{"id":195080,"date":"2026-09-07T09:38:38","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:38:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=195080"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"ksitigarbha","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/ksitigarbha\/","title":{"rendered":"Ksitigarbha"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"195080\" class=\"elementor elementor-195080 elementor-3038 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e868ac8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e868ac8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe78d0d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fe78d0d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a4c167 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3a4c167\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e09f43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5e09f43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ksitigarbha, bodhisattva dos infernos<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a54a838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a54a838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ksitigarbha (s\u00e1nscrito \u00abVentre da Terra\u00bb) \u00e9 unha figura de bodhisattva central no budismo Mahayana e no budismo do leste asi\u00e1tico. \u00c9 co\u00f1ecido polo seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha promesa relixiosa solemne feita ante unha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">voto<\/span> de non aceptar a plena budeidade mentres non se liberen todos os seres dos reinos infernais.<\/p><p>En China ch\u00e1mase Dizang, en Xap\u00f3n Jizo, en Corea Jijang Bosal. A s\u00faa relaci\u00f3n especial cos defuntos, coa viaxe polos mundos intermedios e coa protecci\u00f3n dos nenos conv\u00e9rteno nunha das figuras de bodhisattva m\u00e1is populares do leste asi\u00e1tico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a44f4a2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a44f4a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1765563 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"1765563\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00f3n dunha cultura, con competencias claras \u2014 forzas da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado mediante cultos, ofrendas e instituci\u00f3ns templarias.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/budismo\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3n budista con bodhisattvas, divindades protectoras, esp\u00edritos fam\u00e9licos e gardi\u00e1ns do inferno.\">Budismo<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3325e6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3325e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90cd16e elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"90cd16e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__90cd16e\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__90cd16e\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__90cd16e\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0b2456 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f0b2456\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c4716c iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6c4716c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196665\" alt=\"Ksitigarbha - Deuses da tradici\u00f3n budista, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0214908 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0214908\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0b1329 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d0b1329\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc79855 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dc79855\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes en s\u00e1nscrito e sutras<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f19d17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f19d17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A fonte m\u00e1is importante \u00e9 o Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva Purvapranidhana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, co\u00f1ecido abreviadamente como Dizang <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>. S\u00f3 se conserva na traduci\u00f3n chinesa do s\u00e9culo VII; o seu orixinal indio perdeuse ou nunca existiu.<\/p><p>Robert Buswell e Donald Lopez (\u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014) consideran que este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> foi probablemente composto en Asia Central ou en China, unindo motivos de bodhisattva m\u00e1is antigos nunha nova ensinanza.<\/p><p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> describe varias existencias anteriores de Ksitigarbha, nas que, como muller ou como brahm\u00e1n, formulou repetidamente o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha promesa relixiosa solemne feita ante unha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">voto<\/span> da liberaci\u00f3n dos infernos. O verso central di, en esencia: \u00abMentres os infernos non estean baleiros, non serei Buda; mentres non se liberen todos os seres, non entrarei no nirvana.\u00bb<\/p>\n<p>Unha segunda obra, menos extensa, \u00e9 o Dasakra <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> de Ksitigarbha. Trata das dez rodas que o bodhisattva fai xirar para deter a decadencia moral das eras finais. Ambos os textos est\u00e1n ancorados <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que pertence ao conxunto de escrituras reco\u00f1ecido oficialmente por unha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonicamente<\/span> nas colecci\u00f3ns Tripitaka do leste asi\u00e1tico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe85b6b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fe85b6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac0183d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac0183d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funci\u00f3n no pante\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d06f78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8d06f78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No Mahayana chin\u00e9s, Dizang conta entre os catro grandes bodhisattvas, xunto con Avalokiteshvara (Guanyin), Manjushri (Wenshu) e Samantabhadra (Puxian). Cada un deles est\u00e1 asociado a un monte sagrado de China; Dizang est\u00e1 ligado ao Jiuhua Shan, en Anhui. Esta tradici\u00f3n dos catro montes est\u00e1 documentada desde o s\u00e9culo IX e estrutura at\u00e9 hoxe a paisaxe de peregrinaci\u00f3n budista chinesa.<\/p><p>No plano funcional, Ksitigarbha comparte con Avalokiteshvara o papel de bodhisattva da compaix\u00f3n, pero especializado nos \u00e1mbitos m\u00e1is al\u00e1 da vida humana. Mentres Avalokiteshvara protexe os seres neste mundo, Ksitigarbha act\u00faa nos outros cinco dos seis reinos da existencia, sobre todo nos reinos infernais (naraka) e entre os esp\u00edritos famentos (preta).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a88e1a2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a88e1a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2848bc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2848bc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconograf\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5f7b92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5f7b92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ksitigarbha repres\u00e9ntase habitualmente como un monxe, o que o distingue da maior\u00eda dos demais bodhisattvas, que levan adornos reais. Porta o khakkhara, un bast\u00f3n de monxe con aneis tinguidores que, \u00e1 vez, serve para abrir as portas do inferno e afastar os insectos que se lle achegan, para que o monxe non fira ning\u00fan ser vivo.<\/p><p>Na man esquerda sost\u00e9n un cintamani, a xoia dos desexos, que leva luz aos reinos escuros. Ten a cabeza raspada, como a de un monxe plenamente ordenado. A iconograf\u00eda xaponesa de Jizo herdou esta estrutura b\u00e1sica e ao mesmo tempo simplificouna; as pequenas estatuas de pedra \u00e1 beira dos cami\u00f1os son unha forma popular caracter\u00edstica derivada do modelo can\u00f3nico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2620dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2620dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb2e2e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb2e2e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O monte Jiuhua Shan e a lenda de Kim<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e17f5b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e17f5b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O monte Jiuhua, na provincia de Anhui, \u00e9 desde o s\u00e9culo VIII o principal centro de veneraci\u00f3n de Dizang. A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato edificante, xeralmente sobre a vida de santos.\" tabindex=\"0\">lenda<\/span> relaciona o monte cun pr\u00edncipe coreano chamado Kim Gyo-gak (en chin\u00e9s, Jin Qiaojue), que arredor do ano 720 chegou a China como monxe e levou unha vida asc\u00e9tica no monte.<\/p><p>Dise que morreu con 99 anos e que o seu corpo foi atopado intacto tres anos despois, o que, segundo a comprensi\u00f3n budista, se considerou sinal da s\u00faa iluminaci\u00f3n. Foi venerado como unha encarnaci\u00f3n de Ksitigarbha.<\/p><p>A persoa hist\u00f3rica \u00e9 dif\u00edcil de establecer con rigor cr\u00edtico das fontes, pero o material arqueol\u00f3xico e literario apunta a un n\u00facleo real. Hans Steininger (\u00abBuddhistische Pilgerst\u00e4tten Chinas\u00bb, Wiesbaden 1976) reconstru\u00edu con detalle a orixe do culto no Jiuhua Shan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a107da e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7a107da\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-125645b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"125645b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jizo en Xap\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f38ebe1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f38ebe1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En Xap\u00f3n, Jizo seguiu un desenvolvemento propio que o levou moito m\u00e1is al\u00e1 do marco can\u00f3nico cl\u00e1sico, convert\u00e9ndose en divindade popular dos nenos, dos viaxeiros, das embarazadas e dos moribundos.<\/p><p>A veneraci\u00f3n de Mizuko Jizo, especialmente co\u00f1ecida hoxe en d\u00eda, ref\u00edrese aos \u00abnenos da auga\u00bb (mizuko), \u00e9 dicir, nenos falecidos por parto morto, aborto espont\u00e1neo ou aborto provocado. Tr\u00e1tase dun desenvolvemento moderno do s\u00e9culo XX, especialmente posterior a 1948, cando o aborto se legalizou en Xap\u00f3n.<\/p><p>William LaFleur mostrou en \u00abLiquid Life. Abortion and Buddhism in Japan\u00bb (Princeton 1992) que esta forma non ten ra\u00edz can\u00f3nica, sen\u00f3n que \u00e9 un fen\u00f3meno contempor\u00e1neo composto por traballo de duelo, ofertas comerciais dos templos e simbolox\u00eda budista.<\/p><p>En contraste con isto est\u00e1n as antigas estatuas de Jizo situadas en cruces de cami\u00f1os, en pasos de monta\u00f1a e en cemiterios, difundidas en Xap\u00f3n desde o s\u00e9culo XII, que te\u00f1en a funci\u00f3n de protexer tanto os viaxeiros como os defuntos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f37fc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"93f37fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cd22f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3cd22f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os dez reis do inferno<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-442474d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"442474d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na tradici\u00f3n relixiosa popular chinesa, Ksitigarbha est\u00e1 estreitamente vinculado ao sistema dos dez reis do inferno (shidian yanjun). Estes representan os dez xu\u00edzos intermedios polos que pasa a alma despois da morte. Ksitigarbha non \u00e9 el mesmo un xu\u00edz, sen\u00f3n a instancia que en cada un destes \u00e1mbitos trae compaix\u00f3n e axuda.<\/p><p>O \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e o budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> dos dez reis\u00bb (Shiwang jing), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f3ra do canon reco\u00f1ecido.\" tabindex=\"0\">ap\u00f3crifo<\/span> do s\u00e9culo IX, describe esta constelaci\u00f3n. Stephen Teiser trazou en \u00abThe Scripture of the Ten Kings\u00bb (Honolulu 1994) o desenvolvemento deste universo conceptual a partir da fusi\u00f3n de elementos budistas, dao\u00edstas e confucianos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5afb81 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e5afb81\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae3159 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ae3159\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liturxia e ritual<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abac0ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"abac0ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A orde establecida do culto dunha comunidade relixiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturxia<\/span> de Ksitigarbha comprende a recitaci\u00f3n do Dizang-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e o budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, sobre todo no per\u00edodo posterior a un falecemento. A fase de estado intermedio de corenta e sete d\u00edas (en chin\u00e9s zhongyin), que segundo a doutrina budista est\u00e1 \u00e1 disposici\u00f3n da alma at\u00e9 a reencarnaci\u00f3n, consid\u00e9rase a fase en que Dizang act\u00faa de xeito m\u00e1is directo.<\/p><p>Os familiares recitan o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e o budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, ofrecen incenso e transfiren os m\u00e9ritos as\u00ed xerados (punya) ao defunto. Os doce d\u00edas de lembranza do ano nos que se venera especialmente a Dizang est\u00e1n fixados no calendario lunar chin\u00e9s; a s\u00faa festa principal cae o d\u00eda 30 do s\u00e9timo mes lunar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38727b6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"38727b6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3434ad5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3434ad5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Clasificaci\u00f3n na historia das relixi\u00f3ns<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65ca3ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65ca3ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Robert Buswell mostrou en \u00abThe Formation of Ch&#8217;an Ideology in China and Korea\u00bb (Princeton 1989) como o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de acci\u00f3ns relixiosas de veneraci\u00f3n dedicadas a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> a Ksitigarbha se converteu nun elemento de mediaci\u00f3n entre a doutrina budista e a veneraci\u00f3n chinesa dos antepasados. O budismo s\u00f3 puido establecerse de forma duradeira en China porque deu respostas \u00e1 cuesti\u00f3n do destino dos mortos.<\/p><p>Dizang une a ensinanza budista do karma e a reencarnaci\u00f3n coa necesidade chinesa de protecci\u00f3n e intercesi\u00f3n polos antepasados. Nesta funci\u00f3n mediadora reside unha das principais raz\u00f3ns da s\u00faa extraordinaria popularidade.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c335c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c335c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd98313 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dd98313\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes e bibliograf\u00eda complementaria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae558d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ae558d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Fontes primarias: Ksitigarbha-Bodhisattva-Purvapranidhana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e o budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> (Dizang-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e o budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>); Dasakra-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e o budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> de Ksitigarbha; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e o budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> dos dez reis (Shiwang jing).<\/p>\n<p>Literatura secundaria: Stephen Teiser, \u00abThe Scripture of the Ten Kings\u00bb, Honolulu 1994; William LaFleur, \u00abLiquid Life.<\/p><p>Abortion and Buddhism in Japan\u00bb, Princeton 1992; Robert Buswell, \u00abThe Formation of Ch&#8217;an Ideology in China and Korea\u00bb, Princeton 1989; Hans Steininger, \u00abBuddhistische Pilgerst\u00e4tten Chinas\u00bb, Wiesbaden 1976; Robert Buswell e Donald Lopez, \u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014; Klaus-Josef Notz, \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 2002.<\/p><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd3d36b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bd3d36b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13f3cf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13f3cf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jiuhua Shan como centro de peregrinaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcb5fa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dcb5fa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Jiuhua Shan, na provincia de Anhui, est\u00e1 formado por nove cumes situados moi pr\u00f3ximos entre si, cuxa forma recorda a un loto.<\/p><p>Na monta\u00f1a hai hoxe m\u00e1is de setenta mosteiros e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edificio dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n de unha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> activos distribu\u00eddos, os m\u00e1is antigos rem\u00f3ntanse ao s\u00e9culo VIII. O mosteiro principal, Huacheng Si, foi fundado no ano 401 como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Santuario dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n de unha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuario<\/span> puramente <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3n relixioso-filos\u00f3fica chinesa orientada ao Dao, o Cami\u00f1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">dao\u00edsta<\/span>, e transformado en mosteiro budista por volta do ano 781.<\/p><p>A tempada anual de peregrinaci\u00f3n alcanza o seu punto \u00e1lxido no s\u00e9timo mes lunar (que corresponde ao Festival dos Fantasmas), cando m\u00e1is dun mill\u00f3n de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Persoa que emprende unha viaxe motivada relixiosamente a un lugar sagrado.\" tabindex=\"0\">peregrinos<\/span> visitan a monta\u00f1a. Un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Acci\u00f3n transmitida e repetida regularmente nunha comunidade.\" tabindex=\"0\">costume<\/span> particular consiste en ofrecer incenso nos distintos templos do cami\u00f1o de ascenso en honra a diferentes difuntos.<\/p><p>Un percorrido de peregrinaci\u00f3n completo incl\u00fae estaci\u00f3ns dedicadas aos pais, aos av\u00f3s, a outros parentes e aos \u00abfantasmas famentos\u00bb sen familia, aos que ningunha outra persoa ofrece as ofrendas rituais de comida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de3b676 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"de3b676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85b530d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"85b530d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Corpos mumificados como reliquias<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8258b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8258b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un trazo notable do culto de Jiuhua son os corpos mumificados de monxes destacados, venerados como \u00abbudas de carne\u00bb (rou shen pusa). O corpo do pr\u00edncipe coreano Kim Gyo-gak, quen segundo a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato edificante, xeralmente sobre a vida dos santos.\" tabindex=\"0\">lenda<\/span> viviu na monta\u00f1a, consid\u00e9rase o primeiro deses corpos-reliquia.<\/p><p>At\u00e9 o s\u00e9culo XX identific\u00e1ronse na cordilleira de Jiuhua varias ducias de monxes mumificados deste tipo; alg\u00fans proced\u00edan da \u00e9poca Tang, outros das \u00e9pocas Ming e Qing, e mesmo uns poucos de finais do s\u00e9culo XIX e principios do XX.<\/p><p>Esta pr\u00e1ctica \u00e9 extraordinaria desde o punto de vista etnorrelixioso, xa que une a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ensinanza cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> budista da reencarnaci\u00f3n con concepci\u00f3ns chinesas do corpo inmortal, procedentes m\u00e1is ben do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3n relixioso-filos\u00f3fica chinesa orientada ao Dao, o Cami\u00f1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">dao\u00edsmo<\/span>. Bernard Faure estudou esta pr\u00e1ctica en varios traballos sobre a historia do budismo chin\u00e9s e analizou os seus sincretismos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22bf0c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"22bf0c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-436cae8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"436cae8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A pr\u00e1ctica de Jizo no Xap\u00f3n moderno<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29b3aef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29b3aef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No Xap\u00f3n, Jizo alcanzou un arraigamento especialmente amplo na cultura coti\u00e1. As pequenas estatuas de pedra, situadas ao bordo dos cami\u00f1os, en cemiterios e nas contornas dos templos, son adornadas regularmente polas veci\u00f1as con baberos vermellos, gorros ou xoguetes.<\/p><p>Este adob\u00edo \u00e9 un sinal do coidado por parte da comunidade. Na Tokio urbana existen recintos de templos onde se atopan varios centos de estatuas de Mizuko-Jizo.<\/p><p>Estas son coidadas por pais e nais en d\u00f3 por fillos non nacidos ou falecidos prematuramente, moitas veces durante moitos anos. William LaFleur e Helen Hardacre investigaron de xeito independente os aspectos econ\u00f3micos e sociais desta pr\u00e1ctica.<\/p><p>Ambos ven nela tanto un importante labor de d\u00f3 coma unha econom\u00eda de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha construci\u00f3n destinada \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> en parte comercializada, na que os <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha construci\u00f3n destinada \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> obte\u00f1en ganancias considerables coa venda de estatuas e cos rituais conmemorativos anuais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fe866f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3fe866f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3356a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c3356a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ksitigarbha e o Festival dos Fantasmas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90b7018 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90b7018\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Festival dos Fantasmas, celebrado o d\u00eda 15 do s\u00e9timo mes lunar (en Taiw\u00e1n e na China continental hoxe ad\u00f3itase situar en agosto), \u00e9 unha das celebraci\u00f3ns chinesas m\u00e1is importantes e mant\u00e9n unha estreita relaci\u00f3n co <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de acci\u00f3ns de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dirixidas a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> a Ksitigarbha.<\/p><p>Durante todo o s\u00e9timo mes lunar consid\u00e9rase que as portas entre os mundos est\u00e1n abertas, e que os defuntos e os esp\u00edritos famentos poden entrar no mundo dos vivos.<\/p><p>As familias preparan mesas de ofrendas con alimentos, incenso e di\u00f1eiro de papel, destinados aos antepasados e aos esp\u00edritos sen fogar. Os <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha construci\u00f3n destinada \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> celebran nesta \u00e9poca liturxias especiais nas que se recita o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> de Dizang, co fin de liberar os seres dos infernos.<\/p><p>A relaci\u00f3n entre o Festival dos Fantasmas e o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de acci\u00f3ns de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dirixidas a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> a Dizang est\u00e1 documentada dende a \u00e9poca Tang, cando os ritos culminan na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A orde establecida do culto relixioso dunha comunidade de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturxia<\/span> \u00abYulanpen Hui\u00bb (asemblea de Ullambana), cuxa base textual \u00e9 o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> de Ullambana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f51568 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f51568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7325a99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7325a99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Sutra Dasheng Daji Dizang Shilun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b77a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b77a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ademais do co\u00f1ecido <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> sobre os <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha promesa relixiosa solemne feita ante unha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">votos<\/span> orixinais do bodhisattva Ksitigarbha (Dizang pusa benyuan jing), o \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> das Dez Rodas do Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha\u00bb (Dasheng Daji Dizang Shilun jing, Taisho 411) constit\u00fae unha obra doutrinal central.<\/p><p>Foi traducido por Xuanzang no ano 651 da nosa era. Cont\u00e9n a fundamentaci\u00f3n teol\u00f3xica da posici\u00f3n de Dizang no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das divindades dunha relixi\u00f3n ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3n<\/span> mahayana e subli\u00f1a a s\u00faa funci\u00f3n como \u00abpurificador das dez acci\u00f3ns\u00bb.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n de Zhiru Ng (\u00abThe Making of a Savior Bodhisattva\u00bb, Honolulu 2007) mostra que este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> reflicte a capa india m\u00e1is antiga da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> de Ksitigarbha, mentres que o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> Benyuan representa un desenvolvemento chin\u00e9s posterior, probablemente composto na \u00e9poca Sui ou a comezos da Tang, e non se pode remontar claramente a un orixinal indio.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2531f9b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2531f9b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a4e916 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a4e916\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As Seis V\u00edas do Renacemento e a responsabilidade de Ksitigarbha<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7355a58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7355a58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na tradici\u00f3n do leste asi\u00e1tico, Ksitigarbha \u00e9 o bodhisattva que asume, entre o Buda Shakyamuni e a futura aparici\u00f3n de Maitreya, a responsabilidade sobre as seis v\u00edas do renacemento (deuses, semideuses, humanos, animais, esp\u00edritos famentos e seres infernais). Esta responsabilidade \u00e9llle transmitida polo Buda Shakyamuni na escena de Pariwarta do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> Benyuan.<\/p><p>A consecuencia lit\u00farxica \u00e9 que Ksitigarbha \u00e9 invocado como mediador entre os distintos \u00e1mbitos da existencia. Nas salas dos templos repres\u00e9ntase, por iso, con frecuencia xunto cos \u00abDez Reis do Inframundo\u00bb (Shi Wang), unha constelaci\u00f3n que se estandarizou en China no s\u00e9culo IX e que segue influ\u00edndo, a trav\u00e9s do Xap\u00f3n e de Corea, na pr\u00e1ctica funerraria actual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db7b191 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db7b191\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ead0df8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ead0df8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As estatuas Roku-Jizo no Xap\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4247ee8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4247ee8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nos cemiterios e cruces de cami\u00f1os xaponeses at\u00f3panse grupos de seis estatuas de Jizo (Roku-Jizo), cada unha asociada a unha das seis v\u00edas do renacemento. Esta pr\u00e1ctica rem\u00f3ntase \u00e1 \u00e9poca Heian (s\u00e9culos IX a XII) e foi popularizada pola escola Tendai.<\/p><p>Hank Glassman (\u00abThe Face of Jizo\u00bb, Honolulu 2012) estudou o desenvolvemento das estatuas Roku-Jizo como fen\u00f3meno da sociolox\u00eda relixiosa e demostrou que esta pr\u00e1ctica, aparentemente uniforme, presenta variaci\u00f3ns rexionais considerables.<\/p><p>As estatuas portan atributos distintos: o bast\u00f3n khakkhara (para despertar os seres infernais), a xoia dos desexos (Cintamani), un rolo de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma breve.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> ou un capullo de loto. En Kioto, as estaci\u00f3ns de Roku-Jizo nos arrabaldes seguen sendo hoxe destino de rituais de peregrinaxe, que enmarcan a festa anual Roku-Jizo-Meguri.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fb8a91 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3fb8a91\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb04ed6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eb04ed6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mizuko-Kuyo e a industria dos rituais de d\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0a53cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0a53cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A pr\u00e1ctica do Mizuko-Kuyo (ritos conmemorativos para fetos e beb\u00e9s falecidos precozmente) converteuse en Xap\u00f3n, sobre todo despois de 1948, no contexto da lexalizaci\u00f3n do aborto, nunha parte fixa da liturxia dos templos. Jizo \u00e9 considerado o patr\u00f3n protector dos falecidos non redimidos, especialmente dos nenos que a\u00ednda non puideron alcanzar madureza k\u00e1rmica propia.<\/p><p>William LaFleur (\u00abLiquid Life\u00bb, Princeton 1992) presentou o discurso \u00e9tico-relixioso arredor do Mizuko-Kuyo como a contribuci\u00f3n m\u00e1is significativa da pr\u00e1ctica relixiosa xaponesa moderna \u00e1 bio\u00e9tica.<\/p><p>A dimensi\u00f3n comercial \u00e9 considerable: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha construci\u00f3n destinada \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> como Hase-dera en Kamakura acollen milleiros de pequenas estatuas de Jizo, doadas polos pais. A cr\u00edtica \u00e1 comercializaci\u00f3n manif\u00e9stase dentro das propias asociaci\u00f3ns budistas, sen que a pr\u00e1ctica se reducise significativamente por isto.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b92766 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5b92766\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2068be5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2068be5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ksitigarbha no Vajrayana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8ac0c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8ac0c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No budismo tibetano, Ksitigarbha (Sai Nyingpo) aparece de forma menos destacada que en Asia Oriental. Pertence ao grupo dos oito grandes bodhisattvas (rgyal sras chen po brgyad), pero raramente \u00e9 venerado como obxecto central de pr\u00e1ctica. A tradici\u00f3n tibetana non co\u00f1ece unha veneraci\u00f3n propia comparable \u00e1 de Tara.<\/p><p>Nas constelaci\u00f3ns de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagrama circular que representa o cosmos no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e1ndala<\/span>, por exemplo no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagrama circular que representa o cosmos no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e1ndala<\/span> Garbhadhatu e Vajradhatu, Ksitigarbha ocupa un lugar fixo no sector occidental. Yael Bentor (\u00abConsecration of Images and Stupas in Indo-Tibetan Tantric Buddhism\u00bb, Leiden 1996) analizou de forma sistem\u00e1tica a posici\u00f3n de Ksitigarbha no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagrama circular que representa o cosmos no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e1ndala<\/span> dentro da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A orde establecida do culto dunha comunidade relixiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturxia<\/span> tibetana posterior.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96aa37a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"96aa37a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-254f540 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"254f540\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A escola de Jiuhua e a s\u00faa tradici\u00f3n lit\u00farxica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d99b4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d99b4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O monte Jiuhua, en Anhui, \u00e9 desde finais da dinast\u00eda Tang o principal centro chin\u00e9s do culto a Ksitigarbha. A tradici\u00f3n lit\u00farxica desenvolveu unha forma de canto propia, chamada \u00abJiuhua-Yinyue\u00bb, que combina louvanzas budistas con melod\u00edas populares locais. A UNESCO reco\u00f1eceu esta tradici\u00f3n en 2008 como patrimonio cultural inmaterial de China.<\/p><p>Os mosteiros do monte conservan a s\u00faa propia colecci\u00f3n de gravaci\u00f3ns das liturxias, reconstru\u00edda de forma sistem\u00e1tica desde a d\u00e9cada de 1980. A cidade mon\u00e1stica conta hoxe con m\u00e1is de oitenta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha construci\u00f3n destinada \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> e ermidas. O principal per\u00edodo de peregrinaci\u00f3n \u00e9 o d\u00eda 30 do s\u00e9timo mes lunar, aniversario de Ksitigarbha, cando a rexi\u00f3n de Anhui recibe centos de miles de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha persoa que realiza unha viaxe motivada relixiosamente a un lugar sagrado.\" tabindex=\"0\">peregrinos<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f161d5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f161d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f87a44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f87a44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preguntas frecuentes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba2ceb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba2ceb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Que diferenza a Ksitigarbha de Avalokiteshvara?<\/strong> Ambos son bodhisattvas da compaix\u00f3n, pero te\u00f1en \u00e9nfases distintas. Avalokiteshvara axuda aos seres vivos neste mundo, mentres que Ksitigarbha axuda aos seres nos infernos e nos reinos dos esp\u00edritos. Avalokiteshvara repres\u00e9ntase xeralmente con ornamentos reais, mentres que Ksitigarbha aparece como un monxe de cabeza rasurada.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Por que se relaciona a Ksitigarbha en Xap\u00f3n cos nenos?<\/strong> A relaci\u00f3n cos nenos, sobre todo cos nenos non nacidos falecidos (mizuko), \u00e9 un desenvolvemento xapon\u00e9s documentado desde o s\u00e9culo XII e moi ampliado no s\u00e9culo XX. Non ten base can\u00f3nica nos sutras primitivos, sen\u00f3n que \u00e9 unha formulaci\u00f3n culturalmente espec\u00edfica da funci\u00f3n protectora budista.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cal \u00e9 o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lugar sagrado dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuario<\/span> m\u00e1is importante de Ksitigarbha?<\/strong> O Jiuhua Shan, na provincia chinesa de Anhui, \u00e9 o santuario principal. \u00c9 unha das catro monta\u00f1as sagradas do budismo chin\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Que <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha s\u00edlaba ou f\u00f3rmula sagrada que se repite no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> se asocia a Ksitigarbha?<\/strong> O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha s\u00edlaba ou f\u00f3rmula sagrada que se repite no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> est\u00e1ndar \u00e9 \u00abom ha ha ha vismaye svaha\u00bb, recitado sobre todo na pr\u00e1ctica de retiro e nos rituais polos falecidos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3274,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Ksitigarbha","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Ksitigarbha \u2013 Bodhisattva dos Infernos | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Ksitigarbha (xap. 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