{"id":195081,"date":"2026-09-07T09:38:38","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:38:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=195081"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"padmasambhava","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/padmasambhava\/","title":{"rendered":"Padmasambhava"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"195081\" class=\"elementor elementor-195081 elementor-3039 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52e9a7d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"52e9a7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56d75fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"56d75fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf05bfb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bf05bfb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26a6dac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"26a6dac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padmasambhava, fundador do budismo tibetano<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a21472 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a21472\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e relatos a trav\u00e9s das xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span> tibetana, Padmasambhava \u00e9 considerado o mestre t\u00e1ntrico que arraigou de forma duradeira o budismo no T\u00edbet e que fundou numerosos ritos de protecci\u00f3n. Padmasambhava (\u00abo nacido do loto\u00bb), chamado en tibetano habitualmente Guru Rinpoche ou Padmakara, \u00e9 considerado o principal fundador do budismo vajrayana tibetano.<\/p><p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e relatos a trav\u00e9s das xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span> as\u00f3ciao coa transmisi\u00f3n do tantra indio ao T\u00edbet a finais do s\u00e9culo VIII. Na escola tibetana m\u00e1is antiga, a Nyingma, \u00e9 venerado como \u00absegundo Buda\u00bb. Desde o punto de vista da historia das relixi\u00f3ns, a s\u00faa existencia hist\u00f3rica \u00e9 discutida, e a imaxe transmitida est\u00e1 fortemente moldada pola lenda.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc4c9fa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cc4c9fa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-695667b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"695667b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00f3n dunha cultura, con competencias claras \u2014 forzas da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado mediante cultos, ofrendas e instituci\u00f3ns templarias.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/budismo\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3n budista con bodhisattvas, divindades protectoras, esp\u00edritos fam\u00e9licos e gardi\u00e1ns do inferno.\">Budismo<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13f9eb5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13f9eb5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-411777f elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"411777f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__411777f\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__411777f\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__411777f\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08182e7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"08182e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-864be76 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"864be76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196662\" alt=\"Padmasambhava - Deuses da tradici\u00f3n budista, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5748d05 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5748d05\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11a7ae0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"11a7ae0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-882952f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"882952f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexto hist\u00f3rico<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df1a168 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df1a168\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As poucas fontes contempor\u00e1neas mencionan un mestre t\u00e1ntrico de orixe india ou de Oddiyana, convidado ao T\u00edbet no tempo do rei Trisong Detsen (que reinou aproximadamente entre 755 e 797).<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n actual identifica Oddiyana maioritariamente co val de Swat, no actual Paquist\u00e1n, ou con Odisha, no leste da India. O rei necesitaba un tantriko porque o mestre mon\u00e1stico indio Shantarakshita atopara resistencia dos esp\u00edritos aut\u00f3ctonos durante a construci\u00f3n do primeiro mosteiro tibetano, Samye.<\/p><p>Dise que Padmasambhava sometera estes esp\u00edritos e os incorporara ao sistema budista como divindades protectoras. A data de fundaci\u00f3n de Samye sit\u00faase tradicionalmente en 779. David Snellgrove e Hugh Richardson (\u00abA Cultural History of Tibet\u00bb, Londres 1968) consideran plausible este n\u00facleo hist\u00f3rico, a\u00ednda que atrib\u00faen os numerosos ornamentos mitol\u00f3xicos a unha posterior formaci\u00f3n lexendaria.<\/p>\n<p>As fontes m\u00e1is extensas, o Padma Thang Yig (Cr\u00f3nica de Padma) e o Pema Kathang, transm\u00edtense como \u00abtextos tesouro\u00bb (terma) da escola dos descubridores de tesouros (tert\u00f6n). Foron \u00abdescubertos\u00bb sobre todo no s\u00e9culo XIV por Orgyen Lingpa e no s\u00e9culo XVII por outros descubridores de tesouros.<\/p><p>A fiabilidade hist\u00f3rica destes textos \u00e9 limitada, pero o seu impacto relixioso foi enorme. Janet Gyatso, en \u00abApparitions of the Self\u00bb (Princeton 1998), estudou a tradici\u00f3n terma como unha forma propia de autorizaci\u00f3n relixiosa, na que visi\u00f3ns, ocultaci\u00f3n e reaparici\u00f3n cumpren funci\u00f3ns can\u00f3nicas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1e027c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f1e027c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0260798 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0260798\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O nacemento do loto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ebd706 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ebd706\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Segundo o relato tradicional, Padmasambhava non naceu dunha nai, sen\u00f3n que apareceu como un neno de oito anos sobre unha flor de loto no medio do lago Dhanakosha, na terra de Oddiyana.<\/p><p>O rei Indrabhuti, que naquel momento buscaba pedras preciosas por non ter fillos, atopou o neno e adoptouno como seu. Este relato contrasta claramente co nacemento humano de Shakyamuni e subli\u00f1a o estatus extraordinario da figura.<\/p><p>Desde a historia das relixi\u00f3ns, este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un elemento recorrente de contido na arte ou no relato.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> debe lerse como un elemento t\u00edpico da hagiograf\u00eda t\u00e1ntrica, que sit\u00faa a orixe \u00absobrenatural\u00bb do mestre por diante da veracidade biogr\u00e1fica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2be71c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2be71c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b10303 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b10303\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Oito manifestaci\u00f3ns<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6317e37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6317e37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A tradici\u00f3n conta oito manifestaci\u00f3ns principais de Padmasambhava, que encarnan as s\u00faas diversas actividades en distintas fases da s\u00faa vida ou situaci\u00f3ns de iluminaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Entre elas est\u00e1n Guru Padma Gyalpo (o rexio), Guru Loden Chokse (o de co\u00f1ecemento perfecto), Guru Pema Jungne (o nacido do loto), Guru Padmasambhava (manifestaci\u00f3n pac\u00edfica), Guru Shakya Senge (le\u00f3n dos Shakya, en forma mon\u00e1stica), Guru Senge Dradok (le\u00f3n atronador, en disputa cos herexes), Guru Nyima Ozer (raio de sol, como iogui nos cemiterios) e Guru Dorje Drol\u00f6 (forma iracunda sobre unha tigresa voadora).<\/p><p>Estas oito forman un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de escrituras dunha relixi\u00f3n reco\u00f1ecido como vinculante.\" tabindex=\"0\">canon<\/span> sistematizado que ordena a diversidade mitol\u00f3xica da vida de Padmasambhava.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-708cb59 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"708cb59\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b7d36b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b7d36b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As cinco compa\u00f1eiras<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2616577 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2616577\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un papel importante na tradici\u00f3n de Padmasambhava corresp\u00f3ndelles \u00e1s s\u00faas cinco \u00abcompa\u00f1eiras de sabedor\u00eda\u00bb (yum). As m\u00e1is co\u00f1ecidas son Yeshe Tsogyal, unha ra\u00ed\u00f1a tibetana considerada a s\u00faa principal disc\u00edpula e amante, e Mandarava, unha princesa india. Yeshe Tsogyal \u00e9 a autora ou compiladora de numerosos textos terma descubertos posteriormente.<\/p><p>A s\u00faa biograf\u00eda (\u00abLady of the Lotus-Born\u00bb) s\u00f3 se puxo por escrito na forma hoxe co\u00f1ecida no s\u00e9culo XVII. A investigaci\u00f3n debate se se trata dunha persoa hist\u00f3rica ou dunha personificaci\u00f3n relixiosa.<\/p><p>Janet Gyatso, en \u00abWomen in Tibet\u00bb (Bloomington 2005), defende unha lectura matizada que sit\u00faa a Yeshe Tsogyal como unha figura probablemente hist\u00f3rica, pero fortemente moldeada pola literatura.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f50750 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1f50750\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fe3315 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fe3315\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os textos tesouro (terma)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39a3df7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"39a3df7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dise que Padmasambhava, durante a s\u00faa estad\u00eda no T\u00edbet, escondeu numerosos textos doutrinais destinados a \u00e9pocas futuras. Estes \u00abtesouros\u00bb (terma) div\u00eddense en materiais (ter) e mentais (gongter). Os materiais est\u00e1n ocultos en covas, rochas, estatuas ou cursos de auga, e son redescubertos en momentos predestinados por buscadores de tesouros predestinados (tert\u00f6n).<\/p><p>Os mentais est\u00e1n impresos nun \u00abestado mental\u00bb especial, que pode ser percibido directamente. Esta concepci\u00f3n permitiu \u00e1s xeraci\u00f3ns posteriores lexitimar novos textos doutrinais como procedentes directamente de Padmasambhava, sen que fose posible unha revisi\u00f3n textual cr\u00edtica.<\/p><p>Desde o punto de vista cient\u00edfico, a tradici\u00f3n terma \u00e9 un exemplo dunha tradici\u00f3n textual relixiosa \u00ababerta\u00bb, que se op\u00f3n \u00e1 transmisi\u00f3n t\u00e1ntrica india, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que pertence ao conxunto de escrituras reco\u00f1ecido oficialmente por unha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">can\u00f3nica<\/span> e pechada, dun modo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e relatos a trav\u00e9s das xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradicional<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-801c16e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"801c16e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e817ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7e817ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ensinanza e pr\u00e1ctica vajrayana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ad8fb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ad8fb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os contidos doutrinais atribu\u00eddos \u00e1 tradici\u00f3n de Padmasambhava abranguen sobre todo a \u00abGrande Perfecci\u00f3n\u00bb (Dzogchen), a rama de transmisi\u00f3n considerada o sistema doutrinal m\u00e1is elevado da escola Nyingma. Ademais, varios tantras superiores de ioga forman parte do corpus de Padmasambhava, como o Tantra de Vajrakilaya.<\/p><p>A forma pr\u00e1ctica \u00e9 o \u00abguru ioga\u00bb (ioga do lama), na que os disc\u00edpulos visualizan a Padmasambhava como encarnaci\u00f3n de todos os budas, bodhisattvas e mestres. O mantra ra\u00edz de sete s\u00edlabas \u00abom ah hum vajra guru padma siddhi hum\u00bb est\u00e1 moi estendido en toda a pr\u00e1ctica Nyingma e tam\u00e9n nas escolas non Nyingma do T\u00edbet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38cfb39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"38cfb39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ada09d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ada09d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Difusi\u00f3n f\u00f3ra do T\u00edbet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7f838d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7f838d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Padmasambhava \u00e9 venerado por igual nas rexi\u00f3ns de tradici\u00f3n tibetana de But\u00e1n, Sikkim, Ladakh e no altiplano mongol. En But\u00e1n \u00e9 a figura relixiosa central; o mosteiro de Taktsang (\u00abNi\u00f1o do Tigre\u00bb), na ladeira abrupta do val de Paro, marca segundo a tradici\u00f3n o lugar onde meditou sobre unha tigresa.<\/p><p>O seu oitavo e \u00faltimo estado de existencia, no \u00abMonte Cor de Cobre\u00bb (Zangdok Palri), \u00e9 considerado unha terra pura que existe en paralelo ao Sukhavati de Amitabha e que se ten por destino de renacemento dos practicantes ao final da vida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-150951a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"150951a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb7dc95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bb7dc95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Debate na ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d8b2c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d8b2c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A cuesti\u00f3n de en que medida a imaxe transmitida se corresponde cunha persoa hist\u00f3rica non pode responderse de forma definitiva. Robert Mayer e Cathy Cantwell demostraron en varios traballos (\u00abThe Padmasambhava Cycle\u00bb, Oxford 2013) que a difusi\u00f3n do culto a Padmasambhava mantivo unha estreita relaci\u00f3n coas convulsi\u00f3ns pol\u00edticas no T\u00edbet.<\/p><p>Nas fases de debilitamento do poder central aumentou a importancia de Padmasambhava, xa que como patr\u00f3n protector translocal do T\u00edbet pod\u00eda fundamentar unha identidade m\u00e1is al\u00e1 das estruturas din\u00e1sticas. Esta funci\u00f3n explica en parte por que a tradici\u00f3n de Padmasambhava co\u00f1eceu unha expansi\u00f3n tan grande precisamente nos \u00abs\u00e9culos escuros\u00bb posteriores ao colapso do reino de Yarlung no s\u00e9culo IX.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fba3c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4fba3c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca67a71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ca67a71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes e bibliograf\u00eda complementaria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfcc19c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfcc19c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Fontes primarias: Padma Thang Yig (Cr\u00f3nica de Padma), atribu\u00edda a Orgyen Lingpa; Pema Kathang; Bardo Th\u00f6dol (Libro Tibetano dos Mortos, cuxo colof\u00f3n o atrib\u00fae a Padmasambhava); Tantra de Vajrakilaya.<\/p>\n<p>Bibliograf\u00eda secundaria: David Snellgrove e Hugh Richardson, \u00abA Cultural History of Tibet\u00bb, Londres 1968; David Snellgrove, \u00abIndo-Tibetan Buddhism\u00bb, Londres 1987; Janet Gyatso, \u00abApparitions of the Self\u00bb, Princeton 1998; Cathy Cantwell e Robert Mayer, \u00abThe Padmasambhava Cycle\u00bb, Oxford 2013; Robert Buswell e Donald Lopez, \u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014; Klaus-Josef Notz, \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 2002.<\/p>\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000<\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f489c6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f489c6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50de9c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"50de9c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Samye e as \u00abTres Xoias\u00bb<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a016ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a016ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O mosteiro de Samye, a uns 50 quil\u00f3metros ao sueste de Lhasa, \u00e9 o primeiro mosteiro tibetano e consid\u00e9rase tradicionalmente obra de Padmasambhava, Shantarakshita e do rei Trisong Detsen.<\/p><p>Este tr\u00edo (\u00abtres xoias\u00bb, ston pa gsum) \u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que pertence ao corpo de textos reco\u00f1ecido de forma vinculante nunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">can\u00f3nico<\/span> na memoria relixiosa tibetana e representa a uni\u00f3n da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1cticas que pretenden intervir no curso dos acontecementos mediante acci\u00f3ns ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">maxia<\/span> t\u00e1ntrica (Padmasambhava), a disciplina mon\u00e1stica (Shantarakshita) e o poder rexio (Trisong Detsen).<\/p><p>O mosteiro conc\u00edbese seguindo o modelo do mosteiro indio de Odantapuri; a s\u00faa planta forma un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagrama circular que representa o cosmos no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span> co <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Edificio destinado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> do Monte Meru no centro, catro capelas principais nos puntos cardinais e un muro perimetral con 108 stupas.<\/p><p>Foi restaurado en varias ocasi\u00f3ns tras sucesivas destruci\u00f3ns, a \u00faltima durante a revolta de 1959. O c\u00e9lebre \u00abConcilio de Samye\u00bb (792 a 794) decidiu a favor da forma indiana do budismo fronte \u00e1 chinesa, o que determinou a orientaci\u00f3n a longo prazo do budismo tibetano hacia a tradici\u00f3n t\u00e1ntrica indiana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8734ab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e8734ab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb26340 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb26340\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As li\u00f1as de transmisi\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fd23e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fd23e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As li\u00f1as de ensino de Padmasambhava (man ngag) div\u00eddense en tres ramas principais. A \u00abli\u00f1a longa\u00bb (ring brgyud) vai de Padmasambhava, a trav\u00e9s dos principais disc\u00edpulos hist\u00f3ricos, at\u00e9 a actualidade mediante transmisi\u00f3n oral ininterrompida. A \u00abli\u00f1a curta\u00bb (nye brgyud) pasa polos descubridores de tesouros (tert\u00f6n), que establecen contacto directo con Padmasambhava en visi\u00f3ns, abreviando as\u00ed a v\u00eda de transmisi\u00f3n.<\/p><p>A \u00abli\u00f1a de visi\u00f3n pura\u00bb (dag snang brgyud), na que os mestres reciben instruci\u00f3ns directas grazas a unha percepci\u00f3n purificada. Esta estrutura tripartita \u00e9 unha construci\u00f3n tibetana caracter\u00edstica que integra nun s\u00f3 sistema visi\u00f3ns, achados de tesouros e transmisi\u00f3n oral. As escolas Karma Kagy\u00fc, Sakya, Gelug e sobre todo a Nyingma cultivan cada unha as s\u00faas propias li\u00f1as de Padmasambhava.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd8cb80 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd8cb80\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f063a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f063a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os vinte Sad-Mahasiddhas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6733e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6733e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dise que Padmasambhava foi mestre de vinte \u00abmahasiddhas\u00bb, ioguis t\u00e1ntricos de realizaci\u00f3n suprema. Estes div\u00eddense xeralmente en dous grupos: os \u00abexternos\u00bb (disc\u00edpulos no T\u00edbet) e os \u00abinternos\u00bb (compa\u00f1eiros de estudo na India). Os primeiros incl\u00faen a Yeshe Tsogyal, Vairochana, Nyak Jnanakumara, Drogmi Palgi Yeshe e outros ioguis tibetanos dos s\u00e9culos VIII e IX documentados historicamente.<\/p><p>Este grupo est\u00e1 relativamente ben documentado desde o punto de vista da historia das relixi\u00f3ns; os textos do achado de Dunhuang (s\u00e9culos VIII a X), procedentes das covas de Dunhuang, confirman alg\u00fans destes nomes. Janet Gyatso e Sam van Schaik analizaron en varios estudos a relaci\u00f3n entre os achados de Dunhuang e a hagiograf\u00eda tibetana posterior.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8c4b2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a8c4b2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d67f8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d67f8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padmasambhava e o Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d615a27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d615a27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O \u00abLibro Tibetano dos Mortos\u00bb (Bardo Th\u00f6dol), atribu\u00eddo a Padmasambhava no seu colof\u00f3n, \u00e9 unha das obras m\u00e1is co\u00f1ecidas da literatura relixiosa tibetana en Occidente.<\/p><p>Segundo a concepci\u00f3n tradicional, foi escrito por Padmasambhava, ocultado por Yeshe Tsogyal e redescuberto no s\u00e9culo XIV por Karma Lingpa como terma. Desde o punto de vista cient\u00edfico, a atribuci\u00f3n a Padmasambhava \u00e9 incerta; o texto na s\u00faa forma actual \u00e9 unha compilaci\u00f3n de finais do s\u00e9culo XIV.<\/p><p>Describe as fases polas que atravesa a consciencia despois da morte e ofrece indicaci\u00f3ns sobre como o moribundo ou os seus familiares poden acompa\u00f1ar a viaxe da consciencia a trav\u00e9s dos estados intermedios (bardo).<\/p><p>A primeira traduci\u00f3n ao ingl\u00e9s, de Walter Yeeling Evans-Wentz (Oxford 1927), tivo unha influencia considerable na espiritualidade occidental, a\u00ednda que xa non est\u00e1 actualizada desde o punto de vista filol\u00f3xico. Robert Thurman presentou en 1994 unha edici\u00f3n inglesa moderna e fiable.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b544069 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b544069\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fcc070 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5fcc070\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A forma irada Dorje Drol\u00f6<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8569b80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8569b80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Unha das oito manifestaci\u00f3ns principais de Padmasambhava, Guru Dorje Drol\u00f6, recibiu especial atenci\u00f3n na relixiosidade tibetana moderna. Esta forma irada mostra a Padmasambhava montando unha tigresa pre\u00f1ada voadora, cunha pel de cor vermello escuro, tres ollos e un phurpa en forma de vaira como arma.<\/p><p>O modelo iconogr\u00e1fico procede da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e relatos ao longo de xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span> segundo a cal Padmasambhava, nesta forma, fundou o mosteiro de Paro Taktsang (\u00abNi\u00f1o do Tigre\u00bb) en But\u00e1n, constru\u00eddo sobre unha ladeira rochosa escarpada por riba do val de Paro.<\/p><p>A veneraci\u00f3n de Dorje Drol\u00f6 est\u00e1 especialmente estendida en But\u00e1n e nas provincias tibetanas orientais. Encarna a forza transformadora coa que Padmasambhava converte as forzas host\u00eds en gardi\u00e1ns protectores.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65d51bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"65d51bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79206f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"79206f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Padma bka' thang como fonte principal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04fb02e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"04fb02e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O \u00abPadma bka&#8217; thang\u00bb (Libro das palabras de Padmasambhava) \u00e9 a hagiograf\u00eda m\u00e1is extensa do mestre. Foi descuberto por Orgyan Lingpa no s\u00e9culo XIV como terma (texto tesouro oculto) e conta con 108 cap\u00edtulos que describen o nacemento, a actividade docente, os feitos milagrosos e a partida de Padmasambhava. A investigaci\u00f3n de Anne-Marie Blondeau e Matthew Kapstein examinou a estratificaci\u00f3n textual desta fonte.<\/p><p>A\u00ednda que as capas m\u00e1is antigas rem\u00f3ntanse aos s\u00e9culos XI e XII, moitos dos relatos milagrosos son engadidos das li\u00f1axes terma posteriores. A fonte paralela \u00abPema Kathang Yiges Cinma\u00bb (Sete Cap\u00edtulos) de Sangye Lingpa (s. XIV) ofrece unha capa narrativa alternativa. Ambos os textos a\u00ednda se recitan liturxicamente hoxe no Himalaia occidental e en Sikkim, sobre todo durante as festas Tsechu en But\u00e1n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5afb269 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5afb269\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a47ed18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a47ed18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As oito manifestaci\u00f3ns en detalle<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcab2b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcab2b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As oito formas de aparici\u00f3n de Padmasambhava (gu ru mtshan brgyad) son: Guru Tsokye Dorje (nacido do loto), Guru Shakya Senge (en forma mon\u00e1stica), Guru Padmasambhava (no palacio de Indrabhuti), Guru Padmakara (na fase de pr\u00e1ctica), Guru Dorje Drolo (forma irada), Guru Nyima \u00d6zer (na radiaci\u00f3n budista), Guru Senge Dradok (voz de le\u00f3n) e Guru Loden Choksey (o que pon fin \u00e1 vida).<\/p><p>Cada manifestaci\u00f3n pertence a unha fase de ensinanza e a un foco de pr\u00e1ctica espec\u00edfico. Esta estrutura de oito elementos codificouse no s\u00e9culo XII e est\u00e1 estandarizada nas pinturas murais dos templos tibetanos. Non por casualidade corresponde cos oito grandes bodhisattvas do Mahayana. Roger Jackson interpretou esta analox\u00eda estrutural como unha inculturaci\u00f3n consciente do esquema indio dos bodhisattvas na ensinanza tibetana do guru.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c91bea2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c91bea2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b57c1c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b57c1c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yeshe Tsogyal como escriba e co-mestra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd743ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dd743ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yeshe Tsogyal (aproximadamente 757 a 817), a compa\u00f1eira espiritual e principal disc\u00edpula de Padmasambhava, consid\u00e9rase a escriba dos textos terma m\u00e1is importantes. Dise que, coa s\u00faa capacidade de memoria, puxo por escrito todas as ensinanzas de Padmasambhava e as ocultou en parte en rochas, lagos e no fluxo mental das s\u00faas futuras reencarnaci\u00f3ns.<\/p><p>Janet Gyatso (\u00abApparitions of the Self\u00bb, Princeton 1998) analizou a funci\u00f3n de Yeshe Tsogyal como modelo para a clase de terton femininas xurdida posteriormente.<\/p><p>A s\u00faa hagiograf\u00eda \u00abMkha&#8217; &#8216;gro ye shes mtsho rgyal gyi rnam thar\u00bb foi revelada como terma por Taksham Nuden Dorje e \u00e9 unha das poucas biograf\u00edas femininas extensas da literatura relixiosa tibetana. Combina elementos biogr\u00e1ficos con unha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> visionaria, ocupando as\u00ed un lugar especial na historia da literatura tibetana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d06cb12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d06cb12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c0f880 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c0f880\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A tradici\u00f3n terma e a cuesti\u00f3n da s\u00faa autenticidade<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53b9b83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53b9b83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A tradici\u00f3n terma, columna central da escola Nyingma, bas\u00e9ase na idea de que Padmasambhava e Yeshe Tsogyal ocultaron ensinanzas que ser\u00edan redescubertas m\u00e1is tarde por \u00abdescubridores de tesouros\u00bb (tert\u00f6n) predestinados.<\/p><p>Esta tradici\u00f3n produciu, desde o s\u00e9culo XI at\u00e9 o s\u00e9culo XX, unha capa propia da literatura budista. A cuesti\u00f3n da autenticidade disc\u00fatese tanto dentro da propia tradici\u00f3n como na investigaci\u00f3n moderna.<\/p><p>Janet Gyatso, en \u00abApparitions of the Self\u00bb, argumentou que os textos terma deben distinguirse en \u00abterma de terra\u00bb (sa gter, achados materiais) e \u00abterma de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser incorp\u00f3reo ao que se lle atrib\u00fae influencia no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span>\u00bb (dgongs gter, revelaci\u00f3ns visionarias).<\/p><p>Ambas categor\u00edas requiren m\u00e9todos filol\u00f3xicos e cient\u00edficos diferentes. Ronald Davidson (\u00abTibetan Renaissance\u00bb, Nova York 2005) situou a tradici\u00f3n terma no contexto m\u00e1is amplo da formaci\u00f3n da identidade tibetana, que se iniciou no s\u00e9culo XI tras o colapso do reino de Yarlung.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00aa18 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e00aa18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59e7d49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"59e7d49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padmasambhava e as ensinanzas do bardo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4394f85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4394f85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Unha columna central da tradici\u00f3n de Padmasambhava \u00e9 a ensinanza do bardo, o estado intermedio entre a morte e o renacemento. O \u00abBardo Th\u00f6dol\u00bb (Liberaci\u00f3n mediante a escoita no estado intermedio, co\u00f1ecido en Occidente como \u00abLibro tibetano dos mortos\u00bb) transm\u00edtese como un terma de Padmasambhava, descuberto por Karma Lingpa no s\u00e9culo XIV.<\/p><p>O texto describe seis fases do bardo nas que a consciencia ten a posibilidade de dar os \u00faltimos pasos cara \u00e1 liberaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Bryan Cuevas (\u00abThe Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead\u00bb, Oxford 2003) reconstru\u00edu detalladamente a historia do texto e mostrou que a obra s\u00f3 se deu a co\u00f1ecer en Occidente grazas a Walter Y. Evans-Wentz (1927) e \u00e1 traduci\u00f3n de Kazi Dawa Samdup que a acompa\u00f1aba.<\/p><p>Esta recepci\u00f3n occidental deu lugar a unha tradici\u00f3n propia de interpretaci\u00f3n do bardo, que non sempre \u00e9 compatible coa pr\u00e1ctica tradicional.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-542e57d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"542e57d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02bd3e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"02bd3e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os cinco reis tert\u00f6n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6707d89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6707d89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A tradici\u00f3n tibetana co\u00f1ece cinco \u00abreis tert\u00f6n\u00bb (gter ston rgyal po lnga), considerados os descubridores de tesouros m\u00e1is importantes: Nyangrel Nyima \u00d6zer (1124 a 1192), Guru Ch\u00f6wang (1212 a 1270), Dorje Lingpa (1346 a 1405), Padma Lingpa (1450 a 1521) e Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo (1820 a 1892).<\/p><p>Entre todos eles redescubriron milleiros de textos e tradici\u00f3ns de pr\u00e1ctica. A forma de contalos var\u00eda segundo as fontes, e algunhas escolas engaden outros nomes como Sangye Lingpa, Ratna Lingpa ou Orgyen Lingpa. Esta li\u00f1axe de tert\u00f6n non se entende como unha sucesi\u00f3n apost\u00f3lica, sen\u00f3n como unha serie de redescubridores predestinados cuxo karma, desde os tempos de Padmasambhava, estivo orientado a esta funci\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d745c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0d745c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-957a0b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"957a0b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preguntas frecuentes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d276cda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d276cda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Foi Padmasambhava unha persoa hist\u00f3rica?<\/strong> O n\u00facleo hist\u00f3rico \u00e9 plausible: un mestre t\u00e1ntrico indio ou centroasi\u00e1tico que chegou ao T\u00edbet a finais do s\u00e9culo VIII. Non obstante, a vida narrada est\u00e1 fortemente moldada pola lenda e, na maior\u00eda dos detalles, non \u00e9 historicamente verificable.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Que son os terma?<\/strong> \u00abTesouros\u00bb, textos ou obxectos de ensinanza que, segundo a tradici\u00f3n, Padmasambhava agochou e que m\u00e1is tarde son redescubertos por descubridores de tesouros predestinados (tert\u00f6n). Constit\u00faen unha parte importante da tradici\u00f3n de ensinanza Nyingma.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Que significa o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha s\u00edlaba ou f\u00f3rmula sagrada que se repite no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> de Padmasambhava?<\/strong> \u00abOm ah hum vajra guru padma siddhi hum\u00bb significa aproximadamente \u00abom ah hum, mestre-diamante Loto, concede a realizaci\u00f3n, hum\u00bb. \u00c9 un dos mantras m\u00e1is importantes do budismo tibetano e rec\u00edtase na pr\u00e1ctica do guru yoga.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Onde vive hoxe Padmasambhava segundo a tradici\u00f3n?<\/strong> No mundo puro do \u00abMonte Cor de Cobre\u00bb (Zangdok Palri), que existe en paralelo ao mundo humano. Os practicantes esperan renacer al\u00ed ao final da s\u00faa vida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3277,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Padmasambhava","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Padmasambhava \u2013 Mestre t\u00e1ntrico do T\u00edbet | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche), o mestre t\u00e1ntrico nacido do loto, levou o budismo ao T\u00edbet no s\u00e9culo VIII. 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