{"id":195077,"date":"2026-09-07T09:38:37","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:38:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=195077"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"buda-gautama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/buda-gautama\/","title":{"rendered":"Buda (Gautama)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"195077\" class=\"elementor elementor-195077 elementor-3035 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f92b4fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f92b4fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d5d5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3d5d5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3046ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3046ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf4012a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf4012a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buda Gautama, fundador do budismo<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb2232c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb2232c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Siddhartha Gautama \u00e9, como persoa hist\u00f3rica, o fundador do budismo. Desde a perspectiva das ciencias da relixi\u00f3n hai que distinguir entre a figura biograficamente documentable e a posterior reelaboraci\u00f3n m\u00edtico-relixiosa.<\/p><p>A\u00ednda que se poden situar aspectos concretos da s\u00faa actividade no nordeste da India do s\u00e9culo V antes da nosa era, a s\u00faa biograf\u00eda nos textos can\u00f3nicos xa est\u00e1 fortemente configurada de xeito hagiogr\u00e1fico. A investigaci\u00f3n actual segue por iso unha lectura dobre, que trata por separado a plausibilidade hist\u00f3rica e a atribuci\u00f3n de significado relixioso.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5797f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f5797f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f2e7e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8f2e7e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00f3n dunha cultura, con competencias claras \u2014 forzas da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado mediante cultos, ofrendas e instituci\u00f3ns templarias.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/budismo\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3n budista con bodhisattvas, divindades protectoras, esp\u00edritos fam\u00e9licos e gardi\u00e1ns do inferno.\">Budismo<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e27734 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e27734\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-000570b elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"000570b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7de5d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7de5d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b33f15 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7b33f15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196666\" alt=\"Buda Gautama - Deidades da tradici\u00f3n budista, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fa2568 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2fa2568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46c540b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46c540b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a8204 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"29a8204\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Persoa hist\u00f3rica e dataci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36e800d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36e800d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Durante moito tempo, a chamada \u00abcronolox\u00eda longa\u00bb, con datas de referencia entre 563 e 483 antes da nosa era, constitu\u00edu o est\u00e1ndar.<\/p><p>Heinz Bechert, a partir da d\u00e9cada de 1980, reavaliou criticamente as fontes en varios volumes (\u00abDie Datierung des historischen Buddha\u00bb, G\u00f6ttingen 1991 a 1997) e reforzou os indicios a favor dunha \u00abcronolox\u00eda curta\u00bb, con datas de vida ao redor de 480 a 400 antes da nosa era.<\/p><p>Desde ent\u00f3n, a investigaci\u00f3n internacional tende a situar a data de morte entre 410 e 380 antes da nosa era. Hans Wolfgang Schumann (\u00abDer historische Buddha\u00bb, Colonia 1982) defendera anteriormente as datas m\u00e1is longas.<\/p><p>Este debate non est\u00e1 pechado, pero mostrou metodoloxicamente que a dataci\u00f3n depende da cronolox\u00eda dos reis Maurya, en particular de Ashoka, e \u00e9 polo tanto relativa e non absolutamente segura.<\/p>\n<p>Consid\u00e9rase n\u00facleo biogr\u00e1fico que Siddhartha naceu no territorio tribal dos Shakya, en Lumbini, no extremo sur do Himalaia; o seu pai Suddhodana era un arist\u00f3crata ou un xefe tribal electo, non un cargo real hereditario no sentido posterior do termo. Lumbini at\u00f3pase no actual Nepal, preto da fronteira coa India.<\/p><p>A identificaci\u00f3n do lugar rem\u00f3ntase \u00e1 columna de Ashoka en Lumbini, erixida no s\u00e9culo III antes da nosa era, que designa o lugar de nacemento polo seu nome. Klaus-Josef Notz (\u00abBuddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 2002) valora esta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un texto gravado ou cinzelado nun soporte fixo.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrici\u00f3n<\/span> como o testemu\u00f1o arqueol\u00f3xico m\u00e1is antigo que vincula ao Buda cun lugar concreto.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15053dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"15053dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7ece3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f7ece3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A biograf\u00eda no canon pali<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25552a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c25552a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A fonte can\u00f3nica m\u00e1is detallada sobre o final da s\u00faa vida \u00e9 o Mahaparinibbana-Sutta (Digha Nikaya 16). Describe os \u00faltimos meses, a viaxe de Rajagriha a Kushinagara e a morte entre d\u00faas \u00e1rbores sala. O texto consid\u00e9rase compositivamente complexo, xa que combina unha cr\u00f3nica de viaxe con discursos doutrinais e unha descrici\u00f3n dos ritos funerarios.<\/p><p>Outros textos, como o Ariyapariyesana-Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26), relatan en primeira persoa a busca do co\u00f1ecemento, a sa\u00edda do fogar paterno e a ruptura cos mestres asc\u00e9ticos Alara Kalama e Uddaka Ramaputta.<\/p><p>O Lalitavistara, un texto en s\u00e1nscrito dos s\u00e9culos III a IV da nosa era, ampl\u00eda estes relatos nunha hagiograf\u00eda elaborada con milagres c\u00f3smicos.<\/p>\n<p>As c\u00e9lebres \u00abcatro sa\u00eddas\u00bb, nas que o xove Siddhartha ve un anci\u00e1n, un enfermo, un morto e un asc\u00e9tico itinerante, non est\u00e1n documentadas nesta forma unificada nas capas m\u00e1is antigas do canon.<\/p><p>Condensan un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un elemento de contido recorrente na arte ou na narraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> teol\u00f3xico que interpreta o enfrontamento coa impermanencia como o desencadeante da partida. Edward Conze (\u00abDer Buddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 1953) sinalou que se trata dunha composici\u00f3n narrativa que retoma patr\u00f3ns narrativos m\u00e1is antigos da literatura asc\u00e9tica pre-budista.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e46ce5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e46ce5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-604c3f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"604c3f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ensino e as Catro Nobres Verdades<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d6a375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d6a375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A predicaci\u00f3n de Sarnath, o Dhammacakkappavattana-Sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11), formula as catro \u00abNobres Verdades\u00bb: a existencia est\u00e1 marcada polo sufrimento (dukkha), o sufrimento ten unha causa no desexo (tanha), o cesamento do sufrimento \u00e9 posible (nirodha), e existe un cami\u00f1o para chegar a el, o cami\u00f1o de oito membros (atthangika-magga).<\/p><p>Os oito membros son visi\u00f3n correcta, decisi\u00f3n correcta, palabra correcta, acci\u00f3n correcta, medio de vida correcto, esforzo correcto, atenci\u00f3n correcta e concentraci\u00f3n correcta. Esta estrutura est\u00e1 documentada varias veces no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de escrituras sagradas dunha relixi\u00f3n reco\u00f1ecido como vinculante.\" tabindex=\"0\">canon<\/span> e consid\u00e9rase o n\u00facleo doutrinal sistem\u00e1tico m\u00e1is antigo que se pode atribu\u00edr de forma plausible ao Buda hist\u00f3rico.<\/p>\n<p>Volker Zotz (\u00abGeschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie\u00bb, Reinbek 1996) situa as Catro Verdades na diagn\u00f3stica m\u00e9dica da antiga India: s\u00edntoma, causa, curabilidade, terapia. Este trasfondo m\u00e9dico faise expl\u00edcito varias veces no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de escrituras sagradas dunha relixi\u00f3n reco\u00f1ecido como vinculante.\" tabindex=\"0\">canon<\/span> pali, por exemplo cando o Buda se designa a si mesmo como \u00abm\u00e9dico\u00bb. O ensino non se concibe, polo tanto, de forma especulativa, sen\u00f3n orientado \u00e1 liberaci\u00f3n pr\u00e1ctica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ace9927 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ace9927\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b024d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b024d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sangha e actividade de ensino<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-960cc77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"960cc77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tras a iluminaci\u00f3n en Bodh Gaya, comezou unha actividade de ensino de 45 anos, centrada na rexi\u00f3n de Magadha, Kosala e Videha. As comunidades mon\u00e1sticas m\u00e1is antigas xurdiron en Sarnath, Rajagriha (o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un bosque sagrado que serv\u00eda como lugar de culto.\" tabindex=\"0\">bosque<\/span> de Veluvana) e Shravasti (o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un bosque sagrado que serv\u00eda como lugar de culto.\" tabindex=\"0\">bosque<\/span> de Jetavana). Este \u00faltimo, segundo a tradici\u00f3n, foi doado \u00e1 orde polo comerciante Anathapindika.<\/p><p>O Sangha estaba organizado en catro grupos: monxes (bhikkhu), monxas (bhikkhuni) e seguidores laicos, homes e mulleres. A admisi\u00f3n das mulleres, mediada por Ananda e a madre adoptiva Mahapajapati, est\u00e1 documentada no Cullavagga (Vinaya-Pitaka). A investigaci\u00f3n ve nisto un paso inusual para a historia relixiosa da antiga India, a\u00ednda que a s\u00faa fiabilidade hist\u00f3rica \u00e9 obxecto de controversia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8264d71 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8264d71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f189522 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f189522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00edmbolos, iconograf\u00eda e reliquias<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c452567 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c452567\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A primeira arte budista, como os relevos de Sanchi e Bharhut (s\u00e9culos II a I antes da nosa era), non co\u00f1ece ningunha representaci\u00f3n antropomorfa de Buda.<\/p><p>O mestre \u00e9 simbolizado por tronos baleiros, pegadas, a Roda da Lei (dharmacakra), a \u00e1rbore Bodhi e o stupa. S\u00f3 a escola de Gandhara, entre os s\u00e9culos I e III da nosa era, influ\u00edda pola escultura helen\u00edstica, desenvolve a iconograf\u00eda de forma humana.<\/p><p>Os trinta e dous \u00abtrazos principais\u00bb (mahapurusalaksana) dos textos posteriores, entre eles a ushnisha (protuberancia craniana), a urna (mecha de pelo na fronte), os l\u00f3bulos das orellas alongados e as pegadas de loto nas plantas dos p\u00e9s, formalizan a representaci\u00f3n. Os xestos das mans (mudra) codifican situaci\u00f3ns de ensino: o toque da terra (bhumisparsha), o xesto da intrepidez (abhaya), o do ensino (dharmacakra) e o da meditaci\u00f3n profunda (dhyana).<\/p>\n<p>Tras o Parinirvana, as cinsas e restos \u00f3seos foron repartidos entre oito reinos e depositados en stupas. Dise que Ashoka, no s\u00e9culo III antes da nosa era, volveu abrir estes stupas e repartiu as reliquias entre 84.000 novas construci\u00f3ns.<\/p><p>Esta cifra \u00e9 simb\u00f3lica, pero o rexistro arqueol\u00f3xico apunta a unha expansi\u00f3n considerable do culto ao stupa baixo os Maurya.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c038d14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c038d14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b57e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4b57e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Impacto e reelaboraci\u00f3n relixiosa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c398bad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c398bad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No budismo Mahayana, xurdido a partir do s\u00e9culo I antes da nosa era, xunto ao Buda hist\u00f3rico aparece unha doutrina \u00abtricorporal\u00bb (trikaya): o corpo de transformaci\u00f3n (nirmanakaya), no que Siddhartha se manifestou como persoa hist\u00f3rica, o corpo de gozo (sambhogakaya) e o corpo do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nas relixi\u00f3ns indias, a doutrina e a orde correcta da acci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span> (dharmakaya) como verdade atemporal.<\/p><p>No Saddharmapundarika-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> (Sutra do Loto, aproximadamente do s\u00e9culo I da nosa era) Shakyamuni \u00e9 s\u00f3 unha forma de manifestaci\u00f3n dun ser iluminado desde tempos inconmensurables. Donald Lopez (\u00abThe Story of Buddhism\u00bb, San Francisco 2001) describe este desprazamento como unha xeneralizaci\u00f3n propia da historia das relixi\u00f3ns, na que a persoa individual se converte nunha funci\u00f3n c\u00f3smica.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Buswell e Donald Lopez (\u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014) amosan que a investigaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-cr\u00edtica sobre o Buda e a veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa do Buda discorren en gran medida en paralelo no budismo asi\u00e1tico moderno.<\/p><p>Os debates acad\u00e9micos occidentais sobre a dataci\u00f3n, como os de Bechert, apenas tiveron ata agora eco nos mosteiros tradicionais de Sri Lanka, Tailandia ou o Tibet. Cientificamente, esta tensi\u00f3n \u00e9 en si mesma obxecto de investigaci\u00f3n e leva \u00e1 pregunta de como se relacionan a realidade biogr\u00e1fica e o significado relixioso dentro da transmisi\u00f3n da tradici\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fea99b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7fea99b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e63532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e63532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3n en Europa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3bde59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3bde59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O co\u00f1ecemento europeo sobre Buda comeza coas traduci\u00f3ns do pali e do s\u00e1nscrito no s\u00e9culo XIX. Eug\u00e8ne Burnouf estableceu os fundamentos con \u00abIntroduction \u00e0 l&#8217;histoire du buddhisme indien\u00bb (Par\u00eds 1844). Hermann Oldenberg uniu filolox\u00eda e historia das relixi\u00f3ns en \u00abBuddha. Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde\u00bb (Berl\u00edn 1881).<\/p><p>Schopenhauer recibiu motivos budistas de segunda man e as\u00ed exerceu influencia moito m\u00e1is al\u00e1 da indolox\u00eda acad\u00e9mica. No s\u00e9culo XX, o monxe theravada Nyanatiloka (Anton Gueth) marca a doutrina budista en lingua alem\u00e1 mediante traduci\u00f3ns sistem\u00e1ticas do pali. Esta li\u00f1a segue tendo efecto a\u00ednda hoxe no debate acad\u00e9mico e na pr\u00e1ctica meditativa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc6968 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ffc6968\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c461c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73c461c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes e bibliograf\u00eda complementaria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8545b4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8545b4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Fontes primarias: Mahaparinibbana-Sutta (Digha Nikaya 16); Ariyapariyesana-Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26); Dhammacakkappavattana-Sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11); Vinaya-Pitaka, Cullavagga; Lalitavistara; Saddharmapundarika-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, un texto doutrinal en forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> (Sutra do Loto).<\/p>\n<p>Bibliograf\u00eda secundaria:<\/p><ul><li>Heinz Bechert (Hg.), \u00abDie Datierung des historischen Buddha\u00bb, 3 B\u00e4nde, G\u00f6ttingen 1991 bis 1997.<\/li><li>Hans Wolfgang Schumann, \u00abDer historische Buddha\u00bb, K\u00f6ln 1982.<\/li><li>Klaus-Josef Notz, \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 2002.<\/li><li>Volker Zotz, \u00abGeschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie\u00bb, Reinbek 1996.<\/li><li>Edward Conze, \u00abDer Buddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 1953.<\/li><li>Donald Lopez, \u00abThe Story of Buddhism\u00bb, San Francisco 2001.<\/li><li>Robert Buswell und Donald Lopez, \u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014.<\/li><li>Hermann Oldenberg, \u00abBuddha.<\/li><\/ul><p>Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde\u00bb, Berlin 1881.<\/p><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4c2b84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e4c2b84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff18585 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff18585\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Primeira comunidade mon\u00e1stica e formaci\u00f3n de escolas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f3a5d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f3a5d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A actividade docente de Buda levou xa en vida \u00e1 formaci\u00f3n dunha comunidade relativamente heterox\u00e9nea. Xa dentro da primeira xeraci\u00f3n despois do Parinirvana xurdiron distintas pr\u00e1cticas de interpretaci\u00f3n, que no chamado segundo concilio de Vaishali (uns 100 anos despois do Parinirvana) levaron a unha primeira escisi\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Os Theravadins (\u00abmestres dos anci\u00e1ns\u00bb) e os Mahasanghikas (\u00abgran comunidade\u00bb) separ\u00e1ronse; os puntos de disputa refer\u00edanse a dez cuesti\u00f3ns disciplinarias, entre elas o manexo do di\u00f1eiro e a interpretaci\u00f3n das regras do Vinaya.<\/p><p>Dos Mahasanghikas xurdiron, ao longo de varios s\u00e9culos, as formas previas do Mahayana, mentres que a li\u00f1a Theravada se consolidou principalmente en Sri Lanka. Heinz Bechert expuxo en varios artigos que esta escisi\u00f3n escolar temper\u00e1 afecta metodicamente ao problema de dataci\u00f3n m\u00e1is importante da historia budista primitiva, xa que ofrece un punto de referencia relativo para as datas de vida de Buda.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acb2de5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acb2de5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bc2480 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8bc2480\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os piares de Ashoka como marcadores hist\u00f3ricos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4773f11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4773f11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As inscrici\u00f3ns do emperador Maurya Ashoka (que gobernou aproximadamente entre 268 e 232 antes da nosa era) son os m\u00e1is antigos testemu\u00f1os hist\u00f3ricos incontestados da historia budista.<\/p><p>Nelas n\u00f3mbrase o Buda, descr\u00edbense peregrinaxes aos seus lugares de nacemento e ensino, e docum\u00e9ntase o patrocinio imperial do Sangha. A columna de Lumbini (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un texto gravado ou cicelado nun soporte firme.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrici\u00f3n<\/span> de Rummindei, 250 antes da nosa era) marca o lugar de nacemento.<\/p><p>Outra <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un texto gravado ou cicelado nun soporte firme.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrici\u00f3n<\/span> en Nigali Sagar ref\u00edrese a un Buda anterior chamado Konagamana, o que demostra que Ashoka xa estaba interesado nunha serie de budas na que se insire Shakyamuni.<\/p><p>Estas inscrici\u00f3ns son metodicamente centrais porque acreditan con certeza a existencia dunha comunidade budista organizada e dunha xeograf\u00eda do Buda no s\u00e9culo III antes da nosa era. Con isto queda tam\u00e9n asegurada a existencia da persoa do Buda con anterioridade a esa data, a\u00ednda que sen que se fixe con exactitude o seu per\u00edodo de vida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c00e2b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c00e2b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66ed5a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66ed5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A doutrina do Buda sobre os deuses<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55b6ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55b6ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Unha cuesti\u00f3n a mi\u00fado subestimada na investigaci\u00f3n moderna atinxe \u00e1 posici\u00f3n do Buda respecto aos deuses (deva) da tradici\u00f3n v\u00e9dica. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A colecci\u00f3n de escritos sagrados dunha relixi\u00f3n reco\u00f1ecida como vinculante.\" tabindex=\"0\">canon<\/span> pali non presenta os deuses como inexistentes, sen\u00f3n que os situa nun cosmos organizado xerarquicamente, no que tam\u00e9n eles est\u00e1n sometidos ao renacemento e, por tanto, ao sufrimento.<\/p><p>Indra (en pali, Sakka), Brahma, as divindades inferiores e os seres dos mundos superiores aparecen repetidas veces no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A colecci\u00f3n de escritos sagrados dunha relixi\u00f3n reco\u00f1ecida como vinculante.\" tabindex=\"0\">canon<\/span> como interlocutores do Buda.<\/p><p>Non son superiores a el, sen\u00f3n que o reco\u00f1ecen como o seu mestre. Esta relaci\u00f3n resulta peculiar desde a fenomenolox\u00eda da relixi\u00f3n: o budismo non \u00e9 ateo nin te\u00edsta no sentido habitual. Klaus-Josef Notz describiu esta constelaci\u00f3n en \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb como unha \u00abrelixi\u00f3n atea con pante\u00f3n de deuses\u00bb. Os deuses te\u00f1en funci\u00f3ns, pero non son referencias \u00faltimas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3b1717 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a3b1717\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e64bc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1e64bc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Vinaya e a orde mon\u00e1stica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dbfa07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5dbfa07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As regras disciplinarias (Vinaya) que ordenan a vida coti\u00e1 dos monxes e monxas atrib\u00faense ao propio Buda. Na realidade, o Vinaya-Pitaka \u00e9 unha colecci\u00f3n crecida por capas, cuxo n\u00facleo m\u00e1is antigo remonta ao per\u00edodo de ensinanza do Buda. As 227 regras Patimokkha para monxes (311 para monxas) regulan a vestimenta, a alimentaci\u00f3n, a vivenda, a abstinencia sexual e a relaci\u00f3n coa comunidade laica.<\/p><p>L\u00e9ense d\u00faas veces ao mes na asemblea Uposatha, o que garante unha formaci\u00f3n continuada da conciencia disciplinaria. Esta pr\u00e1ctica est\u00e1 documentada de forma continuada desde o s\u00e9culo III antes da nosa era, e constit\u00fae as\u00ed unha das formas de disciplina relixiosa m\u00e1is antigas do mundo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99198a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99198a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3c9f48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3c9f48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os primeiros concilios e a codificaci\u00f3n da doutrina<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f2749d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f2749d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Segundo a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e relatos a trav\u00e9s das xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span>, inmediatamente despois do Parinirvana celebrouse en Rajagriha o primeiro concilio budista, convocado por Mahakassapa. Ananda recitou os discursos doutrinais (Sutta-Pitaka) e Upali as regras disciplinarias (Vinaya-Pitaka).<\/p><p>Esta tradici\u00f3n est\u00e1 recollida no Cullavagga. \u00c9tienne Lamotte (\u00abHistoire du bouddhisme indien\u00bb, Louvain 1958) valora a tradici\u00f3n dos concilios como un relato de lexitimaci\u00f3n posterior, que sen embargo cont\u00e9n un n\u00facleo historicamente plausible: a fixaci\u00f3n da doutrina transmitida oralmente mediante recitaci\u00f3ns estandarizadas.<\/p><p>O segundo concilio, en Vaishali (por volta do 380 antes da nosa era), tratou dez puntos disciplinarios controvertidos. O terceiro concilio, en Pataliputra baixo Ashoka (por volta do 250 antes da nosa era), consid\u00e9rase na tradici\u00f3n Theravada como o remate da canonizaci\u00f3n do Tipitaka.<\/p><p>A li\u00f1a Mahasanghika non reco\u00f1ece esta terceira asemblea nesa forma, o que demostra que a historiograf\u00eda propia de cada escola xa se manifestaba nunha fase temper\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>A fixaci\u00f3n escrita definitiva do canon pali produciuse s\u00f3 en Sri Lanka, baixo o rei Vattagamani Abhaya, no s\u00e9culo I antes da nosa era. No cuarto concilio, en Aluvihara, os textos foron escritos por primeira vez en follas de palma.<\/p><p>Este punto de inflexi\u00f3n \u00e9 relevante desde o punto de vista da historia das relixi\u00f3ns, xa que marca a transici\u00f3n dunha cultura de memorizaci\u00f3n pura a unha cultura escrita. At\u00e9 ent\u00f3n, grupos especializados de monxes (bhanaka) transmit\u00edan de memoria grupos concretos de textos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adc2a29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"adc2a29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c6626 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48c6626\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Buda en comparaci\u00f3n con outros mestres contempor\u00e1neos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26118f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26118f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Buda viviu e actuou nunha fase relixiosamente plural, descrita no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A colecci\u00f3n de escritos sagrados dunha relixi\u00f3n reco\u00f1ecida como vinculante.\" tabindex=\"0\">canon<\/span> pali como o tempo dos \u00abseis outros mestres\u00bb. Entre eles atop\u00e1banse Mahavira, fundador do xainismo, Makkhali Gosala (Ajivika), Purana Kassapa, Pakudha Kaccayana, Ajita Kesakambali e Sanjaya Belatthiputta. O Samannaphala-Sutta (Digha Nikaya 2) ofrece unha exposici\u00f3n comparativa das s\u00faas doutrinas.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n analizou estas fontes para reconstru\u00edr o perfil hist\u00f3rico-espiritual da \u00e9poca axial da India. Karl Jaspers situou esta constelaci\u00f3n na s\u00faa obra \u00abVom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte\u00bb (1949) dentro da \u00e9poca axial global, na que xurdiron simultaneamente novos movementos filos\u00f3ficos en China, India, Ir\u00e1n e Grecia.<\/p>\n<p>A proximidade a Mahavira \u00e9 especialmente chamativa. Ambos ensinaron na mesma rexi\u00f3n, ambos recrutaron seguidores da aristocracia Kshatriya, ambos criticaron o culto v\u00e9dico ao sacrificio. Padmanabh Jaini (\u00abThe Jaina Path of Purification\u00bb, Berkeley 1979) elaborou de forma sistem\u00e1tica as semellanzas e diferenzas entre ambos.<\/p><p>Mentres os xainistas defend\u00edan unha ascese estrita e unha doutrina do karma case material, o Buda formulou un \u00abcami\u00f1o medio\u00bb entre o pracer sensorial e a mortificaci\u00f3n de si mesmo, e substitu\u00edu a doutrina dunha alma substancial polo principio do anatta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-331b0f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"331b0f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81e52c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"81e52c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os doce motivos principais da hagiograf\u00eda do Buda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-189913c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"189913c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A hagiograf\u00eda posterior condensou a vida do Buda en doce feitos normativos principais, codificados especialmente na tradici\u00f3n tibetana como as \u00abdoce acci\u00f3ns\u00bb (mdzad pa bcu gnyis).<\/p><p>Comprenden o descenso do ceo Tushita, a concepci\u00f3n, o nacemento, as habilidades da xuventude, o matrimonio e a riqueza, a partida, a ascese, a vitoria sobre Mara, o logro da iluminaci\u00f3n, a actividade docente e o parinirvana.<\/p><p>Esta estandarizaci\u00f3n tivo lugar no Mahayana e no Vajrayana s\u00f3 a partir do s\u00e9culo VII da nosa era. O Lalitavistara ofrece o modelo m\u00e1is detallado. Steven Collins (\u00abSelfless Persons\u00bb, Cambridge 1982) expuxo que esta codificaci\u00f3n cumpre unha funci\u00f3n socio-relixiosa: crea un esquema meditativo de visualizaci\u00f3n que pode reproducirse na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A orde establecida do culto dunha comunidade relixiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturxia<\/span> e no ensino mon\u00e1stico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62ba234 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62ba234\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c61e41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c61e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Buda como mestre dos deuses e dos homes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-293d475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"293d475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A colecci\u00f3n reco\u00f1ecida como vinculante dos textos sagrados dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">Canon<\/span> p\u00e1li, o Buda leva o t\u00edtulo de \u00absatthadevamanussanam\u00bb, \u00abMestre de deuses e homes\u00bb. Este t\u00edtulo reflicte a posici\u00f3n cosmol\u00f3xica do Iluminado dentro do modelo indio dos seis reinos (deuses, semideuses, homes, animais, esp\u00edritos famentos, seres do inferno). Tam\u00e9n Indra (Sakka), Brahma Sahampati e divindades menores son considerados disc\u00edpulos do Buda.<\/p><p>Esta xerarquizaci\u00f3n non serve \u00e1 pol\u00e9mica contra o pante\u00f3n v\u00e9dico, sen\u00f3n \u00e1 s\u00faa integraci\u00f3n no esquema budista. Lambert Schmithausen (\u00abBuddhism and Nature\u00bb, Tokyo 1991) sinala a estratexia de \u00abinclusivismo\u00bb, t\u00edpica da competencia relixiosa da India antiga.<\/p><p>Tam\u00e9n Mara, o antagonista tentador baixo a \u00e1rbore Bodhi, non se le como un ser ontoloxicamente malvado, sen\u00f3n como unha personificaci\u00f3n ps\u00edquico-c\u00f3smica do enredo no devir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a752db3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a752db3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-342dca2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"342dca2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A morte do Buda e a cuesti\u00f3n de Cunda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c68b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c68b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Mahaparinibbana-Sutta relata que o Buda tomou, pouco antes de morrer, un alimento na casa do ferreiro Cunda co\u00f1ecido como \u00absukara-maddava\u00bb.<\/p><p>A traduci\u00f3n \u00e9 controvertida: \u00abcarne de porco tenra\u00bb (Rhys Davids), \u00abcogomelos que os porcos desent\u00e9rr\u00e1n\u00bb (Walpola Rahula), \u00abbrotos tenros de bamb\u00fa\u00bb. A investigaci\u00f3n coincide en que o Buda sufriu, tras esta comida, unha grave crise abdominal, probablemente unha intoxicaci\u00f3n alimentaria bacteriana ou un episodio de infarto mesent\u00e9rico.<\/p><p>O Buda defendeu publicamente a Cunda, afirmando que a comida doada antes dunha iluminaci\u00f3n e a comida antes do parinirvana constit\u00faen dous m\u00e9ritos supremos.<\/p><p>Este xesto recibiu grande atenci\u00f3n na investigaci\u00f3n, xa que desprazan simbolicamente a responsabilidade pola morte do mestre e exoneran a cuesti\u00f3n da culpa. Hellmuth Hecker desenvolveu en varios artigos sobre Cunda o aspecto m\u00e9dico e fenomenol\u00f3xico-relixioso.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9283984 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9283984\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-220b27b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"220b27b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preguntas frecuentes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a83b72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a83b72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Cando viviu o Buda hist\u00f3rico?<\/strong> A investigaci\u00f3n m\u00e1is antiga dat\u00e1bao entre o 563 e o 483 antes da nosa era.<\/p><p>Os estudos de Heinz Bechert demostraron que a \u00abcronolox\u00eda curta\u00bb, con datas de vida arredor do 480 ao 400 antes da nosa era, se axusta mellor \u00e1s fontes. A investigaci\u00f3n internacional tende hoxe a situar a s\u00faa morte entre o 410 e o 380 antes da nosa era.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Onde naceu o Buda?<\/strong> En Lumbini, no actual sur de Nepal. O lugar est\u00e1 identificado polo seu nome grazas a unha columna de Ashoka do s\u00e9culo III antes da nosa era.<\/p>\n<p>Cal \u00e9 a diferenza entre o Buda hist\u00f3rico e o Buda no Mahayana? No budismo Theravada, Shakyamuni \u00e9 o mestre hist\u00f3rico desta era c\u00f3smica. No Mahayana \u00e9 unha das moitas manifestaci\u00f3ns dun principio b\u00fadico entendido cosmicamente. Ambas concepci\u00f3ns existen en paralelo e disc\u00fatense por separado na investigaci\u00f3n acad\u00e9mica.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Que lingua falaba o Buda?<\/strong> Con alta probabilidade unha lingua vern\u00e1cula indoaria antiga, probablemente pr\u00f3xima ao actual magadhi. O pali, no que se transmite o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A colecci\u00f3n de textos sagrados dunha relixi\u00f3n reco\u00f1ecida como vinculante.\" tabindex=\"0\">canon<\/span> m\u00e1is antigo, \u00e9 unha forma literariamente pulida que non \u00e9 id\u00e9ntica ao magadhi, a\u00ednda que est\u00e1 relacionada con el.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3273,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Buda Gautama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Buda Gautama \u2013 Fundador do budismo | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Siddhartha Gautama, o Buda hist\u00f3rico, fundador do budismo, as Catro Nobres Verdades e o \u00d3ctuplo Cami\u00f1o. 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