{"id":195092,"date":"2026-09-07T09:38:38","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:38:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=195092"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"tsongkhapa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/tsongkhapa\/","title":{"rendered":"Tsongkhapa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"195092\" class=\"elementor elementor-195092 elementor-3052 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff07ec5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ff07ec5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2587cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d2587cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2283551 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2283551\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c119749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c119749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsongkhapa, fundador da escola Gelug<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f77872 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f77872\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa Lobsang Dragpa (1357 a 1419) foi un erudito tibetano, reformador mon\u00e1stico e fundador da tradici\u00f3n Gelug (\u00abescola dos virtuosos\u00bb), que dende o s\u00e9culo XVII constit\u00fae a corrente relixiosa e politicamente dominante no budismo tibetano.<\/p><p>Desta escola xurdiu a li\u00f1axe dos Dalai Lamas e dos Panchen Lamas. Tsongkhapa \u00e9 considerado un dos sistematizadores m\u00e1is importantes da historia do budismo tibetano e marcou a tradici\u00f3n escol\u00e1stica coa s\u00faa extensa obra e coa fundaci\u00f3n do mosteiro de Ganden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab9f544 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ab9f544\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c85aa6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"c85aa6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00f3n dunha cultura, con competencias claras \u2014 forzas da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado a trav\u00e9s de cultos, ofrendas e instituci\u00f3ns templarias.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/tibet\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3n tibetano-budista e B\u00f6n \u2014 Yidam, Dharmap\u0101la, mundo dos nagas.\">Tibet<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9c56ca e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c9c56ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16d86f7 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"16d86f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-473c36f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"473c36f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07c53db iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"07c53db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196667\" alt=\"Tsongkhapa - Deuses da tradici\u00f3n tibetana, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec5b4e8 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ec5b4e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c96e6c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c96e6c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-238d336 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"238d336\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Traxectoria vital e biograf\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54cceea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54cceea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa naceu na rexi\u00f3n do leste do T\u00edbet co\u00f1ecida como Amdo, no actual Qinghai. O seu lugar de nacemento identif\u00edcase con Tsongkha, o que lle deu o sobrenome \u00abo home de Tsongkha\u00bb. Realizou os seus primeiros estudos relixiosos nun mosteiro pr\u00f3ximo das li\u00f1axes nyingma e kadampa.<\/p><p>Aos 16 anos viaxou ao T\u00edbet central para estudar nos grandes mosteiros de Sangphu e Nethang. Nas tres d\u00e9cadas seguintes moveuse entre varios mosteiros e aprendeu con mestres de todas as tradici\u00f3ns importantes da \u00e9poca.<\/p>\n\n<p>Robert Thurman, en \u00abLife and Teachings of Tsong Khapa\u00bb (1982), rastreou en detalle o percorrido vital de Tsongkhapa e mostrou que a s\u00faa pol\u00edtica formativa apuntaba deliberadamente a integrar todas as tradici\u00f3ns de estudo da \u00e9poca.<\/p><p>O seu mestre principal para os estudos de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, un texto doutrinal de forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> foi Drakpa Gyaltsen; para os estudos t\u00e1ntricos foron sobre todo Khedrup Je e Gyaltsab Je. Outro mestre importante foi o mestre sakya Rendawa Shy\u00f6nnu Lodr\u00f6, que o formou especialmente na filosof\u00eda madhyamaka. Esta ampla base formativa marcou o perfil posterior da escola Gelug.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f64bbb4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f64bbb4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f9ab83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0f9ab83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Programa relixioso-filos\u00f3fico<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bbbea1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bbbea1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O programa filos\u00f3fico de Tsongkhapa buscaba unha rigorosa uni\u00f3n entre a tradici\u00f3n erudita do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, un texto doutrinal de forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> e a pr\u00e1ctica t\u00e1ntrica.<\/p><p>Insist\u00eda en que ambos cami\u00f1os deb\u00edan percorrerse nunha secuencia ordenada: primeiro os fundamentos da regra mon\u00e1stica (Vinaya), despois a filosof\u00eda sistem\u00e1tica do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, un texto doutrinal de forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> segundo os criterios madhyamaka e pramana, e finalmente as iniciaci\u00f3ns e pr\u00e1cticas t\u00e1ntricas. Esta ordenaci\u00f3n converteuse na base da reforma dos estudos Gelug e na norma da posterior formaci\u00f3n mon\u00e1stica tibetana.<\/p>\n\n<p>A s\u00faa obra m\u00e1is importante \u00e9 o \u00abLam Rim Chenmo\u00bb, o \u00abGran Tratado do Cami\u00f1o Gradual \u00e1 Iluminaci\u00f3n\u00bb, rematado en 1402, que exp\u00f3n o cami\u00f1o espiritual dun bodhisattva en tres etapas (motivaci\u00f3n pequena, media e superior).<\/p><p>Donald Lopez e Joshua Cutler traduciron a obra ao ingl\u00e9s en varios volumes e explicaron os seus fundamentos filos\u00f3ficos. Consid\u00e9rase o libro de texto central da tradici\u00f3n Gelug e a\u00ednda hoxe se memoriza e comenta nos mosteiros.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-157b82d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"157b82d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b04173 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b04173\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interpretaci\u00f3n madhyamaka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8154cdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8154cdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No \u00e1mbito filos\u00f3fico, Tsongkhapa \u00e9 co\u00f1ecido sobre todo pola s\u00faa interpretaci\u00f3n da escola madhyamaka de Nagarjuna. Defendeu a chamada posici\u00f3n \u00abprasangika-madhyamaka\u00bb, que rexeitaba calquera afirmaci\u00f3n positiva sobre a realidade \u00faltima e desenvolv\u00eda de forma consecuentemente dial\u00e9ctica a doutrina da \u00abvacuidade\u00bb (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101).<\/p><p>A s\u00faa obra principal neste campo \u00e9 \u00abA claridade do pensamento\u00bb (\u00abdgongs pa rab gsal\u00bb), na que recolleu a tradici\u00f3n de comentario do madhyamika indio Candrakirti e a defendeu fronte a interpretaci\u00f3ns discrepantes.<\/p>\n\n<p>Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n, en \u00abA Dose of Emptiness\u00bb (1992), mostrou que a comprensi\u00f3n da madhyamaka de Tsongkhapa se diferenciaba en puntos decisivos das lecturas tibetanas anteriores. En particular, rexeitaba a idea de que a vacuidade puidese entenderse como un absoluto propio e determinable positivamente.<\/p><p>Esta posici\u00f3n provocou oposici\u00f3n nas filas das escolas nyingma e sakya, cuxos representantes lle reprochaban unha negatividade demasiado estrita. A chamada \u00abdisputa da vacuidade\u00bb resultante marcou a filosof\u00eda tibetana durante varios s\u00e9culos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3deba7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3deba7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea81549 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ea81549\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obras t\u00e1ntricas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0b27c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0b27c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ademais dos estudos do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, un texto doutrinal de forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>, Tsongkhapa foi un importante erudito e practicante dos yogas t\u00e1ntricos superiores. A s\u00faa obra \u00absngags rim chen mo\u00bb (\u00abGran Tratado dos Mantras\u00bb, 1405) \u00e9 a contrapartida t\u00e1ntrica do \u00abLam Rim Chenmo\u00bb.<\/p><p>Ordena as pr\u00e1cticas t\u00e1ntricas en catro clases (tantra kriya, carya, yoga e anuttarayoga) e indica para cada unha os requisitos, m\u00e9todos e resultados. Esta ordenaci\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica converteuse na base da formaci\u00f3n t\u00e1ntrica Gelug.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tsongkhapa foi tam\u00e9n un comentador importante do Guhyasamaja Tantra, que consideraba o anuttarayoga tantra m\u00e1is central. Tam\u00e9n os tantras Chakrasamvara e Yamantaka foron obxecto da s\u00faa intensa actividade de comentario. Christian Wedemeyer, nos seus estudos sobre Aryadeva e Candrakirti, mostrou como Tsongkhapa uniu a tradici\u00f3n t\u00e1ntrica coa filosof\u00eda madhyamaka nunha concepci\u00f3n global unitaria.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b335914 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b335914\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd96f2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd96f2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fundaci\u00f3n do mosteiro de Ganden e a gran pregaria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a857d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a857d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No ano 1409 Tsongkhapa iniciou o \u00abMonlam Chenmo\u00bb, a \u00abGran <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A dirixida linguaxe do ser humano cara a unha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">Oraci\u00f3n<\/span> de Lhasa\u00bb, unha festa mon\u00e1stica de 21 d\u00edas celebrada cada ano no Aninovo tibetano, que reun\u00eda a milleiros de monxes e laicos.<\/p><p>Esta festa consolidou o movemento de reforma de Tsongkhapa como unha realidade visible na vida relixiosa do T\u00edbet. Ese mesmo ano fundou o mosteiro de Ganden nunha monta\u00f1a ao leste de Lhasa, que se converteu no mosteiro nai da tradici\u00f3n Gelug.<\/p>\n\n<p>Poucos anos despois seguiron as fundaci\u00f3ns de Drepung (1416, por Jamyang Choje, disc\u00edpulo de Tsongkhapa) e de Sera (1419, por Sakya Yeshe, tam\u00e9n disc\u00edpulo). Estes tres mosteiros, os \u00abtres asentos da erudici\u00f3n\u00bb, converteuse nos maiores complexos mon\u00e1sticos do budismo tibetano e albergaron no seu apoxeo varios milleiros de monxes cada un.<\/p><p>Per S\u00f8rensen, nos seus traballos sobre a historia mon\u00e1stica tibetana, mostrou que a onda fundacional da escola Gelug a principios do s\u00e9culo XV comportou unha transformaci\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica e pol\u00edtica do T\u00edbet central.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68a198a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"68a198a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31e0675 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31e0675\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reforma da disciplina mon\u00e1stica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83c8358 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83c8358\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa deu especial importancia \u00e1 estrita observancia do Vinaya, a regra mon\u00e1stica. Criticou a mestura de regra mon\u00e1stica e pr\u00e1ctica t\u00e1ntrica moi estendida na s\u00faa \u00e9poca e insistiu en que os monxes vivisen en celibato e respectasen os preceptos alimentarios tradicionais.<\/p><p>Esta rigorosidade valeulle o alcume de \u00abo segundo Buda\u00bb (\u00absangs rgyas gnyis pa\u00bb), que a\u00ednda hoxe se emprega na tradici\u00f3n Gelug.<\/p>\n\n<p>A reforma afectou tam\u00e9n ao plan de estudos. Tsongkhapa introduciu un ciclo fixo de estudos principais: Vinaya, Abhidharma, Pramana, Madhyamaka e Prajnaparamita. Cada estudo duraba varios anos e conclu\u00eda con disputas e exames.<\/p><p>O sistema de \u00abexames Geshe\u00bb que puxo en marcha levou finalmente ao \u00abGeshe Lharampa\u00bb, o grao acad\u00e9mico m\u00e1is alto da escola Gelug. Donald Lopez, en \u00abThe Madman&#8217;s Middle Way\u00bb (2006), analizou o significado epist\u00e9mico e institucional desta reforma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29b3008 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29b3008\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-890b427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"890b427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Morte e legado<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fb4c24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1fb4c24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa morreu no ano 1419 no mosteiro de Ganden. O seu corpo embalsamado gardouse al\u00ed nunha estupa e considerouse un dos lugares de peregrinaci\u00f3n m\u00e1is importantes do budismo tibetano at\u00e9 a destruci\u00f3n do mosteiro durante a Revoluci\u00f3n Cultural.<\/p><p>A s\u00faa obra recolleuse en 18 volumes e publicouse no s\u00e9culo XVII como corpus completo na c\u00e9lebre edici\u00f3n de Lhasa. Nos s\u00e9culos seguintes numerosos eruditos comentaron as s\u00faas obras; s\u00f3 o \u00abLam Rim Chenmo\u00bb xerou m\u00e1is de 100 comentarios tibetanos.<\/p>\n\n<p>O d\u00eda de Tsongkhapa, o 25 do d\u00e9cimo mes tibetano, cel\u00e9brase a\u00ednda hoxe como \u00abGanden Ngamch\u00f6\u00bb con grandes festas de l\u00e1mpadas de manteiga. No budismo tibetano moderno a s\u00faa figura non se limita \u00e1 escola Gelug; tam\u00e9n noutras tradici\u00f3ns se lle reco\u00f1ece como erudito destacado, mesmo al\u00ed onde se rexeitan as s\u00faas posici\u00f3ns filos\u00f3ficas.<\/p><p>Geoffrey Samuel sinalou que Tsongkhapa, como figura institucional clave do budismo tibetano, ocupa unha posici\u00f3n tan fundamental como Tom\u00e9 de Aquino na tradici\u00f3n cat\u00f3lica ou Maim\u00f3nides no xuda\u00edsmo rab\u00ednico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91d3352 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"91d3352\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-432921e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"432921e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3n internacional<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d15be08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d15be08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na tibetolox\u00eda occidental e a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ciencia que estuda as relixi\u00f3ns de forma comparativa e sen vinculaci\u00f3n de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns<\/span>, Tsongkhapa \u00e9 obxecto de estudo intensivo desde os traballos de Giuseppe Tucci na primeira metade do s\u00e9culo XX.<\/p><p>David Snellgrove, Robert Thurman, Donald Lopez, Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n e Jan-Ulrich Sobisch analizaron a s\u00faa obra en varios estudos fundamentais. O \u00abLam Rim Chenmo\u00bb de Tsongkhapa est\u00e1 hoxe dispo\u00f1ible por completo en traduci\u00f3n inglesa, e alg\u00fans textos t\u00e1ntricos escollidos est\u00e1n accesibles en edici\u00f3ns cr\u00edticas.<\/p>\n\n<p>No exilio tibetano moderno, Tsongkhapa serve como figura de identificaci\u00f3n da tradici\u00f3n Gelug e garante da continuidade institucional. O 14\u00ba Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso subli\u00f1ou en numerosas conferencias e libros, en particular nos seus comentarios ao \u00abLam Rim Chenmo\u00bb, a actualidade de Tsongkhapa para a pr\u00e1ctica budista contempor\u00e1nea.<\/p><p>M\u00e1is al\u00e1 da recepci\u00f3n especificamente budista, Tsongkhapa foi recibido na filosof\u00eda acad\u00e9mica europea e americana como un dos sistematizadores non occidentais m\u00e1is relevantes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d55238 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8d55238\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9b9305 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f9b9305\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Corpus de escritos e historia das edici\u00f3ns<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80b5746 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"80b5746\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O \u00abgsung &#8216;bum\u00bb de Tsongkhapa (\u00abObras completas\u00bb) abrangue, na edici\u00f3n tradicional de Tashilhunpo, dezaoito volumes, que conte\u00f1en unhas 210 obras independentes e cartas.<\/p><p>Xunto co \u00abLamrim Chenmo\u00bb (\u00abGran cami\u00f1o gradual \u00e1 iluminaci\u00f3n\u00bb, 1402) e o \u00abNgakrim Chenmo\u00bb (\u00abGran cami\u00f1o gradual do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha s\u00edlaba ou f\u00f3rmula sagrada que se repite no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span>\u00bb, 1405), contan entre os textos de maior repercusi\u00f3n o \u00abDrang-nges legs-bshad snying-po\u00bb (\u00abEsencia da distinci\u00f3n entre o provisorio e o definitivo\u00bb, 1408), o \u00abRigs pa&#8217;i rgya mtsho\u00bb (\u00abOc\u00e9ano de argumentaci\u00f3n\u00bb, comentario ao M\u016blamadhyamakak\u0101rik\u0101 de N\u0101g\u0101rjuna) e o \u00abLhag mthong chen mo\u00bb (escrito intermedio sobre a visi\u00f3n penetrante procedente do Lamrim Chenmo).<\/p><p>Robert A. F. Thurman presentou en \u00abTsongkhapa&#8217;s Speech of Gold in the Essence of True Eloquence\u00bb (Princeton 1984) unha traduci\u00f3n inglesa completa do \u00abDrang-nges legs-bshad snying-po\u00bb cun amplo aparato hist\u00f3rico-relixioso; Jos\u00e9 Ignacio Cabez\u00f3n, en \u00abA Dose of Emptiness\u00bb (Albany 1992), ofreceu unha traduci\u00f3n do comentario de mKhas-grub-rje \u00e1 doutrina Madhyamaka de Tsongkhapa.<\/p>\n<p>O estudo cr\u00edtico-textual das obras de Tsongkhapa avanzou considerablemente nas \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas grazas \u00e1 \u00abSera Jey Library\u00bb e ao \u00abTibetan Buddhist Resource Center\u00bb (TBRC, proxecto de dixitalizaci\u00f3n de E. Gene Smith desde 1999).<\/p><p>Donald S. Lopez Jr. mostrou en \u00abThe Madman&#8217;s Middle Way\u00bb (Chicago 2006) e nos seus artigos sobre a hermen\u00e9utica Gelug que a t\u00e9cnica de comentario de Tsongkhapa foi metodicamente innovadora: combinou o estilo indio prasa\u1e45gika de Candrak\u012brti cunha an\u00e1lise epistemol\u00f3xica detallada segundo Dharmak\u012brti, creando as\u00ed un h\u00edbrido que marcou a escol\u00e1stica Gelug posterior at\u00e9 o s\u00e9culo XX.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e02b96 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e02b96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5134f5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5134f5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A controversia sobre a disputa \u00absvatantra\u00bb<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ce88a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ce88a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Unha das controversias doutrinais centrais que Tsongkhapa introduciu na historia intelectual tibetana ref\u00edrese \u00e1 cuesti\u00f3n de se no Madhyamaka son admisibles as fundamentaci\u00f3ns l\u00f3xicas aut\u00f3nomas (svatantra-anum\u0101na, tib. \u00abrang rgyud\u00bb) ou se s\u00f3 se poden empregar inferencias por consecuencia (prasa\u1e45ga). Tsongkhapa posicionouse estritamente como prasa\u1e45gika na li\u00f1a de Buddhap\u0101lita e Candrak\u012brti, en contra da posici\u00f3n de Bh\u0101vaviveka, lida como svatantrika.<\/p><p>Este posicionamento desenv\u00f3lvese no \u00abLhag mthong chen mo\u00bb e no \u00abRigs pa&#8217;i rgya mtsho\u00bb. As escolas posteriores reaccionaron de xeito diferente: os mestres Sakya Gorampa Sonam Senge (1429-1489) e Shakya Chogden (1428-1507) contradiciron con firmeza a Tsongkhapa, dando lugar ao debate filos\u00f3fico interno tibetano m\u00e1is importante dos s\u00e9culos XV e XVI.<\/p>\n<p>Cabez\u00f3n e o Geshe Lobsang Dargyay reconstru\u00edron as li\u00f1as argumentativas deste debate en varios artigos recollidos en \u00abScholasticism\u00bb (Albany 1998). Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n traduciu en \u00abFreedom from Extremes\u00bb (Somerville 2007) a obra principal de Gorampa, \u00ablTa ba&#8217;i shan &#8216;byed\u00bb (\u00abDistinci\u00f3n das visi\u00f3ns\u00bb), e comparouna coa posici\u00f3n de Tsongkhapa.<\/p><p>Janet Gyatso mostrou no \u00abJournal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies\u00bb (vol. 27, 2004) que o debate non quedou nun plano puramente acad\u00e9mico, sen\u00f3n que estivo ligado at\u00e9 o s\u00e9culo XVII a consecuencias pol\u00edticas para a posici\u00f3n dos distintos centros mon\u00e1sticos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b68be83 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b68be83\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fd2180 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fd2180\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relaci\u00f3n coa tradici\u00f3n B\u00f6n e con escolas m\u00e1is antigas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55c1090 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55c1090\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O programa de reforma de Tsongkhapa non foi unha ruptura completa coa relixiosidade tibetana existente, sen\u00f3n unha reordenaci\u00f3n dentro das tradici\u00f3ns xa presentes.<\/p><p>Asumiu elementos esenciais da escola kadampa, que se remontaba ao mestre indio Atisha no s\u00e9culo XI, e integrounos nunha concepci\u00f3n filos\u00f3fica e t\u00e1ntrica m\u00e1is ampla. Respecto da relixi\u00f3n B\u00f6n, a tradici\u00f3n tibetana prebudista, mantivo unha distancia expl\u00edcita, sen perseguir os seus representantes.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tampouco exerceu hostilidade pol\u00edtica cara aos nyingma-pa e kagy\u00fc-pa, que conservaban moitas li\u00f1axes t\u00e1ntricas de mestres indios e tibetanos m\u00e1is antigos. A posterior polarizaci\u00f3n entre as tradici\u00f3ns gelug e nyingma-pa ou<\/p><p>kagy\u00fc-pa \u00e9 m\u00e1is ben consecuencia dos conflitos pol\u00edticos do s\u00e9culo XVII, e non un legado propio de Tsongkhapa. Klaus-Dieter Mathes sinalou repetidamente esta distinci\u00f3n nos seus estudos sobre a historia do budismo tibetano.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3272,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tsongkhapa","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tsongkhapa \u2013 Fundador da escola Gelug | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tsongkhapa (1357-1419) \u00e9 o fundador da escola tibetana Gelug, pai espiritual dos Dalai Lamas. 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