{"id":195088,"date":"2026-09-07T09:38:38","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:38:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=195088"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"epona","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/epona\/","title":{"rendered":"Epona"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"195088\" class=\"elementor elementor-195088 elementor-3048 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff0e099 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ff0e099\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6974cef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6974cef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ec56d9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3ec56d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1d5167 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b1d5167\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Epona, deusa c\u00e9ltica do cabalo<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b51227 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b51227\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Epona \u00e9 unha deusa galorromana do cabalo, cuxo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de acci\u00f3ns de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dedicadas a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> est\u00e1 documentado do s\u00e9culo I ao III despois de Cristo en todo o Imperio occidental. Foi venerada por tribos galas de xinetes e difundida moito m\u00e1is al\u00f3 da s\u00faa \u00e1rea de orixe grazas \u00e1s tropas auxiliares montadas do ex\u00e9rcito romano.<\/p><p>As inscrici\u00f3ns e os relevos votivos mostrana xeralmente como unha muller sentada sobre un cabalo ou entre dous cabalos, cunha cornucopia, unha cesta ou unha p\u00e1tera na man.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66c120e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"66c120e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08de5b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"08de5b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00f3n dunha cultura, con \u00e1mbitos de competencia claros \u2014 forzas da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado mediante cultos, ofrendas e instituci\u00f3ns de templo.\">Deusa<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/celtico\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Relixi\u00f3n celta da Europa occidental e das Illas Brit\u00e1nicas, transmitida mitoloxicamente a trav\u00e9s de textos irlandeses e galeses.\">Celta<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f3da32 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f3da32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab5f8e1 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"ab5f8e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ab5f8e1\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ab5f8e1\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__ab5f8e1\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b10eb2a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b10eb2a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa2e912 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fa2e912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196695\" alt=\"Epona - Deuses da tradici\u00f3n celta, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b775121 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b775121\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58a5dc0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"58a5dc0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-baf0e5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"baf0e5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes e testemu\u00f1os antigos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a615986 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a615986\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A diferenza da maior\u00eda das divindades celtas, a documentaci\u00f3n sobre Epona \u00e9 excepcionalmente rica. Est\u00e1n rexistradas m\u00e1is de 300 inscrici\u00f3ns e m\u00e1is de 150 obras figurativas, sobre todo na Galia, na rexi\u00f3n do Rin e do Danubio, en Britania e en Italia.<\/p><p>Apuleio menci\u00f3naa nas \u00abMetamorphoses\u00bb (III, 27) como exemplo da veneraci\u00f3n de pequenas imaxes divinas nas cortes dos cabalos. Xuvenal, na S\u00e1tira VIII, 157, burl\u00e1base dos xinetes romanos que \u00abadoraban a Epona e fedorentas imaxes de cabalos\u00bb. O seu nome tam\u00e9n aparece no \u00abApologeticum\u00bb de Tertuliano e en Minucio F\u00e9lix.<\/p>\n\n<p>Bernhard Maier sinalou en \u00abDie Religion der Kelten\u00bb (2001) que Epona \u00e9 a \u00fanica <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> galorromana que chegou a formar parte do calendario festivo oficial romano (Feriale Duranum), o que documenta a alta estima que lle ti\u00f1an as unidades militares de cabaler\u00eda.<\/p><p>Miranda Aldhouse-Green, en \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signo que representa unha idea ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">Symbol<\/span> and Image in Celtic Religious Art\u00bb (1989), catalogou sistematicamente o material iconogr\u00e1fico e distinguiu tres tipos de representaci\u00f3n: Epona a cabalo, Epona entre dous cabalos e Epona como matrona imperial asociada ao cabalo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b771b95 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b771b95\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5baf139 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5baf139\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e etimolox\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f92fca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f92fca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O nome Epona formouse a partir da ra\u00edz c\u00e9ltica *epo- (\u00abcabalo\u00bb, emparentada coa palabra latina equus e coa grega hippos) e do sufixo -ona, empregado con frecuencia nos te\u00f3nimos galorromanos para formar nomes de deusas, como Sirona, Damona ou Belisama.<\/p><p>O significado p\u00f3dese traducir como \u00abse\u00f1ora dos cabalos\u00bb ou \u00abdeusa do cabalo\u00bb. Wolfgang Meid describiu, en traballos sobre onom\u00e1stica gala, esta formaci\u00f3n l\u00e9xica como t\u00edpicamente gala e coherente coa distribuci\u00f3n das inscrici\u00f3ns.<\/p>\n\n<p>Desde a perspectiva da celtolox\u00eda, Epona pertence a un grupo de deusas animais cuxo \u00e1mbito funcional est\u00e1 ligado a un animal concreto. Helmut Birkhan interpretou este grupo en \u00abKelten\u00bb (1997) como expresi\u00f3n t\u00edpica dunha sociedade marcada pola cr\u00eda de gando e a equitaci\u00f3n, na que o cabalo non s\u00f3 ti\u00f1a importancia econ\u00f3mica central, sen\u00f3n que tam\u00e9n desempe\u00f1aba un papel de mediaci\u00f3n espiritual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f305b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f305b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ca642 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d2ca642\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconograf\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a73cf16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a73cf16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O esquema iconogr\u00e1fico m\u00e1is frecuente amosa a Epona como unha muller nova sentada de lado sobre un cabalo que cami\u00f1a cara \u00e1 dereita. Viste unha t\u00fanica longa, leva o cabelo recollido con frecuencia e sost\u00e9n unha p\u00e1tera, unha cornucopia ou unha cesta de froitas.<\/p><p>Nunha segunda variante, aparece de p\u00e9 entre dous cabalos dispostos simetricamente, aos que alimenta ou gu\u00eda, unha composici\u00f3n que lembra a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina que estuda o contido das imaxes e o seu significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconograf\u00eda<\/span> das matronas renanas. Unha terceira variante am\u00f3saa entronizada cun poldro aos seus p\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n<p>Os atributos simb\u00f3licos apuntan a funci\u00f3ns que van m\u00e1is al\u00e1 da simple relaci\u00f3n co cabalo. A cornucopia e a cesta de pan vinculana coa fertilidade e o sustento, suxerindo unha esfera m\u00e1is ampla de \u00abprovisi\u00f3n\u00bb.<\/p><p>Marie-Louise Sjoestedt xa salientara en 1940 esta relaci\u00f3n entre a cr\u00eda de cabalos, a riqueza e a fertilidade como un trazo t\u00edpico da relixiosidade gala. Traballos m\u00e1is recentes de Garrett Olmsted e Miranda Aldhouse-Green apoian esta interpretaci\u00f3n con material figurativo ampliado.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bf68cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1bf68cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33f16de elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"33f16de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Distribuci\u00f3n xeogr\u00e1fica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a463e83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a463e83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As \u00e1reas centrais do culto a Epona son a Galia oriental, a rexi\u00f3n do Rin coas grandes fortalezas militares de Maguncia, Colonia e Bonn, o piemonte alpino n\u00f3rico e as provincias do Danubio.<\/p><p>Tam\u00e9n se atopan inscrici\u00f3ns en Britania e Hispania, moitas veces en lugares onde estaban destacadas tropas auxiliares montadas. No n\u00facleo it\u00e1lico Epona \u00e9 m\u00e1is rara, pero est\u00e1 atestada indirectamente pola s\u00faa inclusi\u00f3n no calendario romano e por referencias literarias como a de Xuvenal.<\/p>\n\n<p>As inscrici\u00f3ns est\u00e1n redactadas en lat\u00edn e adoitan mencionar a Epona co ep\u00edteto \u00abAugusta\u00bb ou \u00abRegina\u00bb, o que documenta a transici\u00f3n dun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de acci\u00f3ns de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dedicadas a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> local \u00e1 relixi\u00f3n oficial do Imperio. Os dedicantes son con frecuencia soldados das tropas auxiliares, pero tam\u00e9n criadores de cabalos civ\u00eds, carreteiros e xinetes. A dispersi\u00f3n social \u00e9 m\u00e1is ampla que na maior\u00eda das outras divindades galas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9972cde e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9972cde\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4899a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b4899a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funci\u00f3ns e papel relixioso<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c2dc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74c2dc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Epona era responsable da fertilidade dos cabalos, do seu parto seguro, da s\u00faa protecci\u00f3n na corte e durante as viaxes longas. Os xinetes invoc\u00e1bana antes das batallas, os carreteiros antes das viaxes longas, os labregos antes da sementeira. A s\u00faa combinaci\u00f3n de competencia sobre os cabalos e simbolismo xeral de abundancia converteuna nunha deusa protectora do fogar, da casa e da viaxe.<\/p>\n\n<p>Alg\u00fans investigadores, como R\u00e9ne Magnen e Garrett Olmsted, deduciron un papel especial como figura psicopompa, \u00e9 dicir, como acompa\u00f1ante das almas ao m\u00e1is al\u00e1, a partir da relaci\u00f3n entre o cabalo e a viaxe.<\/p><p>Bernhard Maier considera esta interpretaci\u00f3n posible, pero non claramente sustentada polas fontes antigas. A maior\u00eda das inscrici\u00f3ns e imaxes est\u00e1n relacionadas con votos e doaz\u00f3ns, sen valor probatorio referido ao m\u00e1is al\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec119bf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec119bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c034a36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c034a36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relaci\u00f3n con outras deusas do cabalo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7592912 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7592912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto dos relatos m\u00edticos transmitidos por unha cultura sobre os seus deuses.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitolox\u00eda<\/span> galesa, Rhiannon aparece no \u00abMabinogi\u00bb como herdeira altomedieval dunha antiga deusa dos cabalos. Chega a Pwyll montada nun cabalo branco resplandecente, \u00e9 acusada inxustamente de infanticidio e, como castigo, debe levar viaxeiros \u00e1s costas at\u00e9 o castelo.<\/p><p>Este relato consid\u00e9rase, para moitos celt\u00f3logos, unha lembranza fragmentada dunha deusa equina do tipo Epona. Non \u00e9 posible establecer unha li\u00f1a ling\u00fc\u00edstica directa, pero o parentesco funcional \u00e9 evidente.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tam\u00e9n a irlandesa Macha, que corre embarazada unha carreira de cabalos e cae en dores de parto tras a vitoria, pertence a este contexto. Marie-Louise Sjoestedt agrupou a Macha, Rhiannon e Epona baixo o termo \u00abdeusas celtas do cabalo\u00bb, cuxa funci\u00f3n com\u00fan reside na conexi\u00f3n entre cabalo, soberan\u00eda e territorio.<\/p><p>John Carey matizou este agrupamento en traballos m\u00e1is recentes; el ve en Macha, sobre todo, unha deusa da realeza e da soberan\u00eda, na que o aspecto equino constit\u00fae un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> independente.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b41645b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b41645b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3a198b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e3a198b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Represi\u00f3n cristi\u00e1 e pervivencia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bc42d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bc42d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Coa cristianizaci\u00f3n da Galia nos s\u00e9culos IV e V, Epona desaparece das inscrici\u00f3ns p\u00fablicas. No \u00e1mbito rural, os restos do seu culto persistiron durante m\u00e1is tempo, como amosan actas sinodais do s\u00e9culo VI que prohiben cultos pag\u00e1ns aos cabalos e ritos nas cortes.<\/p><p>Bernhard Maier e Bernadette Filotas (\u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sin\u00f3nimo de pag\u00e1n; pertencente a unha relixi\u00f3n precristi\u00e1.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pagan<\/span> Survivals\u00bb, 2005) interpretaron estas prohibici\u00f3ns como testemu\u00f1o indirecto dunha longa pervivencia da deusa cabalar.<\/p>\n\n<p>Da baixa Idade Media xa non se poden atopar lembranzas claras de Epona. Tradici\u00f3ns populares posteriores que asocian o cabalo coa protecci\u00f3n e a boa sorte, como pendurar ferraduras, non poden vincularse directamente ao <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de actos de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dirixidos a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> a Epona, sen\u00f3n que son desenvolvementos independentes que a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ciencia que estuda a cultura coti\u00e1, os costumes e as tradici\u00f3ns populares.\" tabindex=\"0\">etnograf\u00eda<\/span> do s\u00e9culo XIX recolleu e estudou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0922de5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0922de5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9920ae2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9920ae2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Investigaci\u00f3n e recepci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c7f78d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c7f78d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A investigaci\u00f3n moderna sobre Epona comeza coa recompilaci\u00f3n fundamental de materiais de R\u00e9ne Magnen, que \u00c9mile Th\u00e9venot publicou en 1975 baixo o t\u00edtulo \u00ab\u00c9pona, d\u00e9esse gauloise des chevaux\u00bb. Segue sendo hoxe a fonte de referencia central. Miranda Aldhouse-Green presentou unha an\u00e1lise iconogr\u00e1fica sistem\u00e1tica. Helmut Birkhan e Bernhard Maier profundaron na s\u00faa clasificaci\u00f3n dentro da historia relixiosa do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto dos deuses dunha relixi\u00f3n ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3n<\/span> galorromano.<\/p>\n\n<p>Na recepci\u00f3n neopag\u00e1 moderna, Epona \u00e9 venerada como deusa protectora dos cabalos e das viaxes. Federaci\u00f3ns de deportes ecuestres en Francia e Alema\u00f1a rec\u00f3rrena ocasionalmente como figura simb\u00f3lica.<\/p><p>Na literatura fant\u00e1stica e nos xogos de rol aparece con frecuencia, por exemplo como referente do nome no videoxogo \u00abThe Legend of Zelda\u00bb. Estas referencias da cultura popular te\u00f1en pouca relaci\u00f3n de contido co <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das pr\u00e1cticas de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dedicadas a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> antigo, pero mante\u00f1en o nome vivo na conciencia p\u00fablica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83329fb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"83329fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8da26b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8da26b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Base social do culto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-614e44f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"614e44f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O material epigr\u00e1fico permite unha descrici\u00f3n relativamente precisa da base social do culto. Cerca de dous terzos das dedicatorias conservadas proceden de militares, en particular de xinetes das Alae e Cohortes Equitatae, destinados nas provincias fronteirizas do imperio. Tam\u00e9n se documentan altos oficiais, como prefectos e tribunos, como dedicantes.<\/p><p>No \u00e1mbito civil destacan como dedicantes condutores de carros, criadores de cabalos, arrieiros de mulas e responsables de estaci\u00f3ns de posta, o que subli\u00f1a a conexi\u00f3n da deusa co transporte. Puntualmente aparecen dedicatorias de mulleres das elites locais, que escolleron a Epona como deusa protectora persoal.<\/p>\n\n<p>Unha particularidade \u00e9 a veneraci\u00f3n m\u00faltiple de Epona xunto \u00e1s \u00abEponabus\u00bb, \u00e9 dicir, \u00abas Eponas\u00bb en plural. Esta forma pouco frecuente est\u00e1 documentada sobre todo na zona do Rin e suxire unha multiplicaci\u00f3n da figura nun grupo de deusas equinas, comparable \u00e1s tr\u00edadas das Matronae.<\/p><p>Miranda Aldhouse-Green interpretou esta forma como indicio dunha veneraci\u00f3n colectiva m\u00e1is antiga, da que se desenvolveu a Epona individual como figura definida de xeito particular.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fde11 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10fde11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a7ddf7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0a7ddf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Testemu\u00f1os epigr\u00e1ficos clave<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13348ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13348ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O grupo de fontes central para o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de acci\u00f3ns de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dedicadas a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> de Epona \u00e9 un conxunto de aproximadamente douscentas cincuenta inscrici\u00f3ns conservadas, documentadas no \u00abCorpus Inscriptionum Latinarum\u00bb e no \u00abL&#8217;Ann\u00e9e \u00e9pigraphique\u00bb.<\/p><p>Entre os testemu\u00f1os m\u00e1is relevantes destacan a dedicatoria en relevo de Maguncia CIL XIII 11801, na que un soldado da Legio XXII Primigenia funda un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lugar sagrado dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuario<\/span> para \u00abEpona Augusta\u00bb, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un texto gravado ou cicelado nun soporte s\u00f3lido.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrici\u00f3n<\/span> de Carnuntum CIL III 4438 procedente do cuartel da Ala I Thracum, as\u00ed como as inscrici\u00f3ns votivas de Antunnacum (hoxe Andernach) e da galicana Alesia.<\/p><p>Merece unha menci\u00f3n especial a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un texto gravado ou cicelado nun soporte s\u00f3lido.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrici\u00f3n<\/span> tard\u00eda CIL XII 1797 de Vienne, que denomina a Epona \u00abEpona Regina\u00bb e formula as\u00ed a pretensi\u00f3n dunha divindade protectora concibida a escala supraregional.<\/p><p>Hubert Cancik e Manfred Clauss precisaron, na \u00abEpigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg\u00bb e nos comentarios que a acompa\u00f1an, a orixe social dos dedicantes: quen fai as ofrendas son sobre todo cabaleiros profesionais masculinos, mozos de coadrar\u00eda e veteranos con trato habitual con cabalos, ademais dalg\u00fans dedicantes privados de orixe rural.<\/p>\n<p>Anne-Marie Pailler analizou estatisticamente a distribuci\u00f3n das inscrici\u00f3ns en \u00ab\u00c9pona, d\u00e9esse gauloise\u00bb (Bordeus, 2006) e sinalou a s\u00faa concentraci\u00f3n na rexi\u00f3n do Rin e o Mosela, en Panonia e no norte de Italia. As dataci\u00f3ns van desde finais do s\u00e9culo I at\u00e9 comezos do s\u00e9culo IV despois de Cristo, cun apoxeo baixo os Severos.<\/p><p>Resulta chamativo o escaso n\u00famero de testemu\u00f1os procedentes do territorio central dos pobos galos no Macizo Central, algo que Patrice Lajoye interpreta na s\u00faa obra colectiva \u00abCultes des sources et des eaux en Gaule\u00bb (2017) como indicio de que o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de acci\u00f3ns de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dedicadas a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> a Epona documentado arqueoloxicamente xa representa unha transformaci\u00f3n romano-militar dunha veneraci\u00f3n galo m\u00e1is antiga e sen tradici\u00f3n escrita.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6d7250 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c6d7250\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac05975 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac05975\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Menci\u00f3ns literarias antigas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5368abc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5368abc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As poucas menci\u00f3ns literarias de Epona na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e relatos ao longo de xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span> romana resultan moi interesantes desde o punto de vista cr\u00edtico das fontes, pois mostran o estatus marxinal dunha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> \u00abprovincial\u00bb desde a perspectiva da elite da cidade de Roma.<\/p><p>Xuvenal burl\u00e1base, na s\u00e1tira oitava (versos 156 a 157), dun exconsul que \u00abiurat solam Eponam\u00bb xurando polas cabalos, \u00e9 dicir, que s\u00f3 co\u00f1ec\u00eda a Epona e non aos deuses romanos oficiais. Apuleio menciona nas \u00abMetamorfoses\u00bb III 27 unha fornela cunha imaxe de Epona no patio das cortes dunha propiedade provincial, decorada con rosas frescas.<\/p><p>Minucio F\u00e9lix menciona en \u00abOctavius\u00bb 28 a veneraci\u00f3n de Epona como exemplo das \u00abdivindades animais e das cortes\u00bb das provincias, contra as que polemiza.<\/p><p>Tertuliano (\u00abApologeticum\u00bb 16, \u00abAd nationes\u00bb I 11) recolle esta pol\u00e9mica e cita a Epona como proba do rid\u00edculo da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A actitude e pr\u00e1ctica relixiosa vivida por unha persoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">piedade<\/span> pag\u00e1. Estas notas literarias reforzan a impresi\u00f3n de que o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de acci\u00f3ns de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dedicadas a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> a Epona era sobre todo un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de acci\u00f3ns de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dedicadas a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> das clases baixas, das tropas auxiliares de cabaler\u00eda e das granxas rurais.<\/p>\n<p>Ademais, a \u00abHistoria Augusta\u00bb transmite na \u00abVita Veri\u00bb 6 unha an\u00e9cdota segundo a cal Lucio Vero, na guerra contra os partos, levaba unha cabeza de cabalo de madeira como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signo que representa unha idea ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> de Epona.<\/p><p>Bernhard Maier sinala nos seus traballos sobre a relixi\u00f3n galo-romana que a \u00abHistoria Augusta\u00bb \u00e9 pouco fiable desde o punto de vista cr\u00edtico das fontes, pero que esta an\u00e9cdota reflicte un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha acci\u00f3n transmitida e repetida regularmente dentro dunha comunidade.\" tabindex=\"0\">costume<\/span> real das unidades de cabaler\u00eda romanas, que colocaban pequenas imaxes de Epona nos seus cuarteis. Esta pr\u00e1ctica est\u00e1 confirmada arqueoloxicamente por achados dos castros de Saalburg, Niederbieber e Carnuntum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30a6cd4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"30a6cd4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28d09aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"28d09aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Problemas metodol\u00f3xicos da investigaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e120bec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e120bec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A investigaci\u00f3n sobre Epona enfronta certas dificultades metodol\u00f3xicas. As fontes son abundantes, pero est\u00e1n marcadas de forma constante pola impronta romano-provincial. Xa non \u00e9 posible reconstru\u00edr como era a forma prerromana e puramente celta do culto.<\/p><p>As inscrici\u00f3ns est\u00e1n en lat\u00edn, as obras figurativas seguen convenci\u00f3ns romanas e os testemu\u00f1os literarios proceden exclusivamente de autores romanos. Non \u00e9 posible extraer deste material unha Epona \u00abautenticamente celta\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n<p>Ao mesmo tempo, a identificaci\u00f3n dunha composici\u00f3n figurativa con Epona implica riscos, xa que iconograf\u00edas similares de cabaleiros e cabalos empreg\u00e1ronse tam\u00e9n para outras divindades, como os cabaleiros tracios, as figuras heroicas ilirias ou as Matronae renanas con carro tirado por animais.<\/p><p>Garrett Olmsted esixiu un criterio iconogr\u00e1fico preciso: s\u00f3 as imaxes confirmadas por unha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un texto gravado ou cicelado nun soporte s\u00f3lido.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrici\u00f3n<\/span> acompa\u00f1ante poden considerarse representaci\u00f3ns de Epona. Os traballos de conxunto actuais traballan con este corpus m\u00e1is estrito, que \u00e9 claramente m\u00e1is pequeno que o conxunto total de imaxes potenciais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3242,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Epona","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Epona \u2013 Deusa c\u00e9ltica do cabalo | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Epona \u00e9 a deusa c\u00e9ltica do cabalo, protectora dos cabalos, dos xinetes e da fertilidade. 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