{"id":47374,"date":"2026-07-29T19:09:00","date_gmt":"2026-07-29T19:09:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%ae\/"},"modified":"2026-07-29T19:09:27","modified_gmt":"2026-07-29T19:09:27","slug":"hananim","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hi\/hananim\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"47374\" class=\"elementor elementor-47374 elementor-3054\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94c829f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"94c829f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b923208 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b923208\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-774a445 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"774a445\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d35426 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3d35426\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e, \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0936\u092e\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0926\u0947\u0935<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdceee8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fdceee8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e (\u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908: \ud558\ub098\ub2d8) \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 &#8220;\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941&#8221; \u092f\u093e &#8220;\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0926\u0947\u0935&#8221; \u0915\u093e \u092c\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928-\u0915\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0925\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e-\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0926 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b 19\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0908\u0938\u093e\u0908, \u0928\u0935-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0915-\u0906\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p><p>\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0908\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0908\u0938\u093e\u0908 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0a87fc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c0a87fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-000caa7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"000caa7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u0926\u0947\u0935\/\u0926\u0947\u0935\u0940: \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0935\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094d\u092f, \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u0928\u0928\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u091c\u093e 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aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2508a21\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__2508a21\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31242e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b31242e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3873cfc iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3873cfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3243\" alt=\"Hananim - G\u00f6tter aus der Korea-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b057e62 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b057e62\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc0b35b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dc0b35b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f71efa8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f71efa8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926-\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b763f60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b763f60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 &#8220;\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0909\u0932&#8221; (\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936) \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f &#8220;-\u0928\u093f\u092e&#8221; \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 &#8220;\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936&#8221; \u092f\u093e &#8220;\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941&#8221;\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092e \u092f\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0915-\u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Don Baker \u0928\u0947 &#8220;Korean Spirituality&#8221; (2008) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926-\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0932\u094b\u0915-\u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 17\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 18\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0908\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930-\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>James Grayson \u0928\u0947 &#8220;Korea: A Religious History&#8221; (1989) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e 19\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0948\u0925\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 19\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u093e \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0949\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 John Ross \u0914\u0930 John MacIntyre \u0928\u0947, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 1882 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0939\u093f\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0942-\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0908\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-982ee3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"982ee3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b40a6e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b40a6e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0932\u094b\u0915-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26981b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26981b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0908\u0938\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u092f\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0932\u094b\u0915-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/p><p>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0941\u0906\u0908 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947, \u0936\u092e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0935\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939; \u0926\u0947\u0935\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0964\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0926\u0947\u0935\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932<\/span> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0940, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927, \u0915\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0938\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u092e\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n\n<p>Boudewijn Walraven \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093e-\u091c\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0936\u092e\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0964\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0936\u092e\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span> \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u092e\u0928 (&#8220;\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u0902\u0917&#8221;) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925, \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924-\u0926\u0947\u0935\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/p><p>\u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u091c\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0925\u0947, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 &#8220;Deus otiosus&#8221; \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e Mircea Eliade \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfceb0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bfceb0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f63af3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f63af3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">19\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0908\u0938\u093e\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76c8d34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76c8d34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u092c\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0908\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092e (\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941), \u0936\u093f\u0902\u091c\u094b (\u0926\u0948\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f) \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u0947 (\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915, \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0938\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u0926) \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/p><p>John Ross \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0938\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0926\u0930\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0902\u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0935\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u092f\u0939 \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0932\u094b\u0915-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924, \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0925\u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u094d\u092c\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u0939\u0930 \u0928\u0947 1880 \u0914\u0930 1890 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964 Horace Underwood \u0914\u0930 Henry Appenzeller, \u091c\u094b 1885 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0932 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0947, \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u091f\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 1900 \u0924\u0915 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e (\u091a\u0940\u0928, \u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d0280a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0d0280a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95d7af3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"95d7af3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0925\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f96e12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f96e12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0948\u0925\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e, \u091c\u094b 18\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0925\u0940, \u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902\u091c\u0942 (&#8220;\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941&#8221;) \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 Matteo Ricci \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/p><p>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0926 \u0906\u091c \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0948\u0925\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e-\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0908\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930-\u0909\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e; \u0932\u093f\u091f\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940\u0964\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940<\/span> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0908\u0938\u093e\u0908 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0908\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f-\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0925\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902\u091c\u0942\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0926 \u0926\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n<p>\u0908\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e-\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0926\u0936\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 (\u0907\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932) \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Don Baker \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0908\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930-\u0928\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948; \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u091a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902\u091c\u0942 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0938\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0932\u094b\u0915-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936-\u092d\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-511364e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"511364e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8483d68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8483d68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0928\u0935-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb2d9e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bb2d9e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u091c\u094b\u0938\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0928-\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u0935-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>1860 \u092e\u0947\u0902 Choe Je-u \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0921\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0939\u093e\u0915 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0928\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0928\u093f\u092e, \u091c\u094b \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091c\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0909\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f &#8220;\u0907\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091a\u094b\u0928&#8221; \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924 &#8220;\u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0939\u0948&#8221; \u092e\u0947\u0902)\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u0947 1894 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0928 \u0921\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0939\u093e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>1909 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093e\u0928\u0917\u0941\u0928-\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091c\u094b\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0917\u092f\u094b \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0926\u0947\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 Sun-Myung Moon \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 (\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a) \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0908\u0938\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e-\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947-\u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8badfd1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8badfd1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-165c229 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"165c229\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902\u091c\u0942 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-616653e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"616653e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902\u091c\u0942 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f-\u0917\u0924, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e-\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0926 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u091a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902\u091c\u0942 \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940-\u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 (\u0938\u093f\u0928\u094b-\u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908) \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0932\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0942\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p><p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924, \u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902\u091c\u0942 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915, \u0917\u0930\u093f\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924-\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925-\u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n<p>Antonetta Bruno \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u091a\u0947\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u0935\u0947 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0942\u0932-\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0947\u0964<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f80e53 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f80e53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a56984 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7a56984\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed8050a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed8050a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0906\u091c \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0908\u0938\u093e\u0908 \u0908\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092a\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0918\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0926 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p><p>\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0908\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930-\u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0935\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0926\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0917\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n<p>\u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926-\u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u0924\u0903 \u0932\u094b\u0915-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f-\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u092c\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p><p>James Grayson \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b &#8220;\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0908\u0938\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f&#8221; \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0924\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0926 \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0926 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0908\u0938\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93d633f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"93d633f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e4d127 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e4d127\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0936\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c170e14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c170e14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u094b\u0927 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 James Grayson, Don Baker, Boudewijn Walraven \u0914\u0930 Antonetta Bruno \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0926\u0936\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e-\u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p><p>\u0924\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f \u0932\u094b\u0915-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915, \u0908\u0938\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0935-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926-\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Maurizio Riotto \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e-\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0924\u0947\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940-\u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n\n<p>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e-\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e &#8220;\u0906\u0926\u093f-\u0908\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928&#8221; \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0948\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 Mircea Eliade \u0914\u0930 Wilhelm Schmidt \u0928\u0947 20\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u093e\u0964<\/p><p>\u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u093f-\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0935\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e-\u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p><p>\u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u094b\u0915-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0935-\u092a\u0926 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0908\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930; \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75e7f10 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"75e7f10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac99849 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac99849\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0921\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0939\u093e\u0915, Choe Je-u \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0928\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0928\u093f\u092e-\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-852ff55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"852ff55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>19\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0908\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930; \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span> \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0921\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0939\u093e\u0915 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 (&#8220;\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e&#8221;) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 Choe Je-u (1824 \u0938\u0947 1864) \u0928\u0947 1860 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u0939\u0938\u094d\u092f\u092e\u092f \u092d\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941 \u0939\u0928\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0925, &#8220;\u0921\u094b\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0917\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0917 \u0926\u0947\u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0928&#8221; (1880) \u0914\u0930 &#8220;\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0926\u093e\u092e \u092f\u0941\u0938\u093e&#8221; (1881) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u093f\u0924, \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0942\u0932-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0936 &#8220;\u0938\u093f \u091a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902\u091c\u0942&#8221; (&#8220;\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e&#8221;) \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 Choe Si-hyeong \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 Son Byong-hi \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 &#8220;\u0907\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091a\u094b\u0928&#8221; (&#8220;\u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0939\u0948&#8221;) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>\u0907\u0938 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915-\u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 1864 \u092e\u0947\u0902 Choe Je-u \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u0940; \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938-\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923; \u0935\u093f\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0964\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e<\/span> \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u093e\u0901\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u0947 1894 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0928 \u0921\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0939\u093e\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0938\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940-\u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u092c\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p><p>Don Baker \u0914\u0930 Susan Shin \u0928\u0947 \u0921\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0939\u093e\u0915 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0921\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0939\u093e\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0908\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930; \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span> \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0908\u0938\u093e\u0908 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0938\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0926\u0930\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Son Byong-hi \u0928\u0947 1905 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u094b (&#8220;\u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e&#8221;) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u0903 1919 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0908\u0964<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d393860 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d393860\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-531e742 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"531e742\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-794cfb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"794cfb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f &#8220;\u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928&#8221; \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 Shen, Shangdi \u0914\u0930 Tianzhu \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0938 Matteo Ricci \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0940\u0964<\/p><p>\u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 19\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926-\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0902\u0924\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901; \u0915\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0964\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0915\u093e\u092e\u0940<\/span> \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0932\u091d \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 Don Baker \u0932\u094b\u0915-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>John Ross \u0928\u0947 1877 \u092e\u0947\u0902 &#8220;Corean Primer&#8221; \u0914\u0930 1882 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u090f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092c\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940-\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 Seo Sang-ryun \u0914\u0930 Baek Hong-jun \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/p><p>Ross \u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u0928\u0924\u093e &#8220;\u0907\u0938 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0926\u0947\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948&#8221; &#8211; \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0936\u094b\u0927 \u0938\u0939\u0940, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 James Scarth Gale \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 &#8220;Korean Sketches&#8221; (1898) \u0914\u0930 &#8220;The Cloud Dream of the Nine&#8221; (1922) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0940-\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0940 \u091c\u0917\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0904447 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0904447\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ea33b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ea33b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf2fc1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf2fc1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>20\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 21\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 1970 \u0914\u0930 1980 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 Suh Nam-dong \u0914\u0930 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\" tabindex=\"0\">Ahn<\/span> Byung-mu \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u093f\u0902\u091c\u0941\u0902\u0917-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0908\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930; \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span>, \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0908\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0928-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0938\u0947, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0936\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0947, \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0964<\/p><p>\u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092f\u0939 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0906\u091c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0918\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0908\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930; \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span> \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u0903 Cho Yonggi (1936 \u0938\u0947 2021) \u0915\u0940 Yoido Full Gospel Church, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0943\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0941 \u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p><p>\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f-\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f, \u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0908\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Sebastian Kim, James Grayson \u0914\u0930 Robert Buswell \u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928 \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f594dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f594dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f84ec19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f84ec19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5fcbcf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c5fcbcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924: Choe Je-u, &#8220;Donggyeong daejeon&#8221; (\u092e\u0930\u0923\u094b\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924 1880) \u0914\u0930 &#8220;Yongdam yusa&#8221; (\u092e\u0930\u0923\u094b\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924 1881); John Ross, &#8220;History of Corea, Ancient and Modern&#8221; (Paisley 1879) \u0914\u0930 &#8220;Corean Primer&#8221; (Shanghai 1877); James Scarth Gale, &#8220;Korean Sketches&#8221; (New York 1898); Horace G. Underwood, &#8220;The Religions of Eastern Asia&#8221; (New York 1910).<\/span><\/p><p>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>James H. Grayson, &#8220;Korea: A Religious History&#8221; (Oxford 1989, 2002) \u0914\u0930 &#8220;Early Buddhism and Christianity in Korea&#8221; (Leiden 1985).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Don Baker, &#8220;Korean Spirituality&#8221; (Honolulu 2008) \u0914\u0930 &#8220;Catholics and Anti-Catholicism in Choson Korea&#8221; (Honolulu 2017).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Boudewijn Walraven, &#8220;Songs of the Shaman&#8221; (London 1994).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Susan Shin, &#8220;Tonghak Thought: The Roots of Revolution&#8221;, in &#8220;Korea Journal&#8221; 19 (1979).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sebastian Kim, &#8220;In Search of Identity: Debates on Religious Conversion in India&#8221; mit koreanischen Vergleichsabschnitten (Oxford 2003).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>George Paik, &#8220;The History of Protestant Missions in Korea 1832-1910&#8221; (Pyongyang 1929, ND Seoul 1980).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span data-nosnippet>\u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902: Sung-Deuk Oak, &#8220;The Making of Korean Christianity&#8221; (Waco 2013).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e, \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0936\u092e\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0926\u0947\u0935 \u0939\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092e (\u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908: \ud558\ub098\ub2d8) \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 &#8220;\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941&#8221; \u092f\u093e &#8220;\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0926\u0947\u0935&#8221; \u0915\u093e 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