{"id":195036,"date":"2026-09-07T09:38:28","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:38:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=195036"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"atum","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/atum\/","title":{"rendered":"Atum"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"195036\" class=\"elementor elementor-195036 elementor-2994 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9c39ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b9c39ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46b50b3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46b50b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec779fe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec779fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bf506e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1bf506e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Atum, deus creador exipcio de Heli\u00f3polis<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f70063 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f70063\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum \u00e9 un deus creador exipcio cuxo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das acci\u00f3ns de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dirixidas a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> estaba radicado en Heli\u00f3polis e que ocupa o inicio da En\u00e9ada desa cidade. No pante\u00f3n do antigo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto dos deuses dunha relixi\u00f3n ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Exipto<\/span>, Atum \u00e9 considerado o deus creador de Heli\u00f3polis, que xurdiu das augas primixenias de Nun e xerou por si mesmo os dous primeiros deuses, Shu e Tefnut.<\/p><p>O seu nome adoita traducirse como \u00abo completo\u00bb, \u00abo perfecto\u00bb ou \u00abo que se converteu en todo\u00bb; ao mesmo tempo pode significar tam\u00e9n \u00abo non existente\u00bb, xa que o verbo \u00abtem\u00bb pode expresar tanto a plenitude como a negaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Esta ambivalencia sem\u00e1ntica capta a posici\u00f3n teol\u00f3xica de Atum: \u00e9 o que exist\u00eda antes da creaci\u00f3n e o que existir\u00e1 despois dela, o principio e o fin do ciclo c\u00f3smico.<\/p><p>Mentres que no Imperio Medio e no Imperio Novo Am\u00f3n-Ra asume o papel teol\u00f3xico principal, Atum conserva a s\u00faa funci\u00f3n cosmog\u00f3nica e o seu perfil peculiar como creador por medio da masturbaci\u00f3n de si mesmo ou da pronunciaci\u00f3n de si mesmo, un dos conceptos m\u00e1is antigos e elaborados da historia das relixi\u00f3ns.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e442eee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e442eee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a6f0a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"3a6f0a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00f3n dunha cultura, con \u00e1mbitos claros de competencia \u2014 forzas da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado mediante cultos, ofrendas e instituci\u00f3ns templarias.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/exipto\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitolox\u00eda do antigo val do Nilo, ca. 3000 a.C. ata 30 a.C.\">Exipto<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8373406 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8373406\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92ddae4 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"92ddae4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__92ddae4\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__92ddae4\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__92ddae4\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33831b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"33831b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9fb63f iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e9fb63f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196734\" alt=\"Atum - Deuses da tradici\u00f3n exipcia, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-883c3bc e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"883c3bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a66878f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a66878f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a036d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a036d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mito e xenealox\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95f1797 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95f1797\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A cosmogon\u00eda heliopolitana coloca a Atum ao principio da En\u00e9ada divina. Das augas primixenias de Nun, que exist\u00edan antes do tempo e da forma, Atum emerxe sobre o outeiro primordial (Tatenen), o primeiro punto firme no caos.<\/p><p>Sobre este outeiro, Atum leva a cabo a creaci\u00f3n: nos Textos das Pir\u00e1mides (f\u00f3rmula 527) crea a Shu e a Tefnut mediante o seu seme, que emite coa man ou que recibe encarnado na s\u00faa propia deusa-man \u00abHethemut\u00bb.<\/p><p>Noutra variante (Textos das Pir\u00e1mides, f\u00f3rmula 600), Atum crea os primeiros deuses mediante o escupido: esbirrou a Shu (o aire) e escupiu a Tefnut (a humidade). Ambas as versi\u00f3ns coexisten sen que a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> exipcia intentase harmonizalas.<\/p>\n<p>De Shu e Tefnut nacen Geb (a terra) e Nut (o ceo), e da s\u00faa uni\u00f3n xorden Osiris, Isis, Seth, Neftis e, en certas listas, tam\u00e9n Horus o Vello. Deste xeito, Atum \u00e9 o antepasado xeneal\u00f3xico de case todos os deuses importantes de Exipto.<\/p><p>A En\u00e9ada de Heli\u00f3polis (o grupo de nove deuses) re\u00fane a Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Geb, Nut, Osiris, Isis, Seth e Neftis; constit\u00fae a estrutura teol\u00f3xica b\u00e1sica da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> heliopolitana.<\/p><p>A serie de deuses debe interpretarse non s\u00f3 en clave xeneal\u00f3xica, sen\u00f3n tam\u00e9n c\u00f3smica: despliega a creaci\u00f3n desde a pura ipseidade de Atum, a trav\u00e9s das forzas elementais da natureza, at\u00e9 as figuras divinas que configuran o mundo humano.<\/p>\n<p>Chama a atenci\u00f3n a autosuficiencia de Atum na tradici\u00f3n m\u00e1is antiga. A diferenza doutros deuses creadores, Atum non precisa parella nin materia preexistente; crea o mundo a partir de si mesmo.<\/p><p>Esta idea desenv\u00f3lvese filosoficamente na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> posterior: os himnos a Atum do Imperio Novo def\u00ednelo como aquel que \u00abse fixo a si mesmo\u00bb, que \u00abxurdiu de si mesmo\u00bb (kheper-djesef). Esta lectura marca as especulaci\u00f3ns teol\u00f3xicas do per\u00edodo tard\u00edo e influ\u00edu tam\u00e9n nas concepci\u00f3ns gn\u00f3stico-cristi\u00e1s do autoxenerador.<\/p>\n<p>Na forma divina combinada Atum-Ra, Atum aparece como aspecto do deus solar, en concreto como o sol vespertino que se pon (fronte a Khepri como o sol que nace e Ra como o sol do mediod\u00eda).<\/p><p>Esta divisi\u00f3n tripartita do ciclo solar, tratada extensamente nas letan\u00edas solares do Imperio Novo, converte a Atum no deus do final do ciclo c\u00f3smico, que ao mesmo tempo leva en si o novo principio. Os fara\u00f3ns identific\u00e1banse especialmente na morte con Atum, porque este encarnaba a transici\u00f3n do ocaso solar terreal ao renacemento no m\u00e1is al\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f33afe9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f33afe9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd5bf22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fd5bf22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00edmbolos, iconograf\u00eda e atributos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a29c4e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a29c4e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum ad\u00f3itase representar como un home coa coroa dobre (pschent), que simboliza a uni\u00f3n do Alto e o Baixo Exipto. Esta coroa \u00e9 un atributo real e subli\u00f1a a funci\u00f3n de Atum como rei primordial e antepasado da dignidade fara\u00f3nica.<\/p><p>Tam\u00e9n pode aparecer co <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O escaravello peloteiro como s\u00edmbolo do antigo Exipto para o devir e a renovaci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">escaravello<\/span> sobre a cabeza, coa esfera solar ou coa coroa Atef. En forma antropomorfa, o seu rostro \u00e9 xeralmente sen barba e xuvenil, o que contrasta coa idea do \u00abvello\u00bb Atum, que encarna o sol do ser\u00e1n.<\/p>\n<p>O seu animal sagrado \u00e9 a serpe. No Libro dos Mortos (f\u00f3rmula 175), Atum declara: \u00abDevolverei o mundo \u00e1 auga primordial, e s\u00f3 eu e Osiris quedaremos, coma d\u00faas serpes que nin home nin deus co\u00f1ece\u00bb.<\/p><p>Esta visi\u00f3n escatol\u00f3xica fai que a serpe apareza como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signo que representa unha idea ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> do estado orixinario indiferenciado. Xunto a ela, o icneum\u00f3n (rata de fara\u00f3n) \u00e9 un animal sagrado de Atum, pois mata as serpes que encarnan ameazas semellantes a Apophis.<\/p>\n<p>O principal s\u00edmbolo de culto de Atum \u00e9 a pedra Benben en Heli\u00f3polis, unha pedra en forma de pir\u00e1mide ou cono que representaba o outeiro primordial.<\/p><p>Do Benben derivan a forma piramidal posterior das tumbas reais e os obeliscos; cada piramidi\u00f3n (a c\u00faspide da pir\u00e1mide) \u00e9 simbolicamente unha pedra Benben, que representa a ascensi\u00f3n ao ceo e o encontro con Atum-Re. A propia Heli\u00f3polis levaba no sistema xerogl\u00edfico o signo do Benben.<\/p>\n<p>Conserv\u00e1ronse representaci\u00f3ns escult\u00f3ricas de Atum de todas as \u00e9pocas da relixi\u00f3n exipcia. Do Reino Novo procede unha c\u00e9lebre estatua de cuarcita de Tutankam\u00f3n, na que o rei xuvenil aparece coa coroa de Atum; da \u00e9poca tard\u00eda conservan numerosas estatuas menores de bronce con Atum.<\/p><p>Nos muros dos templos da \u00e9poca ram\u00e9sida, especialmente en Karnak e Abidos, Atum aparece regularmente entre as filas de deuses que coroan o rei ou lle entregan o signo da vida \u00abAnj\u00bb. En Deir el-Bahari, Hatshepsut dotou o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de acci\u00f3ns rituais de veneraci\u00f3n dunha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> de Atum-Re con programas iconogr\u00e1ficos impresionantes que lexitimaban a s\u00faa propia creaci\u00f3n por parte de Am\u00f3n-Atum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f518c57 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f518c57\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f90a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"93f90a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culto e veneraci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-386b226 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"386b226\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Heli\u00f3polis (en exipcio Iunu, que significa \u00abcidade das columnas\u00bb ou \u00abcidade dos pilares\u00bb) foi o principal centro de culto de Atum. A cidade situ\u00e1base unhas dez quil\u00f3metros ao nordeste do actual Cairo e, desde a unificaci\u00f3n de Exipto, figuraba entre as cidades teoloxicamente m\u00e1is importantes do pa\u00eds.<\/p><p>Al\u00ed atop\u00e1base o gran <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha construci\u00f3n destinada \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> de Atum-Re coa pedra Benben, a \u00e1rbore sagrada persea e a barca solar, que reproduc\u00eda a aparici\u00f3n e desaparici\u00f3n diaria do sol. O clero heliopolitano, encabezado polo sumo sacerdote (chamado \u00abGrande dos Videntes\u00bb), era o m\u00e1is erudito da relixi\u00f3n exipcia; as s\u00faas especulaci\u00f3ns teol\u00f3xicas influ\u00edron en todo o pa\u00eds.<\/p>\n<p>No ritual diario do templo de Atum, pola ma\u00f1\u00e1 ti\u00f1a lugar o \u00abespertar\u00bb da imaxe divina mediante incenso, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O verquido dun l\u00edquido como ofrenda para unha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">libaci\u00f3n<\/span> e recitaci\u00f3n de himnos. Ao longo do d\u00eda ofrec\u00edanse as comidas diarias; pola noite, a imaxe divina era deposta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente a unha secuencia de acci\u00f3ns relixiosas establecida.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualmente<\/span> ao descanso e o santuario quedaba pechado con selo.<\/p><p>Nas festas especiais, como o xubileo real (festa Sed) e a festa de Ano Novo, a imaxe de Atum era retirada do santuario e levada en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un desfile relixioso solemne.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesi\u00f3n<\/span> polos patios do templo. Estas procesi\u00f3ns eran p\u00fablicas e permit\u00edan \u00e1 poboaci\u00f3n da cidade participar dun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de acci\u00f3ns rituais de veneraci\u00f3n dunha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> normalmente reservado ao clero.<\/p>\n<p>A festa m\u00e1is importante de Atum era a \u00abUepet-Renpet\u00bb, o Ano Novo, que marcaba o comezo da crecida do Nilo. Na v\u00e9spera do novo ano, Atum recib\u00eda as primeiras ofrendas das primicias, pois, como creador, era tam\u00e9n quen renovaba o ciclo anual.<\/p><p>As inscrici\u00f3ns do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha construci\u00f3n destinada \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> de Karnak e nos templos funerarios ram\u00e9sidas documentan estes ritos con detalle. No \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha secuencia regulada de acci\u00f3ns simb\u00f3licas con significado relixioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> do rei da man de Atum\u00bb (papiro de Berl\u00edn 3055) transm\u00edtese a secuencia lit\u00farxica completa; serviu de modelo ao fara\u00f3n para o seu propio ritual diario no templo.<\/p>\n<p>F\u00f3ra de Heli\u00f3polis, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de acci\u00f3ns rituais de veneraci\u00f3n dunha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> de Atum estaba presente en moitos lugares, a\u00ednda que case sempre como aspecto doutras divindades principais. En Tebas vener\u00e1base a Am\u00f3n-Atum, e en Karnak toda a En\u00e9ada, inclu\u00eddo Atum, formaba parte do calendario festivo. En Menfis, Ptah-Atum era unha importante s\u00edntese teol\u00f3xica que combinaba o concepto de Ptah como intelecto co concepto de Atum como autosuficiencia.<\/p><p>O c\u00e9lebre texto da \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teolox\u00eda<\/span> Menfita\u00bb (na pedra de Shabaka, hoxe en Londres) formula a reflexi\u00f3n teol\u00f3xica de que Ptah realizara mediante o intelecto e a palabra todo aquilo que Atum realizara mediante o seu semente; unha variante filosoficamente elevada da teolox\u00eda da creaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-049a490 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"049a490\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57bb878 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"57bb878\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Santuarios e templos importantes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76f48b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76f48b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edificio dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> de Atum-Re en Heli\u00f3polis foi un dos maiores edificios sacros de Exipto, pero case nada del se conservou. A cidade foi abandonada en \u00e9poca romana e usada na Idade Media como canteira para a construci\u00f3n da pr\u00f3xima Cairo; s\u00f3 sobreviviron alg\u00fans obeliscos (o de Sesostris I en Mataria) e restos dos muros do templo.<\/p><p>Estrab\u00f3n (XVII, 1, 27 a 30) describe a s\u00faa visita a Heli\u00f3polis no primeiro s\u00e9culo antes de Cristo e ofrece un breve relato sobre o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edificio dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span>; nesa \u00e9poca o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lugar sagrado dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuario<\/span> xa estaba abandonado, a\u00ednda que segu\u00eda sendo visible.<\/p>\n<p>Hai importantes capelas de Atum en Karnak (no patio do templo de Am\u00f3n), no templo funerario de Hatshepsut en Deir el-Bahari, no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edificio dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> de Rams\u00e9s II en Abidos e no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edificio dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> da festa Sed de Amenhotep III en Malkata.<\/p><p>A maior\u00eda dos templos funerarios ram\u00e9sidas na banda occidental de Tebas (Ramesseum, Medinet Habu, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edificio dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> de Seti I) te\u00f1en capelas de Atum, onde o rei falecido se un\u00eda a Atum-Re.<\/p>\n<p>En Abu Simbel, Atum figura entre os catro deuses principais do gran templo (Am\u00f3n-Re, Re-Horajti, Ptah e o propio Rams\u00e9s II); al\u00ed Atum aparece como parte da apoteose real. En Deir el-Medina, a aldea dos traballadores das tumbas reais, hai pequenos santuarios privados onde Atum-Re recib\u00eda invocaci\u00f3ns xunto a Am\u00f3n e Ptah.<\/p><p>Hai santuarios de Atum documentados no deserto libio (Bahariya, Kharga, Dakhla) durante a \u00e9poca tard\u00eda. No <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edificio dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> de Hibis, no oasis de Kharga, Atum ten un lugar destacado dentro dos programas iconogr\u00e1ficos teol\u00f3xicos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4a3fcf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f4a3fcf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf69d58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf69d58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relatos mitol\u00f3xicos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cfda27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8cfda27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> central de Atum \u00e9 o da s\u00faa autocreaci\u00f3n. Os Textos das Pir\u00e1mides (f\u00f3rmulas 527 e 600) narran a historia en d\u00faas variantes. Na primeira, Atum, en solitario sobre o outeiro primixenio, emite o seu semen na s\u00faa propia man, personificada como a deusa Hethemut ou Iusaas; desa mancha de semente xorden Shu e Tefnut.<\/p><p>Na segunda variante, Atum escupe os dous deuses, e o xogo de palabras exipcio entre \u00abescupir\u00bb (techech) e Tefnut, e entre \u00abesbirrar\u00bb (ischesch) e Shu faise audible; as\u00ed os deuses xorden por onomatopea a partir dos verbos. Ambas as variantes expresan a idea exipcia de que a creaci\u00f3n \u00e9 un acto corporal e non un proceso abstracto ou espiritual.<\/p>\n<p>Outro relato describe a busca de Atum polos seus fillos perdidos, Shu e Tefnut. Nun tempo m\u00edtico primixenio, ambos os deuses desapareceron nas augas primordiais de Nun; Atum enviou o seu ollo (o Ollo-Ollo ou o Ollo Uadyet) para buscalos. Mentres o ollo estaba f\u00f3ra, Atum creou para si un ollo novo.<\/p><p>Cando o ollo vello volveu cos fillos atopados, descubriu que o ollo novo ocupaba o seu lugar e encolerizouse. Atum aplacou o ollo coloc\u00e1ndoo na s\u00faa fronte en forma de serpe uraeus; das b\u00e1goas do ollo xurdiron os primeiros seres humanos.<\/p><p>Este relato m\u00edtico, transmitido en varios textos tard\u00edos, establece a relaci\u00f3n entre o ollo divino e a serpe uraeus, e explica ao mesmo tempo a orixe da humanidade.<\/p>\n<p>No Libro dos Mortos (f\u00f3rmula 175) at\u00f3pase unha visi\u00f3n escatol\u00f3xica: Atum anuncia que, tras longas eras, o mundo creado retornar\u00e1 \u00e1s augas primordiais de Nun; s\u00f3 el mesmo e Osiris quedar\u00e1n, en forma de serpes.<\/p><p>Esta idea dun retorno c\u00edclico e escatol\u00f3xico do mundo ao caos \u00e9 relevante na historia das relixi\u00f3ns e presenta unha semellanza estrutural co concepto hind\u00fa de pralaya e con posteriores ideas apocal\u00edpticas.<\/p>\n<p>No ciclo solar diario, Atum asume o papel do sol vespertino. Coa s\u00faa entrada no mundo subterr\u00e1neo comeza a viaxe nocturna da barca solar, que atravesa o reino dos mortos en doce tramos horarios.<\/p><p>Esta viaxe descr\u00edbese detalladamente nos \u00abLibros das Portas\u00bb e no \u00abAmduat\u00bb (o \u00abLibro do que hai no M\u00e1is Al\u00e1\u00bb). Atum, representado como un anci\u00e1n apoiado nun bast\u00f3n e cos costas encorvadas, sobe \u00e1 barca e \u00e9 conducido pola noite at\u00e9 resucitar pola ma\u00f1\u00e1 como Khepri.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f432fbe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f432fbe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c63116 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c63116\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relaci\u00f3ns no pante\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c52982 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c52982\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum \u00e9 xeneal\u00f3xica e teol\u00f3xicamente o patriarca do pante\u00f3n heliopolitano. Con Shu e Tefnut mant\u00e9n unha relaci\u00f3n de pai a fillos; nunha variante aparecen como as s\u00faas mans, que acadan a s\u00faa propia existencia.<\/p><p>Con Re forma a dobre forma Atum-Re, na que se unen teol\u00f3xicamente o sol vespertino e o sol di\u00farno. Con Khepri e Re resulta a tripla figura do ciclo solar: Khepri (sol da ma\u00f1\u00e1), Re (sol do mediod\u00eda), Atum (sol da tardi\u00f1a).<\/p>\n<p>Con Am\u00f3n, en Tebas, Atum funde con Am\u00f3n-Atum, unha forma que adquiriu vixencia teol\u00f3xica na \u00e9poca ram\u00e9sida.<\/p><p>Con Ptah, en Menfis, existe na \u00abTeolox\u00eda Menfita\u00bb unha relaci\u00f3n filos\u00f3fica: Ptah pensa e pronuncia aquilo que Atum despois executa creativamente; esta interpretaci\u00f3n converte a Atum no aspecto executor dunha creaci\u00f3n concibida por Ptah. Con Khnum, en Esna, existe unha complementariedade similar; Khnum forma os seres vivos, Atum out\u00f3rgalles a existencia.<\/p>\n<p>Con Osiris, Atum mant\u00e9n unha relaci\u00f3n escatol\u00f3xica que se articula no Libro dos Mortos: ambos son presentados como os \u00fanicos deuses que quedan ao final do mundo, en forma de serpe. Esta constelaci\u00f3n converte a Atum no deus do comezo e do fin c\u00f3smicos, e a Osiris no deus do dominio do inframundo.<\/p><p>Co rei (o Fara\u00f3n) existe unha relaci\u00f3n particular: na s\u00faa coroaci\u00f3n, o Fara\u00f3n identif\u00edcase con Atum; na s\u00faa morte, \u00e9 incorporado ao ciclo solar como Atum-Re. Esta identificaci\u00f3n ritual \u00e9 o n\u00facleo da teolox\u00eda real exipcia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa28b21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aa28b21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a347e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5a347e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a562a54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a562a54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente do 800 a. C. ao 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antig\u00fcidade<\/span> grecorromana, Atum foi habitualmente identificado con Helios ou Apolo, e \u00e1s veces con Saturno, porque Atum \u00e9 \u00abo Anci\u00e1n\u00bb. Plutarco (\u00abDe Iside et Osiride\u00bb 12 e 73) trata a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> heliopolitana e identifica a Atum co grego \u00abGeron\u00bb, o Anci\u00e1n.<\/p><p>A herm\u00e9tica helen\u00edstica empregou conceptos de Atum nas s\u00faas especulaci\u00f3ns sobre o \u00abautogenes theos\u00bb, o \u00abdeus autoxerado\u00bb. Esta lectura marca o \u00abCorpus Hermeticum\u00bb e, a trav\u00e9s del, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> cristi\u00e1-gn\u00f3stica da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca de transici\u00f3n entre a Antig\u00fcidade e a Idade Media, aproximadamente do s\u00e9culo III ao VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antig\u00fcidade Tard\u00eda<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Co final do culto pag\u00e1n no templo nos s\u00e9culos quinto e sexto da era cristi\u00e1, desapareceu o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de actos rituais de veneraci\u00f3n dedicados a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> pr\u00e1ctico a Atum. A tradici\u00f3n copta conservou, por\u00e9n, alg\u00fans conceptos teol\u00f3xicos, como a idea do deus autoxerado, visible na cristolox\u00eda copto-cristi\u00e1.<\/p><p>Na Idade Media, viaxeiros \u00e1rabes relataron os restos abandonados dos templos de Heli\u00f3polis; a maior\u00eda dos obeliscos foron transportados co paso do tempo a Roma (hoxe no Laterano e na Piazza del Popolo) ou a Constantinopla.<\/p>\n<p>O redescubrimento moderno do culto a Atum comeza cos cient\u00edficos napole\u00f3nicos e coa desencriptaci\u00f3n dos xerogl\u00edficos por Champollion. No s\u00e9culo XIX, Lepsius documentou os programas iconogr\u00e1ficos de Atum; no s\u00e9culo XX, James Henry Breasted, Henri Frankfort e Erik Hornung expuxeron de forma sistem\u00e1tica a profundidade teol\u00f3xica da cosmogon\u00eda heliopolitana.<\/p><p>Na investigaci\u00f3n m\u00e1is recente de Jan Assmann (\u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teolox\u00eda<\/span> e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A actitude e pr\u00e1ctica relixiosa vivida por unha persoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">piedade<\/span>\u00bb, 1984) e James P. Allen (\u00abGenesis in Egypt\u00bb, 1988), Atum foi tratado como figura central da \u00abteolox\u00eda pre-natal\u00bb exipcia. Na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Termo colectivo para doutrinas que reclaman un co\u00f1ecemento oculto, accesible s\u00f3 a iniciados.\" tabindex=\"0\">esoterismo<\/span> moderno e na literatura New Age, Atum aparece como arquetipo da \u00abconsciencia autoxerada\u00bb, unha lectura que se apoia na tradici\u00f3n herm\u00e9tico-gn\u00f3stica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ac60ea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ac60ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee7888d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ee7888d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interpretaci\u00f3n desde a ciencia da relixi\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7006bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7006bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum pertence \u00e1 categor\u00eda de deuses creadores que crean por autoxeraci\u00f3n. Esta idea \u00e9 notable desde o punto de vista da historia das relixi\u00f3ns: mentres a maior\u00eda das relixi\u00f3ns polite\u00edstas describen a creaci\u00f3n mediante o combate, a uni\u00f3n ou o traballo artesanal, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> heliopolitana exipcia co\u00f1ece un creador que xorde de si mesmo.<\/p><p>S\u00f3 hai poucas ideas comparables: o hind\u00fa Praj\u0101pati, o v\u00e9dico Hira\u1e47yagarbha (o \u00abovo dourado\u00bb) e, de forma limitada, o gn\u00f3stico Autogenes.<\/p>\n<p>A reflexi\u00f3n teol\u00f3xica sobre Atum alcanzou os seus puntos m\u00e1is altos especialmente no per\u00edodo tard\u00edo. Os himnos de Esna, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> de Menfis e os himnos dos templos de Edfu e Dendara tratan os aspectos paradoxais do creador: est\u00e1 nas augas primixenias e a s\u00faa vez \u00e9 distinto delas, est\u00e1 s\u00f3 e a s\u00faa vez \u00e9 pai dunha en\u00e9ada divina, \u00e9 anci\u00e1n e eterno \u00e1 vez.<\/p><p>Esta profundidade filos\u00f3fica converte o discurso exipcio da creaci\u00f3n en un dos m\u00e1is diferenciados da historia relixiosa antiga e sit\u00faa o pensamento exipcio \u00e1 altura da filosof\u00eda grega e india.<\/p>\n<p>Henri Frankfort viu en Atum o \u00abdeus supremo\u00bb da relixi\u00f3n exipcia, unha lectura que m\u00e1is tarde Hornung relativizou: Atum non \u00e9 o \u00fanico ou o m\u00e1is alto deus, sen\u00f3n unha manifestaci\u00f3n do principio divino que aparece con moitos nomes e formas. Jan Assmann analizou en \u00ab\u00c4gypten.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teolox\u00eda<\/span> e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A actitude e pr\u00e1ctica relixiosa vivida por unha persoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">piedade<\/span>\u00bb (1984) a \u00abNova teolox\u00eda solar\u00bb do Novo Reino, na cal Atum, Re e Khepri se unen en tres aspectos dun \u00fanico ser solar; esta lectura prepara a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A actitude e pr\u00e1ctica relixiosa vivida por unha persoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">piedade<\/span> monol\u00e1trica do per\u00edodo de Amarna baixo Akhenat\u00f3n e mant\u00e9n unha relaci\u00f3n estrutural co posterior <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A fe nun \u00fanico deus.\" tabindex=\"0\">monote\u00edsmo<\/span> b\u00edblico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c841e62 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c841e62\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-049c634 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"049c634\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8498c51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8498c51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Textos das Pir\u00e1mides, f\u00f3rmula 527 (autocreaci\u00f3n), f\u00f3rmula 600 (Shu e Tefnut), f\u00f3rmula 587. Textos dos Sarc\u00f3fagos e Libro dos Mortos, especialmente as f\u00f3rmulas 17, 78 e 175. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teolox\u00eda<\/span> Menfita (Pedra de Shabaka, British Museum EA 498), edici\u00f3n de James H. Breasted. Inscrici\u00f3ns do templo de Esna, edici\u00f3n de Sauneron. \u00abLibro das Portas\u00bb e \u00abAmduat\u00bb das tumbas reais no Val dos Reis, edici\u00f3n de Hornung.<\/p><p>Estrab\u00f3n, \u00abGeographika\u00bb XVII, 1, 27 a 30; Plutarco, \u00abDe Iside et Osiride\u00bb 12, 73. Henri Frankfort, \u00abKingship and the Gods\u00bb, Chicago 1948. Erik Hornung, \u00abDer Eine und die Vielen\u00bb, Darmstadt 1971. James P. Allen, \u00abGenesis in Egypt.<\/p><p>The Philosophy of Ancient Egyptian Creation Accounts\u00bb, New Haven 1988. Jan Assmann, \u00ab\u00c4gypten. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teolox\u00eda<\/span> e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A actitude e pr\u00e1ctica relixiosa vivida por unha persoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">piedade<\/span> dunha civilizaci\u00f3n primitiva\u00bb, Stuttgart 1984.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3203,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Atum","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Atum \u2013 Deus creador exipcio de Heli\u00f3polis | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Atum \u00e9 o deus creador exipcio de Heli\u00f3polis, pai da En\u00e9ada divina e devanceiro orixinario do 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