{"id":195062,"date":"2026-09-07T09:38:37","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:38:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=195062"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"gula","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/gula\/","title":{"rendered":"Gula"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"195062\" class=\"elementor elementor-195062 elementor-3020 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1271f7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d1271f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41ed33b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41ed33b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2edc596 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2edc596\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12f18b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"12f18b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gula, deusa babil\u00f3nica da arte de curar<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f18265 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f18265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula \u00e9 a deusa babil\u00f3nica da arte de curar e \u00e9 representada como se\u00f1ora dos cans, cuxo animal se considera <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha imaxe expresiva que representa unha idea abstracta.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> da curaci\u00f3n. Gula \u00e9 a principal deusa curandeira da relixi\u00f3n altomesopot\u00e1mica. \u00c9 venerada sobre todo na \u00e9poca paleobabil\u00f3nica e neoasiria, e era considerada padroeira da arte de curar, dos m\u00e9dicos e das parteiras.<\/p><p>O seu atributo \u00e9 o can, un animal que na concepci\u00f3n altomesopot\u00e1mica estaba vinculado tanto \u00e1 curaci\u00f3n como ao limiar entre a vida e a morte. Os seus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edificio dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> m\u00e1is importantes estaban en Isin, Nippur e Babilonia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33d0197 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"33d0197\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d98a816 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d98a816\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00f3n dunha cultura, con \u00e1mbitos claros de competencia \u2014 forzas da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado a trav\u00e9s de cultos, ofrendas e instituci\u00f3ns templarias.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/mesopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Berce da relixi\u00f3n documentada \u2014 Sumer, Acadia, Babilonia, Asiria (aprox. 3500 a.C. at\u00e9 330 a.C.).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b45b9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b45b9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5202ae elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"d5202ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e80ad34 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e80ad34\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-455e8e3 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"455e8e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196686\" alt=\"Gula - Deuses da tradici\u00f3n mesopot\u00e1mica, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2a883 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2f2a883\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cf2575 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7cf2575\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75b60ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75b60ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mito e orixe<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-210fc41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"210fc41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula \u00e9 a forma posterior e m\u00e1is desenvolvida de varias deusas curandeiras m\u00e1is antigas, sobre todo Ninisina, Bau e Ninkarrak, veneradas nas antigas cidades-estado sumerias de Isin, Lagash e Sippar. Ninisina, a \u00abSe\u00f1ora de Isin\u00bb, \u00e9 a s\u00faa precursora m\u00e1is importante.<\/p><p>Xa nas inscrici\u00f3ns reais da dinast\u00eda de Isin, por volta do ano 2000 a.C., aparece como deusa curandeira suprema e deusa da cidade. No per\u00edodo paleobabil\u00f3nico, as s\u00faas funci\u00f3ns e atributos fund\u00edronse na figura unitaria de Gula.<\/p>\n<p>O seu nome, Gula, significa en acadio \u00aba Grande\u00bb. As inscrici\u00f3ns ch\u00e1manlle azugallu, \u00e9 dicir, \u00abgran m\u00e9dica\u00bb. \u00c9 filla de Anu, o deus do ceo, ou noutras tradici\u00f3ns filla de Enlil. O seu esposo \u00e9 Ninurta, o deus guerreiro e do arado, con quen forma unha parella complementaria: el representa a conquista guerreira, ela a restauraci\u00f3n curadora.<\/p>\n<p>Os seus principais santuarios estaban en Isin, cidade do sur de Mesopotamia, e en Nippur, a cidade relixiosa central. En Babilonia erix\u00edronlle no per\u00edodo paleobabil\u00f3nico o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edificio dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> E-galmah. En Sippar era venerada baixo a forma de Ninkarrak. Esta dispersi\u00f3n xeogr\u00e1fica mostra a importancia supraregional da deusa.<\/p>\n<p>Un himno co\u00f1ecido dedicado a Gula, o \u00abhimno de Bullussa-rabi\u00bb, procede da \u00e9poca mesobabil\u00f3nica e ofrece unha ampla autopresentaci\u00f3n da deusa. Descr\u00edbese a si mesma como m\u00e9dica, enfermeira, parteira e ao mesmo tempo xu\u00edza xusta. O himno ten gran importancia na historia das relixi\u00f3ns porque resume as funci\u00f3ns centrais da deusa nunha forma literaria de alto nivel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b2c394 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b2c394\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8207a8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8207a8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00edmbolos e atributos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dde330 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7dde330\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O atributo m\u00e1is importante de Gula \u00e9 o can. En pedras fronteirizas kudurru e en relevos, un can aparece sentado xunto ao seu trono ou aos seus p\u00e9s.<\/p><p>O can un\u00eda na concepci\u00f3n altomesopot\u00e1mica a curaci\u00f3n e a morte: crese que a s\u00faa saliva ti\u00f1a poder curativo, feito confirmado arqueoloxicamente por \u00f3sos de can atopados en santuarios e por textos de curaci\u00f3n que pronuncian f\u00f3rmulas de conxuro a trav\u00e9s da saliva do can. Ao mesmo tempo, os cans eran acompa\u00f1antes da divindade do inframundo e pod\u00edan concibirse como acompa\u00f1antes dos mortos.<\/p>\n<p>Outro atributo \u00e9 a lanceta ou vara m\u00e9dica. Nalgunhas imaxes sost\u00e9n un instrumento que lembra ferramentas cir\u00farxicas. Nas impresi\u00f3ns de selos aparece con frecuencia diante dunha persoa enferma, \u00e1 que se dirixe con intenci\u00f3n curadora.<\/p>\n<p>En moitas pedras kudurru aparece o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signo que representa unha idea ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> do can sentado xunto a outros signos astrais ou c\u00f3smicos. Deste xeito, Gula era parte integral da xeograf\u00eda teol\u00f3xica das pedras fronteirizas.<\/p><p>A simb\u00f3lica do can seguiu sendo o signo distintivo e inequ\u00edvoco que a caracterizaba. Os achados arqueol\u00f3xicos de Isin confirmaron a importancia ritual do can no seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de actos de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dedicados a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span>, xa que al\u00ed se atoparon \u00f3sos de can dispostos dun xeito especial.<\/p>\n<p>Os relevos dos templos mostran a Gula \u00e1s veces cunha estrela ou media l\u00faa, en referencia \u00e1 dimensi\u00f3n astral da s\u00faa veneraci\u00f3n. A relaci\u00f3n entre curaci\u00f3n, interpretaci\u00f3n astral e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ritual verbal destinado a invocar ou someter un poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">conxuro<\/span> era estreita no pensamento altomesopot\u00e1mico, e Gula, como deusa curandeira, formaba tam\u00e9n parte do saber astral.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b1981b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1b1981b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ffb7cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ffb7cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culto e veneraci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d417134 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d417134\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O culto principal de Gula ti\u00f1a lugar en Isin, no sur de Mesopotamia. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lugar sagrado dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuario<\/span> E-gal-mah era o lugar de reuni\u00f3n de m\u00e9dicos, comadroas e pacientes. Al\u00ed atop\u00e1ronse en gran n\u00famero ofrendas votivas de arxila con forma de partes do corpo enfermas, comparables \u00e1s ofrendas votivas dos cultos de curaci\u00f3n do sur de Italia.<\/p><p>Estas dan unha visi\u00f3n directa da pr\u00e1ctica: os <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha persoa que emprende unha viaxe de motivaci\u00f3n relixiosa a un lugar sagrado.\" tabindex=\"0\">peregrinos<\/span> dedic\u00e1balle modelos de ollos, membros ou partes do abdome enfermos coa esperanza de curaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>En Nippur o seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha construci\u00f3n destinada \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> era o E-mah, onde se reun\u00eda o colexio de m\u00e9dicos.<\/p><p>Unha palabra neoasiria habitual para designar ao m\u00e9dico, asu, deriva da s\u00faa funci\u00f3n. En Sippar era venerada baixo o nome de Ninkarrak, en Babilonia no E-galmah. En Borsippa, a cidade irm\u00e1 de Babilonia, estaba integrada como deusa acompa\u00f1ante de Nabu, o deus da escritura.<\/p>\n<p>O seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das pr\u00e1cticas de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dunha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> gozaba de especial popularidade entre mulleres e m\u00e9dicos. Textos de conxuro do per\u00edodo paleobabil\u00f3nico e neoasirio inv\u00f3cana en partos, febres, mordeduras de serpe e trastornos ps\u00edquicos. As colecci\u00f3ns de conxuros da biblioteca real de Ashurbanipal conte\u00f1en numerosos textos nos que Gula \u00e9 invocada xunto a Marduk, Ea e Shamash como divindade curadora.<\/p>\n<p>A pr\u00e1ctica do conxuro ao p\u00e9 do leito do paciente comprend\u00eda a mi\u00fado varias etapas. Primeiro o asipu, o sacerdote conxurador, invocaba a Gula de xeito formulaico. Segu\u00edan despois indicaci\u00f3ns concretas, moitas veces con mesturas de herbas ou acci\u00f3ns rituais como pasar un f\u00edo de la sobre o corpo, que logo se queimaba para destru\u00edr simbolicamente a enfermidade.<\/p><p>Esta pr\u00e1ctica, con frecuencia asociada ao can como animal ritual, est\u00e1 documentada en centos de tabli\u00f1as de arxila.<\/p>\n<p>No per\u00edodo neoasirio a veneraci\u00f3n estatal de Gula aumentou. Ashurbanipal fixo copiar os seus textos e incorporalos \u00e1 s\u00faa biblioteca. Tam\u00e9n as mulleres reais lle ofrec\u00edan ofrendas votivas persoais, o que subli\u00f1a a vinculaci\u00f3n da deusa co parto e a maternidade.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0450dcc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0450dcc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66dcc1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66dcc1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitos importantes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0da6404 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0da6404\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula aparece menos nos textos narrativos que Inanna ou Marduk. O seu texto m\u00e1is importante \u00e9 o \u00abHimno de Bullussa-rabi\u00bb, unha gran autopresentaci\u00f3n da deusa en 200 li\u00f1as.<\/p><p>Nel ch\u00e1mase a si mesma filla de Anu, esposa de Ninurta, m\u00e9dica dos grandes deuses, comadroa dos pobos e xusta protectora dos d\u00e9biles. O himno \u00e9 destacable desde o punto de vista da historia relixiosa, xa que remata a consolidaci\u00f3n teol\u00f3xica das numerosas deusas curadoras baixo o nome de Gula.<\/p>\n<p>No <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> de Anzu, Gula non aparece directamente, pero en versi\u00f3ns posteriores \u00e9 mencionada xunto a Ninurta tras a s\u00faa vitoria e participa na festa do triunfo. Esta conexi\u00f3n int\u00e9graa na epopea heroica c\u00f3smica e d\u00e1lle un v\u00ednculo narrativo co <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> de Anzu.<\/p>\n<p>Un pequeno relato conta que o can de Gula enfermou un d\u00eda. A propia deusa tivo que axudalo e empregou para iso varias das s\u00faas herbas medicinais.<\/p><p>Deste sufrimento, dise, xurdiu a s\u00faa capacidade de curar, pois vivira primeiro o padecemento no seu propio animal. Este relato, conservado en varios fragmentos, confire \u00e1 deusa un car\u00e1cter emp\u00e1tico que a distingue das divindades meramente xur\u00eddico-punitivas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f96a216 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f96a216\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc8fdd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc8fdd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relaci\u00f3ns no pante\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b98975f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b98975f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula est\u00e1 casada con Ninurta, que \u00e9 deus guerreiro e do arado. Ambos forman unha parella complementaria na que se entrelazan a conmoci\u00f3n b\u00e9lica e a restauraci\u00f3n curadora. Con Damu, un deus curador m\u00e1is xove e fillo seu, mant\u00e9n unha estreita relaci\u00f3n familiar. Damu \u00e9 interpretado a menudo como sucesor de Gula na funci\u00f3n curadora.<\/p>\n<p>Con Ninisina, Bau e Ninkarrak est\u00e1 fusionada no plano cultual, o que reflicte o proceso de consolidaci\u00f3n teol\u00f3xica do per\u00edodo paleobabil\u00f3nico. Con Marduk, o deus imperial de Babilonia, mant\u00e9n unha relaci\u00f3n de cooperaci\u00f3n cultual: nos conxuros m\u00e9dicos ambos son invocados a menudo xuntos, xa que Marduk foi asumindo un papel cada vez m\u00e1is central na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> babil\u00f3nica e superpuxo funci\u00f3ns curadoras.<\/p>\n<p>No conxunto do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto dos deuses dunha relixi\u00f3n ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3n<\/span>, Gula mant\u00e9n relaci\u00f3ns con Shamash, o deus solar e da xustiza, e con Ea, o deus da sabedor\u00eda. A conexi\u00f3n con Ea \u00e9 especialmente estreita, xa que este \u00e9 considerado o mestre c\u00f3smico da arte de curar e Gula act\u00faa como o seu equivalente terreal.<\/p>\n<p>Gula \u00e9 equiparada na lista teol\u00f3xica An con Ninkarrak, unha deusa curadora de Acad, mencionada nas f\u00f3rmulas de maldici\u00f3n da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha placa de pedra ou madeira, erguida en posici\u00f3n vertical, con inscrici\u00f3ns ou imaxes.\" tabindex=\"0\">estela<\/span> de Hammurabi como destinataria de castigos m\u00e9dicos.<\/p><p>O seu esposo \u00e9 Pabilsag, un deus guerreiro e curador, identificado na astronom\u00eda babil\u00f3nica tard\u00eda coa constelaci\u00f3n de Sagitario. Esta uni\u00f3n entre deusa curadora e guerreiro \u00e9 unha configuraci\u00f3n t\u00edpica de Mesopotamia, na que a protecci\u00f3n e a agresividade se combinan na mesma parella divina.<\/p>\n<p>Un caso particular interesante \u00e9 a identificaci\u00f3n Gula-Ishtar nalg\u00fans himnos babil\u00f3nicos tard\u00edos, que buscan concibir a ambas deusas como aspectos dun \u00fanico poder feminino. Esta fusi\u00f3n \u00e9 controvertida e consid\u00e9rase un caso especial da especulaci\u00f3n teol\u00f3xica tard\u00eda, que baixo a influencia da crecente monolatr\u00eda de Marduk tam\u00e9n pretend\u00eda unificar as principais deusas femininas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cc258e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2cc258e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f15cc1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f15cc1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3n e influencia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa97ec3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa97ec3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das acci\u00f3ns relixiosas de veneraci\u00f3n cara a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> de Gula rematou co ocaso da alta cultura babil\u00f3nica no per\u00edodo sel\u00eaucida. Por\u00e9n, os seus textos de curaci\u00f3n seguiron copi\u00e1ndose e conserv\u00e1ronse nas bibliotecas do mundo helen\u00edstico. Os estudos sumerol\u00f3xicos dos s\u00e9culos XIX e XX reconstru\u00edron a s\u00faa figura como elemento central da historia da medicina mesopot\u00e1mica.<\/p>\n<p>Na historia moderna da medicina, Gula \u00e9 reco\u00f1ecida como unha das primeiras deusas protectoras documentadas da arte de curar. Os relevos de Isin aparecen reproducidos en numerosos manuais de historia da medicina. Na historia relixiosa do can, esta divindade constit\u00fae unha figura clave para ilustrar a dobre funci\u00f3n do can como acompa\u00f1ante na curaci\u00f3n e na morte.<\/p>\n<p>Na cultura popular actual, Gula aparece raramente, pero nos textos sobre medicina do Antigo Oriente Pr\u00f3ximo e nos estudos sobre a historia da obstetricia segue sendo unha figura de referencia central. A relaci\u00f3n entre o seu simbolismo canino e deuses curadores posteriores acompa\u00f1ados de cans (como Asclepio, coa serpe e o can no mundo grego) \u00e9 obxecto de debate na investigaci\u00f3n relixiosa comparada.<\/p>\n<p>No Mesopotamia helen\u00edstico, Gula foi identificada con H\u00e9cate, a deusa grega da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1cticas que pretenden influ\u00edr no curso dos acontecementos mediante acci\u00f3ns ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">maxia<\/span> e dos cans. Esta identificaci\u00f3n est\u00e1 documentada epigraficamente en inscrici\u00f3ns da \u00e9poca sel\u00eaucida procedentes de Uruk, sobre todo nunha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha placa de pedra ou madeira, erguida verticalmente, con inscrici\u00f3ns ou imaxes.\" tabindex=\"0\">estela<\/span> biling\u00fce do s\u00e9culo III a. C. O elemento com\u00fan est\u00e1 no atributo canino e na funci\u00f3n curadora nocturna.<\/p><p>Walter Burkert trazou en \u00abBabylon, Memphis, Persepolis\u00bb a li\u00f1a hist\u00f3rico-relixiosa que vai de Gula, pasando por H\u00e9cate, at\u00e9 a posterior Diana.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Na historia da medicina, Gula \u00e9 considerada a primeira deusa curadora co\u00f1ecida polo nome que patrocina unha profesi\u00f3n propia. A s\u00faa veneraci\u00f3n constit\u00fae a ra\u00edz do posterior complexo de Asclepio e Hip\u00f3crates, tal como expuxo con detalle Vivian Nutton en \u00abAncient Medicine\u00bb (2004).<\/span><\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n historicom\u00e9dica actual considera a tradici\u00f3n de Gula un elemento importante da prehistoria da arte curativa grega, con vestixios concretos na farmacolox\u00eda e na diagnose.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94697bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"94697bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e259579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e259579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interpretaci\u00f3n desde a ciencia da relixi\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7c31b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7c31b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thorkild Jacobsen situa a Gula dentro do c\u00edrculo das grandes divindades femininas protectoras, cuxa funci\u00f3n se centraba, no per\u00edodo paleobabil\u00f3nico, na curaci\u00f3n e no parto. Ve na s\u00faa fusi\u00f3n con Ninisina un proceso t\u00edpico de consolidaci\u00f3n, no cal varias deusas locais se integraron nunha \u00fanica figura de validez para todo o reino.<\/p>\n<p>Jean Bott\u00e9ro destaca a funci\u00f3n social do seu culto. Gula era a patroa de todo un grupo profesional, os asu e os asipu, \u00e9 dicir, os especialistas m\u00e9dico-rituais. A vinculaci\u00f3n deste grupo profesional co <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edificio destinado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> constitu\u00eda un compo\u00f1ente estrutural importante da sociedade paleomesopot\u00e1mica.<\/p>\n<p>Stefan Maul documentou nos seus estudos sobre a adivi\u00f1aci\u00f3n e a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1cticas que pretenden influ\u00edr no curso dos acontecementos mediante acci\u00f3ns ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">maxia<\/span> a estreita ligaz\u00f3n entre o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das acci\u00f3ns relixiosas de veneraci\u00f3n cara a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> de Gula e a pr\u00e1ctica dos exorcismos. Walther Sallaberger e Andrew George reconstru\u00edron arqueol\u00f3xica e textualmente o culto do templo en Isin e Nippur.<\/p><p>Wilfred Lambert editou e comentou de xeito cr\u00edtico o \u00abhimno de Bullussa-rabi\u00bb. A investigaci\u00f3n considera a Gula unha das claves m\u00e1is importantes para comprender a medicina e a relixi\u00f3n da antiga Mesopotamia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e4ff51 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e4ff51\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c92749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c92749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Himno a Gula de Bullussa-rabi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c65e523 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c65e523\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O texto literario m\u00e1is importante sobre a deusa \u00e9 o grande himno a Gula de Bullussa-rabi, unha escriba co\u00f1ecida polo nome que viviu na \u00e9poca mesobabil\u00f3nica, probablemente no s\u00e9culo XII a. C. O texto, de 200 li\u00f1as, conserv\u00e1se en varios exemplares; as t\u00e1boas m\u00e1is importantes proceden das bibliotecas de Assur, N\u00ednive e Babilonia.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>O himno foi editado por primeira vez en 1967 por Wilfred G. Lambert nos Orientalia 36, con comentario e traduci\u00f3n completos. O texto est\u00e1 escrito en estilo de autopredicaci\u00f3n, no cal Gula fala en primeira persoa sobre as s\u00faas calidades, poderes e funci\u00f3ns curativas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Bullussa-rabi presenta a deusa nunha enumeraci\u00f3n enciclop\u00e9dica dos seus nomes e funci\u00f3ns. \u00c9 Belet-ili, a se\u00f1ora dos deuses, Nintinugga, Bauu e Ninisinna, veneradas en diferentes cidades de Sumer.<\/p><p>Esta concatenaci\u00f3n de deusas rexionais baixo un nome predominante \u00e9 un exemplo da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a crenza dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> sincretista mesopot\u00e1mica, na que se unificaban cultos locais baixo un nome principal. O himno resulta especialmente importante desde o punto de vista hist\u00f3rico-relixioso porque transmite a integraci\u00f3n teol\u00f3xica de numerosas deusas curadoras nunha \u00fanica figura de Gula.<\/p>\n<p>No seu contido, o himno describe a actividade de Gula como m\u00e9dica. \u00c9 \u00aba gran m\u00e9dica, que converte o lamento en ledicia\u00bb, \u00abcalma a ferida vend\u00e1ndoa\u00bb, \u00abfai que os mortos volvan \u00e1 vida\u00bb.<\/p><p>Esta \u00faltima expresi\u00f3n \u00e9 hiperb\u00f3lica, pero mostra o alcance do poder curativo que se lle atribu\u00eda. Un pasaxe destacado \u00e9 a enumeraci\u00f3n das herbas curativas, cuxa identificaci\u00f3n bot\u00e1nica exacta segue presentando dificultades \u00e1 investigaci\u00f3n moderna. Stefan Maul comentou esta farmacopea nos seus estudos sobre a arte curativa babil\u00f3nica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aeaf646 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aeaf646\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70447b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"70447b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Isin e a arqueolox\u00eda do templo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-701828f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"701828f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O centro principal do culto a Gula era Isin, unha cidade situada no baixo \u00c9ufrates, cuxo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edificio dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> da deusa levaba o nome de E-gal-mah, o \u00abgran palacio excelso\u00bb.<\/p><p>A cidade viviu o seu apoxeo nos s\u00e9culos XX e XIX a. C. baixo a dinast\u00eda de Isin, cuxos reis se proclamaban \u00abelixidos da casa de Ninisinna\u00bb (\u00e9 dicir, Gula). As inscrici\u00f3ns construtivas de Lipit-Ishtar e Enlil-bani documentan numerosas doaz\u00f3ns, entre elas renovaci\u00f3ns do templo, dedicaci\u00f3ns de estatuas e instalaci\u00f3ns de salas de curaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>A escavaci\u00f3n alem\u00e1 de Isin, dirixida por Barthel Hrouda entre 1973 e 1989, sacou \u00e1 luz boa parte do E-gal-mah. No patio do templo apareceu un pozo no que, tras a curaci\u00f3n, se lanzaban figuras de cans como ofrendas votivas.<\/p><p>Os escavadores recuperaron varios centos de cans de terracota que ao longo dos s\u00e9culos foran depositados na auga. Este tipo de fonte, pouco habitual, confirma o simbolismo canino da deusa mencionado no himno e permite achegarse \u00e1 relixiosidade popular de quen buscaba a curaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>Un segundo grande <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lugar sagrado dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuario<\/span> atop\u00e1base en Nippur e un terceiro en Babilonia, onde Gula se converteu na \u00e9poca babil\u00f3nica tard\u00eda na deusa curadora central da teolox\u00eda estatal. As inscrici\u00f3ns do templo de Nabucodonosor II mencionan a deusa como responsable da recuperaci\u00f3n do rei tras unha grave enfermidade.<\/p><p>Tam\u00e9n na cidade de Assur, en Asiria, existiu un E-gal-mah, renovado por Senaquerib e Asurbanipal. Esta presenza en toda a rexi\u00f3n converte a Gula nunha das grandes divindades de toda Mesopotamia, comparable en importancia a Ishtar ou Marduk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bee2eb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4bee2eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f24822 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5f24822\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O can como atributo e a pr\u00e1ctica votiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83d8f3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83d8f3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O can \u00e9 o atributo m\u00e1is importante de Gula, o cal resulta singular no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de deuses dunha relixi\u00f3n ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3n<\/span> mesopot\u00e1mico. Outros deuses te\u00f1en touros, le\u00f3ns ou drag\u00f3ns, pero s\u00f3 Gula ten o can como animal acompa\u00f1ante.<\/p><p>Na maior\u00eda dos relevos de kudurru da \u00e9poca babil\u00f3nica media, sobre todo no kudurru de Meli-Shipak (s\u00e9culo XII a. C.), aparece entronizada cun can sentado aos seus p\u00e9s. Esta tradici\u00f3n iconogr\u00e1fica est\u00e1 tam\u00e9n documentada nos ladrillos vidrados de Nabucodonosor II en Babilonia.<\/p>\n<p>Historicamente, o simbolismo canino \u00e9 complexo. Por unha banda, en Mesopotamia os cans son considerados impuros e temidos; por outra, act\u00faan como gardi\u00e1ns do limiar. Na medicina, o can \u00e9 probablemente o animal curador por excelencia, cuxa saliva e o lamber de feridas se consideraban, na medicina popular, capaces de sandar.<\/p><p>Beate Pongratz-Leisten sinalou nos seus estudos sobre a relixi\u00f3n babil\u00f3nica a ambig\u00fcidade do can, entendido \u00e1 vez como puro e impuro. Karen Radner tam\u00e9n analizou en varios artigos a interacci\u00f3n entre o rito curativo e a veneraci\u00f3n canina.<\/p>\n<p>A pr\u00e1ctica votiva inclu\u00eda, ademais dos cans de barro, modelos de partes do corpo enfermas. Nas escavaci\u00f3ns dos templos atop\u00e1ronse reproduci\u00f3ns de barro de mans, p\u00e9s, ollos e xenitais, que os pacientes ofrec\u00edan como pedimentos.<\/p><p>Esta pr\u00e1ctica ten paralelos directos nos posteriores templos gregos de Asclepio, especialmente en Epidauro, onde os curados deixaban membros de barro. Disc\u00fatese unha continuidade hist\u00f3rico-relixiosa directa, a\u00ednda que non est\u00e1 claramente demostrada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7fc9ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e7fc9ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-191afcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"191afcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes e bibliograf\u00eda complementaria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2819763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2819763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Fontes da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente do 800 a. C. ao 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antig\u00fcidade<\/span>: o \u00abHimno de Bullussa-rabi\u00bb a Gula, textos m\u00e9dicos e de conxuro da \u00e9poca paleobabil\u00f3nica e neoasiria, inscrici\u00f3ns de Isin, Nippur e Sippar, himnos a Ninisina e Ninkarrak, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> de Anzu nas s\u00faas versi\u00f3ns tard\u00edas.<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, \u00abMesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods\u00bb, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Markham Geller, \u00abAncient Babylonian Medicine\u00bb, Oxford 2010.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e1is obras de referencia na <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/literatura\/\">bibliograf\u00eda<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3251,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gula","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gula \u2013 Deusa babil\u00f3nica da curaci\u00f3n e se\u00f1ora dos cans | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gula \u00e9 a deusa babil\u00f3nica da arte de curar, a medicina e a resurrecci\u00f3n. O seu animal \u00e9 o can. Mito, s\u00edmbolos e templo Esabad.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-195062","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gula \u2013 Deusa babil\u00f3nica da curaci\u00f3n e se\u00f1ora dos cans | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gula \u00e9 a deusa babil\u00f3nica da arte de curar, a medicina e a resurrecci\u00f3n. O seu animal \u00e9 o can. 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