{"id":195082,"date":"2026-09-07T09:38:38","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:38:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=195082"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"milarepa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/milarepa\/","title":{"rendered":"Milarepa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"195082\" class=\"elementor elementor-195082 elementor-3040 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52c0acb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"52c0acb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac0ff9f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ac0ff9f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c2abb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c2abb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f96346 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3f96346\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Milarepa, iogui e santo tibetano<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1d9b66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1d9b66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa \u00e9 un iogui e santo tibetano cuxo cami\u00f1o vital, desde a falta grave ata a iluminaci\u00f3n, \u00e9 considerado exemplar. Milarepa (en tibetano Mila Repa, \u00abo Mila vestido de algod\u00f3n\u00bb, ca. 1052 a 1135) \u00e9 un dos ioguis m\u00e1is co\u00f1ecidos da historia relixiosa tibetana.<\/p><p>A diferenza de Padmasambhava, trat\u00e1base dunha persoa historicamente comprobable, cuxa biograf\u00eda foi ao mesmo tempo fortemente estilizada desde o punto de vista da historia relixiosa. \u00c9 considerado o mestre central da escola Kagy\u00fc, e os seus versos (mgur) est\u00e1n entre os textos m\u00e1is lidos da literatura relixiosa tibetana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4728ea5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4728ea5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa2e6bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"aa2e6bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00f3n dunha cultura, con competencias claras \u2014 forzas da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado mediante cultos, ofrendas e instituci\u00f3ns templarias.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/budismo\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3n budista con bodhisattvas, divindades protectoras, esp\u00edritos fam\u00e9licos e gardi\u00e1ns do inferno.\">Budismo<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f06c579 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f06c579\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c92ad8a elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"c92ad8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__c92ad8a\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__c92ad8a\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__c92ad8a\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d7944c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8d7944c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd599cd iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dd599cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_milarepa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196663\" alt=\"Milarepa - deuses da tradici\u00f3n budista, hist\u00f3rico-ilustrativo\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_milarepa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_milarepa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_milarepa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_milarepa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61fa776 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"61fa776\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ecda391 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ecda391\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d89a9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d89a9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes biogr\u00e1ficas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da35bc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da35bc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A descrici\u00f3n m\u00e1is detallada da s\u00faa vida \u00e9 o \u00abNampar Tharpa\u00bb (t\u00edtulo completo de liberaci\u00f3n), co\u00f1ecido en forma breve como \u00abMila Tharpa\u00bb, escrito por Tsangny\u00f6n Heruka (1452 a 1507), un iogui e escritor que reformulou a figura de Milarepa como iogui idealizado para o seu movemento de reforma da Kagy\u00fc tard\u00eda.<\/p><p>Esta vida \u00e9 literariamente moi lograda e foi traducida a varias linguas occidentais, pero foi escrita uns trescentos cincuenta anos despois da morte de Milarepa e bas\u00e9ase en tradici\u00f3ns orais e escritas m\u00e1is antigas, algunhas das cales se perderon.<\/p><p>Andrew Quintman reconstru\u00edu en \u00abThe Yogin and the Madman\u00bb (Nova York, 2014) a evoluci\u00f3n textual da vida de Milarepa e mostrou que existiron polo menos tres versi\u00f3ns m\u00e1is antigas, das que algunhas s\u00f3 se conservan en fragmentos.<\/p>\n<p>O \u00abCen mil cantos\u00bb (Mila Gurbum), tam\u00e9n compilado por Tsangny\u00f6n Heruka, re\u00fane os versos que Milarepa supostamente improvisou en distintas situaci\u00f3ns de ensino para os seus disc\u00edpulos e solicitantes. Esta colecci\u00f3n \u00e9 a segunda fonte central sobre Milarepa; os seus cantos individuais est\u00e1n datados de forma moi diversa e probablemente reflicten unha tradici\u00f3n que se foi desenvolvendo durante varios s\u00e9culos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a9c360 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2a9c360\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a83792 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9a83792\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Xuventude e maxia negra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16a21ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16a21ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Segundo a vida, Milarepa naceu como fillo dun rico terratenente en Kya Ngatsa, no oeste do T\u00edbet. O seu pai morreu prematuramente, tras o cal o t\u00edo e a t\u00eda se apropiaron dos bens e escravizaron a familia.<\/p><p>A instancias da s\u00faa nai, Milarepa aprendeu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1cticas que pretenden intervir no curso das cousas mediante acci\u00f3ns ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">maxia<\/span> negra e, mediante un ritual de granizo, matou a trinta e cinco familiares do t\u00edo ademais de destru\u00edr as colleitas que constitu\u00edan a s\u00faa riqueza.<\/p><p>O mal karma deste acto empuxouno m\u00e1is tarde \u00e1 busca da liberaci\u00f3n relixiosa. Este relato \u00e9 importante desde o punto de vista da fenomenolox\u00eda da relixi\u00f3n: presenta un santo que non \u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente ao divino e, por iso, retirado do uso coti\u00e1n.\" tabindex=\"0\">sagrado<\/span> desde o principio, sen\u00f3n que chega \u00e1 iluminaci\u00f3n desde unha culpa profunda.<\/p><p>Donald Lopez (\u00abReligions of Tibet in Practice\u00bb, Princeton, 1997) le este elemento como un reflexo das ensinanzas t\u00e1ntricas que reco\u00f1ecen o \u00abcami\u00f1o da contaminaci\u00f3n\u00bb (kleshamarga) como unha posibilidade de liberaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e753fd9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e753fd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84127d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"84127d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marpa como mestre<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d27889e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d27889e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa atopou o seu mestre en Marpa Ch\u00f6kyi Lodr\u00f6 (1012 a 1097), un tradutor tibetano que fixera varias viaxes \u00e1 India, onde recibira instruci\u00f3n de Naropa.<\/p><p>Marpa somet\u00e9u a Milarepa durante moitos anos a unha proba extrema: f\u00edxolle constru\u00edr en solitario numerosas torres de pedra, coa orde de derrubalas de novo cada vez que as terminaba.<\/p><p>A torre de Sekhar Guthok, a\u00ednda conservada hoxe no sur do T\u00edbet, en Lhodrak, \u00e9 considerada tradicionalmente a construci\u00f3n definitiva que Milarepa xa non tivo que derrubar. Segundo a vida, esta proba serv\u00eda para purificar o mal karma da maxia do granizo antes de que Milarepa puidese recibir as iniciaci\u00f3ns t\u00e1ntricas superiores.<\/p>\n<p>Ao completar a proba, recibiu a transmisi\u00f3n completa da ensinanza Mahamudra e dos Seis Yogas de Naropa, entre eles a calor interior (tummo), o corpo de luz clara (\u00f6dsal) e o yoga do so\u00f1o (milam). Estas transmisi\u00f3ns constit\u00faen o n\u00facleo da ensinanza Kagy\u00fc e transm\u00edtense a\u00ednda hoxe nunha li\u00f1axe ininterrompida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec45904 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec45904\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e685e8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e685e8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vida como eremita das covas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8377eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8377eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tras o per\u00edodo de aprendizaxe, Milarepa retirouse \u00e1s covas do Himalaia, sobre todo \u00e1 rexi\u00f3n do macizo do Lapchi, situado entre o T\u00edbet e Nepal.<\/p><p>A vida descr\u00edbeo durante d\u00e9cadas en retiros illados nas monta\u00f1as, moitas veces case nu, aliment\u00e1ndose de ortigas silvestres que se sup\u00f3n que lle tinguiron o corpo dun ton verdoso. Desenvolveu a calor interior a tal punto que en tormentas de neve s\u00f3 necesitaba un pano de algod\u00f3n (repa), de a\u00ed o sobrenome Repa.<\/p><p>Esta pr\u00e1ctica est\u00e1 documentada tam\u00e9n f\u00f3ra do relato hagiogr\u00e1fico na tradici\u00f3n iogui tibetana; no s\u00e9culo XX, Alexandra David-N\u00e9el documentouna etnograficamente, e estudos fisiol\u00f3xicos m\u00e1is recentes sobre practicantes de tummo en Ladakh e Nepal mediron efectos de quecemento comprobables.<\/p><p>Desde o punto de vista da ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns, \u00e9 relevante que a combinaci\u00f3n de ascese extrema e xeraci\u00f3n corporal de calor no Vajrayana \u00e9 un cami\u00f1o de pr\u00e1ctica descrito de forma sistem\u00e1tica nos tantras.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d6d992 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1d6d992\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef249c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ef249c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cantos e forma de ensino<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e33c35c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e33c35c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa non ensinaba mediante discursos can\u00f3nicos ou libros, sen\u00f3n que improvisaba versos espont\u00e1neos segundo a situaci\u00f3n concreta. Un cazador, unha disc\u00edpula dubitativa, un grupo de bandidos: todos eran interpelados segundo o seu nivel de conciencia respectivo. Os \u00abCen mil cantos\u00bb son a colecci\u00f3n escrita destas improvisaci\u00f3ns.<\/p><p>Sit\u00faanse na tradici\u00f3n da literatura india doha e caryagiti, que xa desempe\u00f1ara un papel importante no Vajrayana indio. No T\u00edbet do s\u00e9culo XI, a forma da ensinanza cantada era un m\u00e9todo eficaz para transmitir contidos de ensino tam\u00e9n a ouvintes analfabetos.<\/p><p>Roger Jackson expuxo en detalle en \u00abTantric Treasures\u00bb (Oxford, 2004) a conexi\u00f3n da tradici\u00f3n tibetana mgur cos modelos indios.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e19ec7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9e19ec7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4f2e0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4f2e0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disc\u00edpulos e sucesi\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b11763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b11763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa tivo dous disc\u00edpulos principais, Gampopa S\u00f6nam Rinchen (1079 a 1153) e Rechungpa (1085 a 1161). Gampopa, antigo m\u00e9dico e monxe da escola Kadam, integrou a pr\u00e1ctica iogu\u00ed t\u00e1ntrica de Milarepa nun marco mon\u00e1stico e fundou as\u00ed a li\u00f1axe mon\u00e1stica das escolas Kagy\u00fc.<\/p><p>Rechungpa preservou a tradici\u00f3n iogu\u00ed non mon\u00e1stica. Dos disc\u00edpulos de Gampopa xurdiron as \u00abcatro grandes\u00bb e \u00aboito pequenas\u00bb subtradici\u00f3ns Kagy\u00fc, entre elas a Karma-Kagy\u00fc coa famosa li\u00f1axe de encarnaci\u00f3ns dos Karmapa. Deste modo, a experiencia individual de proba e iluminaci\u00f3n de Milarepa converteuse na base dunha grande escola institucional.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9ff0fe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b9ff0fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edca6c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"edca6c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interpretaci\u00f3n desde a ciencia da relixi\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af3f9de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"af3f9de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Andrew Quintman mostra que a vida de Milarepa estableceu un modelo do \u00abiluminado a partir dunha culpa profunda\u00bb que foi repetido en numerosas ocasi\u00f3ns na historia relixiosa tibetana posterior.<\/p><p>Fronte \u00e1 concepci\u00f3n theravada da santidade, na que a pureza e o m\u00e9rito est\u00e1n presentes desde o principio, a tradici\u00f3n de Milarepa subli\u00f1a que incluso as faltas morais graves poden purificarse na mesma vida mediante a pr\u00e1ctica t\u00e1ntrica.<\/p><p>Desde a perspectiva da fenomenolox\u00eda relixiosa, isto constit\u00fae unha afirmaci\u00f3n central do Vajrayana, que o distingue das escolas budistas m\u00e1is antigas, nas que se consideraba necesaria a sucesi\u00f3n de varias existencias para lograr unha purificaci\u00f3n completa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47965f8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"47965f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-555a7da elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"555a7da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3n en Occidente<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82970f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"82970f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A primeira traduci\u00f3n europea da vida de Milarepa \u00e9 de Jacques Bacot (Par\u00eds 1925), e a primeira en ingl\u00e9s, de Walter Yeeling Evans-Wentz (Oxford 1928). Esta \u00faltima \u00e9 co\u00f1ecida polo seu matiz teos\u00f3fico e consid\u00e9rase hoxe superada pola tibetolox\u00eda acad\u00e9mica. Lobsang Lhalungpa presentou en 1977 unha traduci\u00f3n inglesa filoloxicamente fiable.<\/p><p>No s\u00e9culo XX, Milarepa converteuse, xunto con Padmasambhava, na figura tibetana m\u00e1is destacada na recepci\u00f3n occidental do budismo. A s\u00faa proximidade biogr\u00e1fica, a mestura de falta moral e santificaci\u00f3n, as\u00ed como os seus canci\u00f3ns sinxelas e a mi\u00fado de tenor natureza-po\u00e9tico, d\u00e9ronlle unha influencia propia m\u00e1is al\u00e1 da estrita li\u00f1a de transmisi\u00f3n t\u00e1ntrica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96d20ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"96d20ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d10a01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d10a01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes e bibliograf\u00eda complementaria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-050e560 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"050e560\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatura\"><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Fontes primarias: Tsangny\u00f6n Heruka, \u00abMila Tharpa\u00bb (Vida de Milarepa), s\u00e9culo XV; \u00abMila Gurbum\u00bb (As Cen Mil Canci\u00f3ns de Milarepa), s\u00e9culo XV.<\/p>\n<p>Bibliograf\u00eda secundaria: Andrew Quintman, \u00abThe Yogin and the Madman.<\/p><p>Reading the Biographical Corpus of Tibet&#8217;s Great Saint Milarepa\u00bb, Nova York 2014; Donald Lopez, \u00abReligions of Tibet in Practice\u00bb, Princeton 1997; David Snellgrove, \u00abIndo-Tibetan Buddhism\u00bb, Londres 1987; Roger Jackson, \u00abTantric Treasures\u00bb, Oxford 2004; Lobsang Lhalungpa, \u00abThe Life of Milarepa\u00bb, Nova York 1977; Robert Buswell e Donald Lopez, \u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014.<\/p><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6396940 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6396940\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7811b37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7811b37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahamudra e Dzogchen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5d7f85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5d7f85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O ensinamento que Milarepa recibiu de Marpa e transmitiu aos seus disc\u00edpulos pertence \u00e1 tradici\u00f3n Mahamudra (\u00abGran Selo\u00bb). Busca o co\u00f1ecemento directo e non conceptual da natureza da mente. A Mahamudra \u00e9 estruturalmente similar \u00e1 tradici\u00f3n Dzogchen (\u00abGran Perfecci\u00f3n\u00bb) da escola Nyingma, pero metodoloxicamente distinta.<\/p><p>Mentres o Dzogchen parte da pureza orixinal da mente como punto de partida, a Mahamudra avanza de forma gradual desde o co\u00f1ecemento conceptual \u00e1 visi\u00f3n directa.<\/p><p>David Jackson documentou en \u00abEnlightenment by a Single Means\u00bb (Viena 1994) a controversia hist\u00f3rica entre a interpretaci\u00f3n Sakya e a interpretaci\u00f3n Kagy\u00fc da Mahamudra. Este debate \u00e9 un dos m\u00e1is importantes da filosof\u00eda tibetana entre os s\u00e9culos XIII e XV e afecta directamente \u00e1 interpretaci\u00f3n do ensinamento de Milarepa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e68a954 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e68a954\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c788afa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c788afa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os seis yogas de Naropa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cdc8ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2cdc8ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Xunto coa Mahamudra, a transmisi\u00f3n dos \u00abseis yogas de Naropa\u00bb constit\u00fae a segunda li\u00f1a principal da pr\u00e1ctica Kagy\u00fc que se remonta a Milarepa.<\/p><p>Estes seis yogas comprenden a calor interior (tummo), o corpo de luz clara (\u00f6dsal), o yoga do so\u00f1o (milam), o yoga do bardo (yoga do estado intermedio), a transferencia da consciencia (phowa) e a pr\u00e1ctica do corpo ilusorio (gyul\u00fc). Constit\u00faen un programa sistem\u00e1tico de pr\u00e1ctica que se remonta ao iogue indio Naropa e foi transmitido a Milarepa a trav\u00e9s de Marpa.<\/p><p>A calor interior, pola que Milarepa se fixo famoso, \u00e9 a primeira delas e, en moitos sentidos, a pr\u00e1ctica fundamental. Glenn Mullin traduciu e comentou este corpus de pr\u00e1ctica en \u00abThe Six Yogas of Naropa\u00bb (Ithaca 1996).<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n etnogr\u00e1fica sobre practicantes actuais de tummo, en particular os traballos de Herbert Benson na Harvard Medical School durante a d\u00e9cada de 1980, documentou aumentos fisiol\u00f3xicamente medibles da temperatura da pel, sen que isto confirme nin refute as afirmaci\u00f3ns relixiosas da tradici\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a8c8bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4a8c8bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02be439 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"02be439\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As covas de Milarepa como lugares de peregrinaxe<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05a9549 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"05a9549\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As covas nas que Milarepa meditou, segundo a tradici\u00f3n, seguen sendo hoxe lugares de peregrinaxe. Destacan especialmente a cova de Drakar Taso (\u00abRocha branca dente de cabalo\u00bb), as covas de Lapchi na fronteira entre o T\u00edbet e Nepal, as covas de Chuwar na rexi\u00f3n de Nyalam, e as covas de Kyirong, tam\u00e9n na fronteira nepalesa.<\/p><p>Os cami\u00f1os de peregrinaxe a estes lugares constitu\u00edan, at\u00e9 a anexi\u00f3n chinesa do T\u00edbet, un eixo importante da espiritualidade budista.<\/p><p>Hoxe son en parte de novo accesibles, a\u00ednda que o tr\u00e1fico de peregrinos est\u00e1 limitado por restrici\u00f3ns pol\u00edticas. En Nepal, a rexi\u00f3n de Lapchi e o monte Kailash (accesible desde o T\u00edbet) son destinos centrais de peregrinaxe tam\u00e9n para a veneraci\u00f3n de Milarepa. Toni Huber documentou en detalle a xeograf\u00eda da peregrinaxe tibetana en \u00abThe Cult of Pure Crystal Mountain\u00bb (Nova York 1999).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a42766a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a42766a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3699add elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3699add\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Milarepa na recepci\u00f3n moderna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a5e66d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a5e66d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No s\u00e9culo XX, Milarepa converteuse nunha das figuras tibetanas m\u00e1is destacadas da recepci\u00f3n occidental do budismo.<\/p><p>Lama Anagarika Govinda dedicoulle amplos pasaxes en \u00abThe Way of the White Clouds\u00bb (Londres 1966), nos que se presenta a uni\u00f3n de vida asc\u00e9tica e co\u00f1ecemento m\u00edstico como un logro tibetano central. A traduci\u00f3n de Lobsang Lhalungpa (1977) provocou unha ampla recepci\u00f3n occidental.<\/p><p>A pel\u00edcula tibetana \u00abMilarepa\u00bb (2006), do mestre Neten Chokling, achegou por primeira vez a s\u00faa historia a un p\u00fablico internacional de cine. No budismo tibetano occidental, especialmente nas li\u00f1axes Kagy\u00fc, Milarepa \u00e9 unha figura de identificaci\u00f3n central para os practicantes, cuxa vida se le como modelo do propio cami\u00f1o ao unir falta \u00e9tica, esforzo e iluminaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c510076 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c510076\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b269ea1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b269ea1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Milarepa e a poes\u00eda da natureza<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b42109d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b42109d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Unha li\u00f1a literaria propia dentro das canci\u00f3ns de Milarepa est\u00e1 formada polos seus poemas sobre a natureza. Describen a vida nos retiros de monta\u00f1a, a percepci\u00f3n das estaci\u00f3ns, dos animais, das rochas, da neve e do vento. Estes poemas pertencen a unha tradici\u00f3n de poes\u00eda asc\u00e9tica tibetana que, de xeito similar \u00e1 poes\u00eda zen xaponesa, desenvolve unha linguaxe natural directa e sen artificios.<\/p><p>Foron recibidos por escritores occidentais como Gary Snyder e Allen Ginsberg, e as\u00ed acadaron unha influencia m\u00e1is amplia que a que tiveron dentro da tradici\u00f3n estritamente relixiosa. Per S\u00f8rensen trazou en \u00abDivinity Secularized.<\/p><p>An Inquiry into the Nature and Form of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama\u00bb (Viena 1990) as conexi\u00f3ns estruturais entre as canci\u00f3ns de Milarepa e a posterior poes\u00eda amorosa profana tibetana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c05aa2e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c05aa2e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a11e89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0a11e89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsangny\u00f6n Heruka e a vida can\u00f3nica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a17ebc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a17ebc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A biograf\u00eda can\u00f3nica actual de Milarepa (Mi la ras pa&#8217;i rnam thar) foi escrita en 1488 por Tsangnyon Heruka (1452 a 1507).<\/p><p>Tsangnyon, el mesmo un iogui exc\u00e9ntrico da tradici\u00f3n dos \u00abSantos Tolos\u00bb, baseouse en fontes anteriores, pero deulles forma nunha obra literaria unificada con estrutura clara: antecedentes e nacemento, xuventude e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1cticas que pretenden intervir no curso das cousas mediante acci\u00f3ns ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">maxia<\/span>, Marpa e as probas, o cami\u00f1o da liberaci\u00f3n, os anos de aprendizaxe, a morte.<\/p><p>Andrew Quintman (\u00abThe Yogin and the Madman\u00bb, Nova York 2014) reconstru\u00edu con detalle a historia das fontes da vida de Milarepa. Amosa que existen ao menos nove capas m\u00e1is antigas da biograf\u00eda, das cales a m\u00e1is temper\u00e1 remonta a Gampopa (1079 a 1153), disc\u00edpulo directo de Milarepa.<\/p><p>A versi\u00f3n de Tsangnyon \u00e9 literariamente tan exitosa que practicamente desprazou as fontes anteriores. Converteuse na referencia da hagiograf\u00eda tibetana e segue a marcar a imaxe popular de Milarepa na actualidade.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6ef287 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b6ef287\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84b2d5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"84b2d5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As 100.000 canci\u00f3ns como obra literaria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c9be78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c9be78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A colecci\u00f3n \u00abMila Grubum\u00bb (100.000 canci\u00f3ns de Milarepa) tam\u00e9n foi fixada en forma literaria por Tsangnyon Heruka, pero cont\u00e9n material m\u00e1is antigo. Abrangue unhas 130 episodios nos que Milarepa, en versos po\u00e9ticos (\u00abmgur\u00bb), imparte ensinanzas, pon a proba disc\u00edpulos ou busca o di\u00e1logo co pobo. Os mgur son un x\u00e9nero literario tibetano propio que combina a espiritualidade relixiosa coa poes\u00eda popular.<\/p><p>Garma C.C. Chang (\u00abThe Hundred Thousand Songs of Milarepa\u00bb, Nova York 1962) presentou unha traduci\u00f3n completa ao ingl\u00e9s. As canci\u00f3ns te\u00f1en estruturas m\u00e9tricas diferentes e seguen unha alternancia entre o tema de ensinanza e a lembranza persoal. Son ao mesmo tempo material de pr\u00e1ctica relixiosa e literatura popular, o que explica a s\u00faa ampla difusi\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5d9990 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f5d9990\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e21311c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e21311c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As covas e lugares de peregrinaxe de Milarepa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a26a4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a26a4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As covas m\u00e1is importantes onde, segundo a tradici\u00f3n, Milarepa meditou son Drakar Taso, cerca de Nyalam, no sur do T\u00edbet, Chubar, cerca de Kyirong, Lapchi, na fronteira entre o T\u00edbet e Nepal, as\u00ed como as covas do monte Kailash. Lapchi e Kailash son hoxe dif\u00edciles de acceder debido \u00e1 pandemia e \u00e1s restrici\u00f3ns de viaxe chinesas; Drakar Taso foi parcialmente reconstru\u00eddo como ru\u00edna mon\u00e1stica despois de 1980.<\/p><p>Toni Huber (\u00abThe Cult of Pure Crystal Mountain\u00bb, Nova York 1999) documentou etnograficamente a pr\u00e1ctica de peregrinaxe en torno a Tsari, outro escenario relacionado con Milarepa, e mostrou como os lugares de peregrinaxe funcionan como prolongaci\u00f3n espacial da hagiograf\u00eda.<\/p><p>A conexi\u00f3n entre o texto da vida e o lugar de peregrinaxe \u00e9 un fen\u00f3meno cl\u00e1sico da xeograf\u00eda relixiosa, e Milarepa \u00e9 un dos santos tibetanos m\u00e1is fortemente arraigados no espazo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1971a07 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1971a07\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5980702 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5980702\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A li\u00f1axe Kagy\u00fc e as s\u00faas catro grandes subdivisi\u00f3ns<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dfbe61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4dfbe61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa pertence \u00e1 li\u00f1axe principal da escola Kagy\u00fc (bka&#8217; brgyud, \u00abli\u00f1axe de transmisi\u00f3n das ensinanzas orais\u00bb). Esta li\u00f1axe foi levada por Marpa Lotsawa desde a India ao T\u00edbet. Despois de Gampopa, principal disc\u00edpulo de Milarepa, a Kagy\u00fc dividiuse en catro grandes e oito pequenas subl\u00ed\u00f1axes. As catro grandes son Karma Kagy\u00fc (cos Karmapas), Tselpa Kagy\u00fc, Baram Kagy\u00fc e Phagdru Kagy\u00fc.<\/p><p>Da li\u00f1axe Phagdru, \u00e1 s\u00faa vez, xurdiron as Drikung Kagy\u00fc, Drugpa Kagy\u00fc e Taglung Kagy\u00fc. A li\u00f1axe Drukpa \u00e9 a escola oficial de But\u00e1n. Karenina Kollmar-Paulenz (\u00abGeschichte der Mongolen\u00bb, M\u00fanic 2005) e Matthew Kapstein (\u00abThe Tibetans\u00bb, Oxford 2006) expuxeron o desenvolvemento hist\u00f3rico das escolas no contexto da historia pol\u00edtica do T\u00edbet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5359825 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5359825\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddc1941 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ddc1941\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A ensinanza Mahamudra de Milarepa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce56ca9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce56ca9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa practicou e transmitiu a ensinanza Mahamudra (\u00abGrande Selo\u00bb), que se conta entre o nivel m\u00e1is alto da pr\u00e1ctica t\u00e1ntrica Anuttarayoga. A transmisi\u00f3n da Mahamudra chegou a trav\u00e9s de Maitripa e Naropa a Marpa e despois a Milarepa.<\/p><p>A diferenza da ensinanza Dzogchen da escola Nyingma, coa que a Mahamudra est\u00e1 filosoficamente moi emparentada, a pr\u00e1ctica Mahamudra pon o acento no ascenso gradual a trav\u00e9s de Shamatha (calma mental) e Vipashyana (visi\u00f3n penetrante) cara ao co\u00f1ecemento directo da natureza da mente.<\/p><p>Os \u00abCatro Iogas da Mahamudra\u00bb, a concentraci\u00f3n nun s\u00f3 punto, a non-elaboraci\u00f3n, o sabor \u00fanico e a realizaci\u00f3n non-meditativa, consid\u00e9ranse a secuencia central de etapas. David Jackson (\u00abEnlightenment by a Single Means\u00bb, Viena 1994) examinou de forma exhaustiva a tradici\u00f3n Mahamudra en comparaci\u00f3n coa tradici\u00f3n Lam-Rim dos Gelug.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adcdb10 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"adcdb10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daa12c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daa12c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Milarepa na literatura e na arte modernas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7f003a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f7f003a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa desenvolveu unha ampla historia de repercusi\u00f3n na literatura e nas artes pl\u00e1sticas occidentais. Eric Frechette traduciu en 1968 as \u00abCen Mil Canci\u00f3ns\u00bb ao franc\u00e9s. Lobsang Lhalungpa ofreceu en 1977 unha traduci\u00f3n ao ingl\u00e9s da biograf\u00eda moi valorada. O director de cinema bhutan\u00e9s Neten Chokling rodou en 2006 unha pel\u00edcula en d\u00faas partes titulada \u00abMilarepa\u00bb, que representa a xuventude e o cami\u00f1o da liberaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>O pintor su\u00edzo Aldo Walker e o artista budista estadounidense Robert Beer crearon retratos de Milarepa baseados nos modelos tradicionais tibetanos. A di\u00e1spora tibetana moderna convertiu a Milarepa nunha figura de identificaci\u00f3n dunha espiritualidade que media entre a disciplina mon\u00e1stica e a autonom\u00eda ioguica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2207bde e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2207bde\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f7a869 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0f7a869\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preguntas frecuentes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86a39e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86a39e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Foi Milarepa unha persoa hist\u00f3rica?<\/strong> Si. As s\u00faas datas de vida sit\u00faanse xeralmente entre aproximadamente 1052 e 1135, a\u00ednda que alg\u00fans aspectos son obxecto de debate. Andrew Quintman examinou con detalle a fiabilidade hist\u00f3rica das fontes en \u00abThe Yogin and the Madman\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Que son os \u00abseis iogas de Naropa\u00bb?<\/strong> Un programa de pr\u00e1ctica ioguica t\u00e1ntrica que abrangue o calor interior, o corpo de luz clara, o ioga do so\u00f1o, o ioga do bardo, a transferencia de consciencia e a pr\u00e1ctica do corpo ilusorio. Son a li\u00f1axe de pr\u00e1ctica central das escolas Kagy\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Por que era Milarepa verdoso?<\/strong> Segundo a biograf\u00eda, alimentouse durante d\u00e9cadas case exclusivamente de ortiga silvestre, o que se sup\u00f3n que lle tinguiu o corpo. Non est\u00e1 claro se isto ocorreu historicamente de forma exacta; en todo caso, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> subli\u00f1a a s\u00faa extrema ascese.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quen foron os disc\u00edpulos m\u00e1is importantes de Milarepa?<\/strong> Gampopa S\u00f6nam Rinchen (1079 a 1153), que fundou a li\u00f1axe mon\u00e1stica das escolas Kagy\u00fc, e Rechungpa (1085 a 1161), que continuou a tradici\u00f3n ioguica non mon\u00e1stica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3276,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Milarepa","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Milarepa \u2013 Iogui e santo tibetano | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Milarepa (1052-1135) \u00e9 o iogui e poeta m\u00e1is famoso do T\u00edbet, disc\u00edpulo de Marpa e fundador da li\u00f1axe Kagy\u00fc. Da maxia negra \u00e1 budeidade.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-195082","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Milarepa \u2013 Iogui e santo tibetano | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Milarepa (1052-1135) \u00e9 o iogui e poeta m\u00e1is famoso do T\u00edbet, disc\u00edpulo de Marpa e fundador da li\u00f1axe Kagy\u00fc. 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