineski razvoj. Oba se prikazuju kao mo\u0107ni podzemni slu\u017ebenici Yanluo Wanga i istaknuti su u pu\u010dkoreligijskim hramovima.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Karakteristike<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Izgled<\/strong><\/p><p>U indijskoj tradiciji \u010desto s aureolom plamena, oru\u017ejem, lancima. Mogu biti \u017eivotinjskog ili djelomi\u010dno \u017eivotinjskog oblika. U kineskoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o sadr\u017eaju slika i njihovu zna\u010denju.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografiji<\/span> specificirani kao Volovska glava i Konjsko lice, naoru\u017eani toljagama ili vilama. Na tibetanskim thangkama gnjevni, ple\u0161u\u0107i, s ukrasima od lubanja.<\/p><p><strong>Pona\u0161anje<\/strong><\/p><p>Pojavljuju se u trenutku smrti, sputavaju du\u0161u i vode je Yami. U Narakama izvr\u0161avaju karmi\u010dke kazne, ne iz osobne okrutnosti, nego kao funkcionalnu zada\u0107u. U devad\u016bta-tuma\u010denju istovremeno su i simboli\u010dni: sam \u017eivot opomene staro\u0161\u0107u, bole\u0161\u0107u, smr\u0107u.<\/p><p><strong>Podru\u010dje djelovanja<\/strong><\/p><p>Me\u0111usvijet u trenutku umiranja, Yamin sud, Narake (pakla). U isto\u010dnoazijskoj tradiciji podijeljeni i na konkretne podzemne slu\u017ebe, svaki od deset paklova ima svoje slu\u017ebenike.<\/p><p><strong>Mitolo\u0161ko zna\u010denje<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama je u vedskoj tradiciji prvi smrtnik koji je oti\u0161ao u podzemlje i tako postao njegov gospodar. Njegovi glasnici funkcioneri su kozmi\u010dkog sustava, a ne samostalni demoni. Budisti\u010dko preuzimanje \u010duva tu funkcionalnu poziciju.<\/p><div><p><strong>Tjelesna obilje\u017eja i funkcija zastra\u0161ivanja<\/strong><\/p><p>U odlomcima Mahabharate i kasnijim Puranama Yamaduta se opisuju sa specifi\u010dnim tjelesnim obilje\u017ejima: crna ko\u017ea, crvene o\u010di, kosa od zmija ili plamena umjesto kose, \u017eeljezno oru\u017eje. Ta obilje\u017eja funkcionalna su, nipo\u0161to proizvoljna: trebaju \u0161okirati smrtnike i pokrenuti razmi\u0161ljanje o vlastitom \u017eivotu.<\/p><p>Izgled je istovremeno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Odvra\u0107aju\u0107i od zla; apotropejski simboli (Pazuzu, Hamsa, Nazar) \u0161tite od \u0161tetne magije i zlog pogleda.\">apotropejski<\/span> i meditativan. Prizor Yamadute obilje\u017eava prijelaz iz \u017eivota u odgovornost. U tantri\u010dkim komentarima funkcija zastra\u0161ivanja jo\u0161 je jasnija: Yamaduta je svjesno utjelovljenje posljedica karme, a ne biolo\u0161ko bi\u0107e.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Yamaduta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najva\u017eniji aspekti Yamad\u016bta na jedan pogled.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Podrijetlo<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U slu\u017ebi Yame, gospodara smrti. Vedsko-budisti\u010dka osnova. U isto\u010dnoj Aziji razra\u0111eni pod Yanluom\/Emmom, sa svojom vlastitom hijerarhijom slu\u017ebenika.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Adresati<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Umiru\u0107i u trenutku smrti, pokojnici u prijelaznom stanju, paklena bi\u0107a koja izvr\u0161avaju kazne. Neizravno svi \u017eivi kao opomena.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izgled<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Indijski s aureolom plamena i oru\u017ejem. Kineski specificirani kao Volovska glava i Konjsko lice. Tibetanski gnjevni, ple\u0161u\u0107i, s ukrasima od lubanja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Djelovanje Yamadute<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Odvode umiru\u0107e du\u0161e, vode ih Yaminom sudu, izvr\u0161avaju karmi\u010dke presude. Funkcionalno, ne osobno okrutno.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obrambeni oblici<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ne odbrana, nego pravedan \u017eivot: eti\u010dko djelovanje, uto\u010di\u0161te u Tri Draguljima, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Molba ili prizivanje bo\u017eanstva ili sile.\" tabindex=\"0\">prizivanje<\/span> Ksitigarbhe (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"U mahayana budizmu prosvijetljeno bi\u0107e koje odga\u0111a vlastito osloboditi u korist u\u010denja za druga bi\u0107a.\">bodhisattva<\/span> paklenih bi\u0107a). Tibetanski: praksa Phowa (prijenos svijesti u trenutku smrti).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Usporedivo<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149323\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149335\">Kere<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149340\">Dirae<\/a>, egipatski pratitelji Amduata, kr\u0161\u0107anski an\u0111eli smrti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obredi umiranja i smrti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Priprema za smrt<\/strong><\/p><p>U theravada tradiciji: recitiranje Paritta i Metta suta uz umiru\u0107e. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Veliko vozilo; jedna od tri glavne tradicije budizma, s idealom bodhisattve.\">Mahayana<\/span>: recitiranje Amitabha mantri, kako bi se preporodili u njegovoj \u010cistoj Zemlji umjesto u Yaminom kraljevstvu. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dijamantno vozilo; tantri\u010dki oblik mahayana budizma, primarno u Tibetu, s praksom yidama u sredi\u0161tu.\">Vajrayana<\/span>: Phowa kao specifi\u010dna meditacija umiranja za izlazak iz kruga.<\/p><p><strong>Posmrtni obredi<\/strong><\/p><p>Tibetanska Knjiga mrtvih daje upute pokojniku za 49 dana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"U tibetanskom budizmu prijelazno stanje izme\u0111u dvije egzistencije; Bardo Th\u00f6dol opisuje fazu nakon smrti.\">Bardoa<\/span>, uklju\u010duju\u0107i izravne susrete s Yamadutama. Kineska tradicija sa \u201esedam-sedam&#8221; pogrebnim ritualom (49 dana s tjednim ceremonijama). Japanski Obon i sli\u010dni rituali za olak\u0161anje stanja pokojnika.<\/p><p><strong>Eti\u010dka dimenzija<\/strong><\/p><p>Devad\u016bta u\u010denje u\u010di da sam \u017eivot \u0161alje glasnike: starost, bolest, prizor le\u0161a. Onaj koji ih slu\u0161ne, ima malo \u010dega bojati se na Yaminom sudu. Onaj koji ih ne \u010duje, nalazi se u odgovaraju\u0107im preporodima.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele i recepcija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoha gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. n. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antika<\/span> i mezopotamske paralele<\/strong><\/p><p>Mezopotamski <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149323\">Gallu<\/a> kao izvr\u0161ni organ podzemnog svijeta, gr\u010dke <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149335\">Keres<\/a> kao demonice smrti, egipatske prate\u0107te figure iz Amduata na sun\u010devom putovanju kroz podzemni svijet.<\/p><p><strong>Isto\u010dnoazijski razvoj<\/strong><\/p><p>Kineski Niu Tou Ma Mian, japanski Emma-slu\u017ebenici imaju u narodnom vjerovanju konkretnu \u010dinovni\u010dku hijerarhiju s dopisivanjem i ispitima. Sustav Di Yu (\u201ezemaljski zatvor\u201c) jedna je od najrazra\u0111enijih administracija podzemnog svijeta u cijelom svijetu.<\/p><p><strong>Suvremena recepcija<\/strong><\/p><p>Bollywoodski filmovi s likovima Yamraja, japanski anime s motivima shinigamija, korejske K-drame s likovima poput Grim Reapera, svi na moderan na\u010din variraju <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ponavljaju\u0107i sadr\u017eajni element u umjetnosti ili pripovijedanju.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> Yamaduta.<\/p><div><p><strong>Yamaduta i islamski Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt<\/strong><\/p><p>Postoji zapa\u017eena paralela izme\u0111u hinduisti\u010dkih Yamaduta i an\u0111ela smrti u islamskoj tradiciji, <em>Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt<\/em>. Obje tradicije opisuju nebeska bi\u0107a koja se pojavljuju u trenutku smrti. Obje procjenjuju djela pokojnika na temelju njihovih religijskih ili karmi\u010dkih zapisa.<\/p><p>Obje su stra\u0161ne po svom vanjskom izgledu, ali pravedne u svojoj funkciji. Islamski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Arapski \u201ean\u0111eli\u201c; u Kuranu kosmolo\u0161ka klasa an\u0111ela, od kojih su Gabriel, Mihael i Israfil najva\u017eniji.\">Mala&#8217;ika<\/span> su, me\u0111utim, moralni agenti Bo\u017eji, dok Yamaduta predstavljaju prije neutralne administrativne sile. Ta razlika pokazuje razliku u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Teolo\u0161ki problem uskla\u0111ivanja Bo\u017eje svemo\u0107i i dobrote s postojanjem zla u svijetu.\">teodiceji<\/span>: u hinduizmu je karma samoizvr\u0161avaju\u0107a, u islamu je Bo\u017eja milost ta koja odlu\u010duje o pravdi.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp49f0232 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp49f0232\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp527f753 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp527f753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta kao glasnici boga smrti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdf35273 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpdf35273\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a987ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9a987ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ime <em>Yamaduta<\/em> u prijevodu zna\u010di \u201eglasnik Yame\u201c. Yama je gospodar mrtvih, lik koji potje\u010de iz vedske religije i koji se putem budizma i hinduizma ra\u0161irio po cijeloj Ju\u017enoj i Isto\u010dnoj Aziji.<\/p><p>Yamaduta su njegovi podre\u0111eni, poslani da skupljaju du\u0161e pokojnika i dovode ih pred sud gospodara smrti. Time nisu samostalne sile, nego funkcioneri unutar kozmi\u010dkog poretka.<\/p><p>U budisti\u010dkim tekstovima Yamaduta se javljaju u nekoliko uloga. Va\u017eno mjesto je <em>Devaduta Sutta<\/em> iz palijskog kanona, gdje su u prvom planu ipak \u201ebo\u017eanski glasnici\u201c, odnosno starost, bolest i smrt kao opomene koje bi trebale upozoriti svakog \u010dovjeka.<\/p><p>Uz to postoje i konkretniji opisi glasnika pakla koji hvataju pokojnika i vode ga pred Yamu. Yama tada pokojniku predbacuje da je za \u017eivota vidio opominju\u0107e znakove starenja, bolesti i smrti, ali da ih nije uzeo u obzir.<\/p><p>Ta povezanost zastra\u0161uju\u0107eg prikaza i eti\u010dke opomene karakteristi\u010dna je za budisti\u010dki pristup Yamaduta. One su zastra\u0161uju\u0107e pojave, ali njihov strah ima pou\u010dnu svrhu. Istra\u017eivanja budisti\u010dke <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predod\u017eba o strukturi i poretku svijeta unutar jedne kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmologije<\/span> isti\u010du da su prikazi pakla u budizmu zami\u0161ljeni kao upe\u010datljiva ilustracija zakona karme i da nisu slu\u017eili sami sebi.<\/p><p>Yamaduta ne izvr\u0161avaju samovoljnu kaznu, ve\u0107 provode ono \u0161to djela pokojnika sama povla\u010de za sobom. Stvarni sudac je u kona\u010dnici zakon djela i posljedice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp878f4cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp878f4cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp998f005 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp998f005\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta u prikazima pakla i hramskoj umjetnosti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee0dfc1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpee0dfc1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp79205d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp79205d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Budisti\u010dka likovna umjetnost Azije mnogostruko je prikazivala Yamaduta, prije svega u velikim prikazima pakla koji se nalaze u hramovima, na zidnim slikama i na svitcima. Ti likovni programi prikazuju Yamin sud mrtvih i kazne u raznim paklovima \u010desto na vrlo drasti\u010dan i slikovit na\u010din.<\/p><p>Yamaduta se na njima javljaju kao izvr\u0161ni \u010duvari i mu\u010ditelji, \u010desto s \u017eivotinjskim obilje\u017ejima, primjerice glavama bika ili konja, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o slikovnim sadr\u017eajima i njihovom zna\u010denju.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografija<\/span> koja je posebno izra\u017eena u isto\u010dnoazijskoj tradiciji.<\/p><p>Takvi prikazi pakla imali su jasnu didakti\u010dku funkciju. Postavljani su na mjestima gdje su ih vidjeli obi\u010dni ljudi i na razumljiv na\u010din, i bez poznavanja tekstova, prikazivali posljedice lo\u0161ih djela.<\/p><p>U Tajlandu, u tibetanskoj tradiciji, u Kini, Koreji i Japanu razvile su se vlastite ina\u010dice ove likovne tradicije, koje zajedni\u010dku osnovnu shemu popunjavaju regionalnim posebnostima.<\/p><p>U isto\u010dnoazijskoj varijanti indijska ba\u0161tina povezuje se s predod\u017ebom o deset kraljeva podzemnog svijeta, tako da se Yama tamo javlja kao jedan od deset sudaca, usporedivo s korejskim <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149513\">Yeomrom<\/a>.<\/p><p>Za religiologijsko promatranje ova likovna tradicija va\u017ean je izvor jer pokazuje kako je u\u010denje o karmi i o sudu mrtvih posredovano obi\u010dnim ljudima u njihovoj svakodnevnoj stvarnosti. Yamaduta se u tim slikama javljaju kao slikovite, zastra\u0161uju\u0107e pojave, a ne kao apstraktni teolo\u0161ki pojmovi.<\/p><p>Umjetni\u010dko-povijesna istra\u017eivanja koriste sa\u010duvane slike pakla i za pra\u0107enje \u0161irenja odre\u0111enih predod\u017ebi kroz vrijeme i prostor, jer se na njima mogu pratiti putovi preno\u0161enja budisti\u010dke <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predod\u017eba o strukturi i poretku svijeta unutar jedne kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmologije<\/span> izme\u0111u regija.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7d98a5b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7d98a5b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6fd93d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6fd93d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta i Yamadut u hinduizmu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp18a1d93 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp18a1d93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fb31db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2fb31db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Predod\u017eba o Yamabotima duboko je ukorijenjena i izvan budizma, u hinduizmu, gdje se ti glasnici \u010desto nazivaju <em>Yamadut<\/em>. Jedna posebno poznata pri\u010da, sa\u010duvana u vi\u0161e purana, govori o Ajamili.<\/p><p>Ajamila je \u010dovjek koji je vodio pogre\u0161an \u017eivot i u trenutku smrti trebaju ga po njega do\u0107i Yamaboti. Me\u0111utim, u trenutku umiranja on doziva ime svoga sina, koje se slu\u010dajno poklapa s jednim od imena boga Vishnua. Tada se pojavljuju Vishnuovi glasnici, <em>Vishnudut<\/em>, suprotstavljaju se Yamabotima i osloba\u0111aju Ajamilu.<\/p><p>Ova pri\u010da je teolo\u0161ki iznimno pou\u010dna. U tradiciji obo\u017eavanja Vishnua koristi se kao dokaz spasenjske mo\u0107i bo\u017eanskog imena: \u010dak i nenamjerni izgovor imena ima spasonosno djelovanje.<\/p><p>U ovoj pri\u010di Yamaboti utjelovljuju strogu logiku djela i odmazde, dok Vishnuovi glasnici utjelovljuju milost koja tu logiku mo\u017ee nadi\u0107i. Sukob izme\u0111u te dvije skupine glasnika u tekstovima je prikazan kao prava raspra o pravu i milosti.<\/p><p>Za religijsko-znanstveno razmatranje ova epizoda pokazuje da su Yamaduta u razli\u010ditim religijskim strujanjima Indije bili tuma\u010deni s razli\u010ditom te\u017einom, ovisno o teolo\u0161kom stajali\u0161tu. U okviru strogo usmjerenom na karmu oni su neizbje\u017eni izvr\u0161itelji.<\/p><p>U strujanjima usmjerenima na predanost i milost oni postaju instanca koju se mo\u017ee nadma\u0161iti okretanjem prema spasenjskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e koje se u nekoj religiji obo\u017eava kao bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvu<\/span>. Yamaduta su tako dobar pokazatelj toga kako se zajedni\u010dka mitolo\u0161ka predod\u017eba u razli\u010ditim religijskim sustavima svaki put druga\u010dije razumijeva i vrednuje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Daljnje poveznice<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Preporu\u010dene interne poveznice:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149378\">Budizam<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149384\">Mara<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149386\">Preta<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149387\">\u010cuvari Naraka<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149389\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149323\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149335\">Keres<\/a> (paralele)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149504\">Yama<\/a> kao gospodar mrtvih (hinduizam)<\/li><li>Bardo Th\u00f6dol i tibetanska knjiga mrtvih<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Znanstvena literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Izbor klju\u010dnih radova o Yamad\u016bta:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>The Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead<\/em>. New York 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/uhpress.hawaii.edu\/title\/the-scripture-on-the-ten-kings-and-the-making-of-purgatory-in-medieval-chinese-buddhism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Scripture on the Ten Kings<\/a><\/em>. Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Rhys Davids, Thomas W.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacred-texts.com\/bud\/sbe11\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Suttas<\/a><\/em>. Oxford 1881.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gouin, Margaret: <em>Tibetan Rituals of Death<\/em>. London 2010.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sadakata, Akira: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/buddhistcosmolog0000sada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Cosmology<\/a><\/em>. Tokyo 1997.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dodatna standardna djela u <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/?page_id=149465\">popisu literature<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-yamaduta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Ovdje opisana za\u0161titna praksa predstavlja znanstveno tuma\u010denje povijesnih tradicija. iWell Guard nastavlja tu kulturno-povijesnu liniju nosivih za\u0161titnih predmeta i predstavlja njezin suvremeni oblik. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Vi\u0161e o iWell Guardu \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1697,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yamaduta glasnik smrti Yame","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yamaduta \u2013 glasnici smrti boga Yame","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yamad\u016bte su glasnici smrti u slu\u017ebi Yame, gospodara mrtvih u indijsko-budisti\u010dkoj tradiciji. U trenutku smrti se javljaju kako bi odveli du\u0161u","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-149388","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yamaduta \u2013 glasnici smrti boga Yame<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yamad\u016bte su glasnici smrti u slu\u017ebi Yame, gospodara mrtvih u indijsko-budisti\u010dkoj tradiciji. 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