{"id":195104,"date":"2026-09-07T09:38:38","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:38:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=195104"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"laozi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/laozi\/","title":{"rendered":"Laozi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"195104\" class=\"elementor elementor-195104 elementor-3065 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-345170e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"345170e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff235dd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ff235dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fb6ac8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8fb6ac8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc68772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bc68772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi, fundador do Dao\u00edsmo<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-359f20b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"359f20b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Laozi (\u8001\u5b50, tam\u00e9n Lao-tzu, Lao-tse) \u00e9 considerado na tradici\u00f3n chinesa o fundador do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3n relixioso-filos\u00f3fica chinesa orientada segundo o Dao, o Cami\u00f1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dao\u00edsmo<\/span> e o autor lexendario do \u00abDaodejing\u00bb, un dos textos m\u00e1is influentes da historia relixiosa e filos\u00f3fica chinesa.<\/p><p>A s\u00faa existencia hist\u00f3rica \u00e9 obxecto de controversia na investigaci\u00f3n moderna; as fontes sobre a s\u00faa vida son escasas, contraditorias e en parte de car\u00e1cter m\u00edtico. A investigaci\u00f3n relixiosa sobre Laozi c\u00e9ntrase hoxe menos na persoa hist\u00f3rica que na historia da recepci\u00f3n dos textos que se lle atrib\u00faen e na s\u00faa posterior deificaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec1d295 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ec1d295\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d78c6a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d78c6a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00f3n dunha cultura, con \u00e1mbitos de competencia claros \u2014 forzas da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado mediante cultos, ofrendas e instituci\u00f3ns de templo.\">Deus<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3280e9a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3280e9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78f4bb5 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"78f4bb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6d504f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6d504f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf9f9ad iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cf9f9ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196720\" alt=\"Laozi - Deuses da tradici\u00f3n tao\u00edsta, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5250054 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5250054\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b7d392 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b7d392\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0015f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b0015f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes sobre a persoa hist\u00f3rica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c2b50b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c2b50b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A biograf\u00eda <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente do 800 a.C. ao 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiga<\/span> m\u00e1is extensa de Laozi enc\u00f3ntrase no \u00abShiji\u00bb (\u00abRexistros do Historiador\u00bb) de Sima Qian, conclu\u00eddo por volta do ano 90 antes de Cristo. Sima Qian relata tres versi\u00f3ns diferentes sobre Laozi e admite el mesmo non saber cal \u00e9 a correcta.<\/p><p>A versi\u00f3n m\u00e1is popular fai de Laozi un funcionario na corte da dinast\u00eda Zhou oriental, que no s\u00e9culo VI antes de Cristo ter\u00eda sido bibliotecario ou arquiveiro.<\/p><p>Segundo esta versi\u00f3n, terase atopado co xove Confucio (551 a 479 antes de Cristo) e ter\u00edalle dado ensino ao futuro mestre. Finalmente, decepcionado polo declive do reino, Laozi haber\u00eda abandonado o pa\u00eds en direcci\u00f3n oeste e, a petici\u00f3n do gardi\u00e1n da fronteira Yinxi no paso de Han-Gu, escribiu o Daodejing en 5000 caracteres.<\/p>\n\n<p>A segunda versi\u00f3n identifica a Laozi con Lao Laizi, outro mestre dao\u00edsta da \u00e9poca Zhou. A terceira versi\u00f3n sit\u00faalo unhas 100 anos despois. Estas m\u00faltiples versi\u00f3ns mostran que o propio Sima Qian non dispu\u00f1a de datos biogr\u00e1ficos fiables e que compilou o material a partir de diversas tradici\u00f3ns orais e escritas.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller demostrou en \u00abLaotse\u00bb (1995) e \u00abThe Philosophy of the Daodejing\u00bb (2006) que os escasos datos de Sima Qian te\u00f1en m\u00e1is substancia lexendaria que hist\u00f3rica.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6257dc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c6257dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad033e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ad033e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A historicidade na investigaci\u00f3n moderna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28596d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28596d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>A investigaci\u00f3n sinol\u00f3xica moderna debate intensamente a cuesti\u00f3n da historicidade de Laozi. Russell Kirkland defendeu en \u00abTaoism: The Enduring Tradition\u00bb (2004) unha posici\u00f3n cr\u00edtica, segundo a cal Laozi \u00e9 dificilmente rastreable como persoa hist\u00f3rica, e os textos que se lle atrib\u00faen son m\u00e1is ben o produto de varias xeraci\u00f3ns de eruditos de orientaci\u00f3n dao\u00edsta.<\/span><\/p><p>Esta posici\u00f3n est\u00e1 respaldada pola investigaci\u00f3n sobre a historia textual: segundo a visi\u00f3n actual, o Daodejing non \u00e9 unha obra de autor\u00eda unificada, sen\u00f3n unha compilaci\u00f3n cuxas capas m\u00e1is antigas rem\u00f3ntanse ao s\u00e9culo IV ou III antes de Cristo.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Os textos en bamb\u00fa descubertos en 1993 en Guodian (provincia de Hubei) conti\u00f1an fragmentos dunha versi\u00f3n temper\u00e1 do Daodejing, datados a finais do s\u00e9culo IV antes de Cristo. Estes achados renovaron o debate sobre a historia da orixe do texto e mostran que o Daodejing foi editado e ampliado ao longo de varios s\u00e9culos.<\/span><\/p><p>Resulta, polo tanto, improbable a existencia dun \u00fanico autor hist\u00f3rico. A tradici\u00f3n de atribu\u00edr a obra a Laozi corresp\u00f3ndese cun patr\u00f3n t\u00edpico chin\u00e9s de atribuci\u00f3n pseudoepigr\u00e1fica a un fundador lexendario.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fa1cda e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6fa1cda\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72671cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72671cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Daodejing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed9666a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed9666a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Daodejing (\u00abCl\u00e1sico do Cami\u00f1o e da Virtude\u00bb) \u00e9 un texto de 81 cap\u00edtulos breves que desenvolve, en forma po\u00e9tica e afor\u00edstica, conceptos dao\u00edstas fundamentais.<\/p><p>Os conceptos centrais son \u00abDao\u00bb (Cami\u00f1o, realidade c\u00f3smica orixinaria), \u00abDe\u00bb (Virtude, forza interior), \u00abWuwei\u00bb (non-acci\u00f3n, actuar sen forzar), \u00abZiran\u00bb (naturalidade, ser-as\u00ed-por-si-mesmo) e \u00abPu\u00bb (a madeira sen labrar, simplicidade orixinaria). Estes conceptos forman xuntos un sistema filos\u00f3fico e relixioso que foi desenvolvido posteriormente en numerosos comentarios.<\/p>\n\n<p>Os comentarios cl\u00e1sicos m\u00e1is importantes sobre o Daodejing proceden de Wang Bi (226 a 249) e Heshang Gong (s\u00e9culo I antes de Cristo ou s\u00e9culo II despois de Cristo). Ambos representan lecturas diferentes: Wang Bi le o texto de forma filos\u00f3fico-ontol\u00f3xica, mentres que Heshang Gong o le de forma relixioso-pr\u00e1ctica, con referencia \u00e1 meditaci\u00f3n e \u00e1s t\u00e9cnicas de respiraci\u00f3n.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A tensi\u00f3n entre unha lectura filos\u00f3fica e unha lectura relixiosa marca a recepci\u00f3n do Daodejing at\u00e9 a actualidade. Livia Kohn demostrou en \u00abDaoism and Chinese Culture\u00bb (2001) como esta dupla natureza do texto posibilita o seu efecto extraordinario nos m\u00e1is diversos contextos culturais.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ba74c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ba74c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c62d4e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c62d4e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A deificaci\u00f3n de Laozi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c669a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c669a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No s\u00e9culo II despois de Cristo comezou a deificaci\u00f3n relixiosa de Laozi. Na primeira escola dao\u00edsta dos Tianshi (\u00abMestres Celestiais\u00bb), fundada por Zhang Daoling por volta do ano 142 despois de Cristo, Laozi era venerado como mestre celestial e manifestaci\u00f3n do Dao.<\/p><p>Segundo a tradici\u00f3n, apareceuse a Zhang Daoling nunha visi\u00f3n e entregoulle os textos sagrados. Deste xeito, Laozi deixou de ser simplemente un fil\u00f3sofo lexendario para converterse nunha figura c\u00f3smica con funci\u00f3n relixiosa activa.<\/p>\n\n<p>Esta deificaci\u00f3n foise ampliando ao longo dos s\u00e9culos seguintes. No <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3n relixioso-filos\u00f3fica chinesa orientada segundo o Dao, o Cami\u00f1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dao\u00edsmo<\/span> da \u00e9poca Tang (618 a 907), Laozi era considerado Taishang Laojun (\u00abSupremo Anci\u00e1n Se\u00f1or\u00bb), unha das tres divindades principais do pante\u00f3n dao\u00edsta xunto a Yuanshi Tianzun (\u00abDigno Celestial do Comezo\u00bb) e Lingbao Tianzun (\u00abDigno Celestial do Tesouro Sagrado\u00bb).<\/p><p>Nesta forma, Laozi segue presente hoxe nos templos dao\u00edstas de China, Taiw\u00e1n e Hong Kong.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4e0da5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d4e0da5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b11b74c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b11b74c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi e a pol\u00edtica imperial<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94e71dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94e71dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Laozi desempe\u00f1ou un papel especial na pol\u00edtica imperial. Os emperadores Tang, que levaban o apelido Li, afirmaban descender xenealoxicamente de Laozi, cuxo apelido ter\u00eda sido tam\u00e9n Li.<\/p><p>Esta construci\u00f3n xeneal\u00f3xica converteuse no fundamento ideol\u00f3xico da dinast\u00eda Tang e levou a un fomento estatal do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3n relixioso-filos\u00f3fica chinesa que se orienta polo Dao, o Cami\u00f1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">dao\u00edsmo<\/span>. O emperador Xuanzong (reinou de 712 a 756) outorgoulle a Laozi o t\u00edtulo de \u00abAlt\u00edsimo Santo Antepasado, Se\u00f1or Celestial Eterno de gran Virtude\u00bb e ordenou que o Daodejing fose lectura obrigatoria nos exames estatais.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Florian Reiter demostrou en \u00abThe Aspirations and Standards of Taoist Priests in the Early Tang Period\u00bb (1998) canto de vinculada estaba a veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa de Laozi coa autorepresentaci\u00f3n pol\u00edtica da dinast\u00eda Tang.<\/span><\/p><p>O fomento imperial provocou un florecemento do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3n relixioso-filos\u00f3fica chinesa que se orienta polo Dao, o Cami\u00f1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">dao\u00edsmo<\/span>, a construci\u00f3n de numerosos <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edificio destinado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> e a estandarizaci\u00f3n da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A orde establecida do culto dunha comunidade relixiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturxia<\/span> dao\u00edsta. Esta apropiaci\u00f3n pol\u00edtica marcou de forma duradeira a imaxe de Laozi e diferencia a s\u00faa recepci\u00f3n da li\u00f1a menos institucionalizada do confucianismo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f33cd7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f33cd7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518d1c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"518d1c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interpretaci\u00f3n desde a ciencia da relixi\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-357732f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"357732f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na investigaci\u00f3n relixiosa dist\u00ednguese entre o \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3n relixioso-filos\u00f3fica chinesa que se orienta polo Dao, o Cami\u00f1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">dao\u00edsmo<\/span> filos\u00f3fico\u00bb (Daojia) e o \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3n relixioso-filos\u00f3fica chinesa que se orienta polo Dao, o Cami\u00f1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">dao\u00edsmo<\/span> relixioso\u00bb (Daojiao), unha separaci\u00f3n habitual desde a \u00e9poca Han (206 antes de Cristo a 220 despois de Cristo). Esta distinci\u00f3n resulta, con todo, problem\u00e1tica, xa que ambas as correntes se entrelazan na realidade hist\u00f3rica.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Isabelle Robinet demostrou en \u00abTaoism: Growth of a Religion\u00bb (1997) e Harold Roth en \u00abOriginal Tao\u00bb (1999) que unha separaci\u00f3n estrita non reflicte adecuadamente os datos hist\u00f3ricos. Tam\u00e9n o Daodejing conte\u00f1en pasaxes que poden lerse desde unha perspectiva de pr\u00e1ctica meditativa, mentres que as correntes relixiosas empregan de xeito central os conceptos filos\u00f3ficos.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>Volker Olles documentou, nos seus traballos sobre o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3n relixioso-filos\u00f3fica chinesa que se orienta polo Dao, o Cami\u00f1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">dao\u00edsmo<\/span> en Sichuan, a diversidade rexional da veneraci\u00f3n a Laozi. Nalgunhas rexi\u00f3ns Laozi \u00e9 venerado como principio c\u00f3smico, noutras como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> persoal con \u00e1mbitos de acci\u00f3n concretos (curaci\u00f3n, protecci\u00f3n, riqueza).<\/p><p>Esta diversidade mostra que o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3n relixioso-filos\u00f3fica chinesa que se orienta polo Dao, o Cami\u00f1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">dao\u00edsmo<\/span> non \u00e9 unha relixi\u00f3n pechada, sen\u00f3n unha ampla tradici\u00f3n relixiosa con numerosas correntes e formas locais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e31b6ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e31b6ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4de1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f4de1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi en comparaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6ed944 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d6ed944\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A comparaci\u00f3n de Laozi cos grandes fundadores doutras tradici\u00f3ns relixiosas (Confucio, Buda, S\u00f3crates) faise ocasionalmente na investigaci\u00f3n, a\u00ednda que resulta metodicamente delicada. Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller sinalou que a idea dun fundador individual, tan prominente nas relixi\u00f3ns occidentais, non se aplica do mesmo xeito na tradici\u00f3n chinesa.<\/p><p>Laozi non \u00e9 tanto un fundador no sentido de Xes\u00fas ou Mahoma, sen\u00f3n unha figura simb\u00f3lica lendaria que representa unha determinada tradici\u00f3n sen a ter posto en marcha activamente.<\/p>\n\n<p>Dentro da tradici\u00f3n chinesa, Laozi ocupa un lugar xunto a Zhuangzi (s\u00e9culo IV antes de Cristo), o segundo gran autor dao\u00edsta, cuxa obra hom\u00f3nima \u00abZhuangzi\u00bb ten igualmente unha importancia fundamental.<\/p><p>Ambos son considerados con frecuencia conxuntamente os fundadores do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3n relixioso-filos\u00f3fica chinesa que se orienta polo Dao, o Cami\u00f1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">dao\u00edsmo<\/span> cl\u00e1sico. Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller e Harold Roth demostraron que ambos os textos po\u00f1en o acento en aspectos filos\u00f3ficos distintos, pero empregan conceptos b\u00e1sicos com\u00fans e se comentan mutuamente.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae790a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ae790a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4f2ade elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4f2ade\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Manuscritos de Mawangdui e Guodian<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcdec89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcdec89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>A investigaci\u00f3n sobre a historia textual do \u00abDaodejing\u00bb viuse profundamente transformada por dous achados arqueol\u00f3xicos do s\u00e9culo XX. En 1973, arque\u00f3logos chineses descubriron na tumba 3 de Mawangdui, cerca de Changsha (provincia de Hunan), dous manuscritos en seda do texto, datados en 168 antes da nosa era.<\/span><\/p><p>As versi\u00f3ns \u00abMawangdui A\u00bb e \u00abMawangdui B\u00bb presentan, respecto do texto est\u00e1ndar posterior, unha orde inversa das partes principais: a \u00abparte De\u00bb (cap\u00edtulos 38 a 81 do texto est\u00e1ndar) precede \u00e1 \u00abparte Dao\u00bb (cap\u00edtulos 1 a 37).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Este dato interpr\u00e9tase na sinolox\u00eda como indicio dunha redacci\u00f3n m\u00e1is antiga, previa ao texto est\u00e1ndar. Robert G. Henricks presentou en \u00abLao-Tzu. Te-Tao Ching\u00bb (Nova York, 1989) unha traduci\u00f3n inglesa completa das versi\u00f3ns de Mawangdui con aparato cr\u00edtico, e sinalou 130 diferenzas de lectura substanciais respecto da vulgata de Wang Bi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>O segundo achado clave son as tiras de bamb\u00fa escavadas en 1993 en Guodian (tam\u00e9n en Hunan), procedentes dunha tumba datada arredor do 300 antes da nosa era.<\/p><p>Conte\u00f1en, en tres feixes, aproximadamente dous quintos do texto do Daodejing, nunha forma a\u00ednda non dividida en d\u00faas partes. Esta versi\u00f3n consid\u00e9rase hoxe o testemu\u00f1o material m\u00e1is antigo do complexo textual do Daodejing. Robert Henricks presentou en \u00abLao Tzu&#8217;s Tao Te Ching.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A Translation of the Startling New Documents Found at Guodian\u00bb (Nova York, 2000) unha primeira edici\u00f3n filol\u00f3xica; Sarah Allan e Crispin Williams discutiron no volume colectivo \u00abThe Guodian Laozi\u00bb (Berkeley, 2000) as consecuencias metodol\u00f3xicas para a cuesti\u00f3n da dataci\u00f3n.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Harold D. Roth demostrou en \u00abOriginal Tao\u00bb (Nova York, 1999) que as tiras de bamb\u00fa de Guodian situ\u00e1n o texto do Daodejing como parte dunha corrente m\u00e1is ampla de reflexi\u00f3n meditativo-cosmol\u00f3xica temper\u00e1, cuxos vestixios tam\u00e9n se poden atopar en \u00abNeiye\u00bb e \u00abHeguanzi\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f70d31 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f70d31\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-477e1e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"477e1e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradici\u00f3n de comentarios e apropiaci\u00f3n relixiosa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d530ab5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d530ab5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A historia produtiva de recepci\u00f3n do Daodejing sust\u00e9ntase principalmente na s\u00faa tradici\u00f3n de comentarios.<\/p><p>Tres comentarios consid\u00e9ranse <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que pertence ao corpus de escritos reco\u00f1ecido de forma vinculante nunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">can\u00f3nicos<\/span> na sinolox\u00eda. O \u00abComentario de Heshanggong\u00bb (\u00abComentario de Lao-tse do Mestre da Beira do R\u00edo\u00bb), datado tradicionalmente na \u00e9poca Han (probablemente entre os s\u00e9culos I e II da nosa era), le o texto como un programa de cultivo persoal corporal e as\u00ed marca a posterior tradici\u00f3n dao\u00edsta da Alquimia Interior (neidan).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Eduard Erkes publicou en 1950, na revista \u00abArtibus Asiae\u00bb, o primeiro estudo sistem\u00e1tico do Comentario de Heshanggong nunha lingua occidental; Alan K. L. Chan comparou, en \u00abTwo Visions of the Way\u00bb (Albany, 1991), o Comentario de Heshanggong co segundo comentario can\u00f3nico.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Este segundo comentario procede de Wang Bi (226-249), un representante da \u00abxuanxue\u00bb (\u00abdoutrina do misterioso\u00bb) da \u00e9poca Wei-Jin, e reformula o texto nunha li\u00f1a ontol\u00f3xico-metaf\u00edsica na que o \u00abNada\u00bb (\u00abwu\u00bb) se le como fundamento ontol\u00f3xico do ser.<\/p><p>O comentario de Wang Bi marcou profundamente a posterior lectura chinesa do texto e \u00e9 o modelo da gran maior\u00eda das edici\u00f3ns est\u00e1ndar actuais.<\/p><p>O terceiro comentario central \u00e9 o \u00abComentario Xiang&#8217;er\u00bb (\u00abExplicaci\u00f3n pensando en ti\u00bb), xurdido no s\u00e9culo II ou III nos c\u00edrculos dos primeiros dao\u00edstas \u00abTianshi\u00bb (Mestres Celestiais).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Stephen R. Bokenkamp traduciu por primeira vez de forma completa o Comentario Xiang&#8217;er ao ingl\u00e9s en \u00abEarly Daoist Scriptures\u00bb (Berkeley, 1997) e demostrou que a apropiaci\u00f3n relixiosa de Laozi como divindade persoal \u00abTaishang Laojun\u00bb xa estaba plenamente formada nesta capa, e non xurdiu s\u00f3 nas posteriores escolas Lingbao e Shangqing.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-450e76c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"450e76c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11340e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11340e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3n internacional<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eae2959 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eae2959\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Daodejing \u00e9, xunto coa Biblia, o libro m\u00e1is traducido a outras linguas do mundo. As primeiras traduci\u00f3ns europeas datan do s\u00e9culo XVIII; nos s\u00e9culos XIX e XX, tradutores como Richard Wilhelm, James Legge e Arthur Waley deron a co\u00f1ecer a obra a un amplo p\u00fablico lector occidental.<\/p><p>No s\u00e9culo XX, Laozi tam\u00e9n exerceu unha influencia considerable na filosof\u00eda occidental, na tradici\u00f3n psicoterap\u00e9utica e no movemento esot\u00e9rico, moitas veces en forma moi simplificada e reinterpretada desde unha perspectiva occidental.<\/p>\n\n<p>Hoxe en d\u00eda, a investigaci\u00f3n sobre Laozi \u00e9 un campo internacional no que participan sin\u00f3logos e sin\u00f3logas chinesas, taiwanesas, xaponesas, europeas e estadounidenses. Os debates sobre a dataci\u00f3n, a historia textual, a lectura filos\u00f3fica e a funci\u00f3n relixiosa seguen vivos.<\/p><p>P\u00f3dese extraer unha conclusi\u00f3n da investigaci\u00f3n realizada at\u00e9 o momento: a cuesti\u00f3n do Laozi hist\u00f3rico \u00e9 posiblemente menos importante que a cuesti\u00f3n da historia de recepci\u00f3n dos textos que se lle atrib\u00faen, que est\u00e1n entre as obras m\u00e1is influentes da literatura universal e da historia das relixi\u00f3ns do mundo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3217,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Laozi","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Laozi \u2013 Fundador do Dao\u00edsmo | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Laozi \u00e9 o fundador m\u00edtico do Dao\u00edsmo e autor do Daodejing. Deificado como un dos Tres Puros","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-195104","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Laozi \u2013 Fundador do Dao\u00edsmo | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Laozi \u00e9 o fundador m\u00edtico do Dao\u00edsmo e autor do Daodejing. 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