{"id":194985,"date":"2026-09-07T09:38:18","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:38:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=194985"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"tupilak-espirito-vinganza-inuit-groenlandia","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/tupilak-espirito-vinganza-inuit-groenlandia\/","title":{"rendered":"Tupilak &#8211; Esp\u00edrito de vinganza artificial dos inuit de Groenlandia"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"194985\" class=\"elementor elementor-194985 elementor-2657 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tupilak - Esp\u00edrito de vinganza fabricado artificialmente da tradici\u00f3n groenlandesa<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Tupilak \u00e9, na tradici\u00f3n inuit de Groenlandia, un ser fabricado artificialmente e empregado dun xeito intencionado, feito con restos de animais e humanos, co que un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista relixioso ao que se lle atrib\u00fae a mediaci\u00f3n entre os humanos e o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">cham\u00e1n<\/span> pretend\u00eda prexudicar ou matar a un inimigo. Hoxe o termo \u00e9 co\u00f1ecido internacionalmente sobre todo como figura tallada en \u00f3so ou pedra. Dende a ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns pertence \u00e1 rara clase dos esp\u00edritos de agresi\u00f3n fabricados.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esp\u00edrito da tradici\u00f3n inuit.\">Esp\u00edrito<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/inuit-artico-sedna-tornit-proteccion\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitolox\u00eda da tradici\u00f3n inuit.\">Inuit<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esp\u00edrito de dano artificial.\">Esp\u00edrito de dano artificial<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196759\" alt=\"Tupilak - Esp\u00edritos da tradici\u00f3n inuit, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Achega e perfil breve<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Tupilak pertence, na clasificaci\u00f3n da ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns, ao raro grupo dos seres espirituais fabricados.<\/p><p>A diferenza de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/sedna-senhora-do-mar-inuit\/\">Sedna<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/sila-alento-do-mundo-senor-do-tempo-inuit\/\">Sila<\/a> ou <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/tornarssuk-espirito-protector-xamans-inuitas\/\">Tornarssuk<\/a>, considerados poderes c\u00f3smicos ou axudantes dados, o Tupilak \u00e9 un constructo fabricado conscientemente que serve un prop\u00f3sito concreto: prexudicar a un inimigo. Esta dimensi\u00f3n construtiva dist\u00ednguelo fundamentalmente de todos os demais lemas do pante\u00f3n inuit.<\/p><p>As fontes sobre o Tupilak conc\u00e9ntranse en Groenlandia, especialmente na costa leste e na ba\u00eda de Disko, e abranguen dende o s\u00e9culo XVIII con Hans Egede, pasando por Henrik Rink no XIX, at\u00e9 William Thalbitzer e Robert Petersen no s\u00e9culo XX.<\/p><p>Tam\u00e9n no \u00c1rtico canadense central est\u00e1n documentados termos relacionados como <em>tupilaq<\/em> ou <em>tuurngaq qungasiq<\/em>, a\u00ednda que al\u00ed con significados parcialmente distintos. Esta especificidade rexional \u00e9 cientificamente reveladora.<\/p><p>Hoxe o Tupilak existe en d\u00faas capas paralelas: como concepto hist\u00f3rico dun ser de dano realmente fabricado e maxicamente animado, e como denominaci\u00f3n das figuras talladas en marfil de morsa, corno de rendo e \u00f3so, desenvolvidas dende a d\u00e9cada de 1880 como forma de artesan\u00eda groenlandesa. Esta dobre capa fai que calquera discusi\u00f3n sobre o Tupilak sexa metodoloxicamente esixente e requira unha coidadosa diferenciaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>No caso do Tupilak, a investigaci\u00f3n m\u00e1is recente ampliou as s\u00faas ferramentas metodol\u00f3xicas e combina precisi\u00f3n etnogr\u00e1fica, cr\u00edtica ling\u00fc\u00edstica das fontes e unha perspectiva comparativa. Este refinamento \u00e9 aqu\u00ed especialmente necesario, porque as representaci\u00f3ns occidentais m\u00e1is antigas adoitaban sensacionalizar este ser de dano fabricado artificialmente; a comunidade de co\u00f1ecemento inuit, hoxe implicada directamente na investigaci\u00f3n, corrixe estas atribuci\u00f3ns, en parte de orixe colonial.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etimolox\u00eda e historia da palabra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etimoloxicamente, <em>tupilak<\/em> ou <em>tupilaq<\/em> der\u00edvase da ra\u00edz <em>tupi-<\/em>, que en varias linguas inuit significa antepasado ou alma dun defunto. Tupilak significar\u00eda ent\u00f3n literalmente algo as\u00ed como figura ancestral ou criatura espiritual. Robert Petersen, nos seus estudos de historia ling\u00fc\u00edstica, sinalou o parentesco con termos referidos ao <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser incorp\u00f3reo ao que se lle atrib\u00fae acci\u00f3n no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> dun defunto, establecendo as\u00ed unha ponte ling\u00fc\u00edstica co mundo dos mortos dos inuit.<\/p><p>Na lingua groenlandesa existe tam\u00e9n o plural <em>tupilait<\/em>, que designa o conxunto destes seres. No uso ling\u00fc\u00edstico moderno o significado ampliouse e a mi\u00fado trad\u00facese como figura terror\u00edfica ou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser incorp\u00f3reo ao que se lle atrib\u00fae acci\u00f3n no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> maligno, o que reduce o significado orixinal e fai perder a dimensi\u00f3n espec\u00edfica de construci\u00f3n. Cientificamente, esta simplificaci\u00f3n debe tratarse con esp\u00edrito cr\u00edtico.<\/p><p>Chama a atenci\u00f3n que o Tupilak non te\u00f1a, etimoloxicamente, unha connotaci\u00f3n negativa. A valoraci\u00f3n negativa xorde da funci\u00f3n, non da propia palabra.<\/p><p>Un Tupilak non \u00e9 malo por natureza, sen\u00f3n que se emprega para a agresi\u00f3n. Esta neutralidade \u00e9tica da palabra en si mesma resulta cientificamente interesante, pois mostra que a valoraci\u00f3n moral xorde s\u00f3 a trav\u00e9s do uso intencional.<\/p><p>Complementariamente, resulta valiosa a mirada da sociolox\u00eda da relixi\u00f3n sobre o papel que o Tupilak desempe\u00f1aba na orde social da comunidade inuit tradicional.<\/p><p>Dado que un ser deste tipo se dirix\u00eda intencionadamente contra un inimigo, nel p\u00f3dese observar con especial claridade que a estrutura relixiosa non estaba separada da pr\u00e1ctica social, sen\u00f3n estreitamente entrelazada con ela. Esta interconexi\u00f3n constit\u00fae un campo propio de investigaci\u00f3n na antropolox\u00eda relixiosa, traballado sistematicamente sobre todo por Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Laugrand e Jarich Oosten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fabricaci\u00f3n na pr\u00e1ctica tradicional<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As fontes etnogr\u00e1ficas, especialmente en Henrik Rink e William Thalbitzer, describen detalladamente a fabricaci\u00f3n dun Tupilak. Un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista relixioso ao que se atrib\u00fae a mediaci\u00f3n entre os humanos e o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">cham\u00e1n<\/span> que quer\u00eda prexudicar a un inimigo recoll\u00eda en segredo diversos elementos: \u00f3sos de distintos animais, cabelos, tend\u00f3ns, en ocasi\u00f3ns fragmentos de cad\u00e1veres ou pezas da roupa do propio inimigo.<\/p><p>Estes elementos ensambl\u00e1banse nunha figura nun lugar apartado, moitas veces nunha fenda de rocha ou nunha cova.<\/p><p>Sobre esa figura realiz\u00e1banse cantos e conxuros. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista relixioso ao que se atrib\u00fae a mediaci\u00f3n entre os humanos e o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">cham\u00e1n<\/span> amamantaba ao ser desde a s\u00faa axila ou o seu colo, transmit\u00edndolle forza vital. Despois solt\u00e1base a figura na auga ou na neve para que buscase e matase ao inimigo.<\/p><p>Se o inimigo era el mesmo un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista relixioso ao que se atrib\u00fae a mediaci\u00f3n entre os humanos e o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">cham\u00e1n<\/span> poderoso, pod\u00eda repeler o Tupilak ou incluso facelo voltar contra o seu creador, o que dotaba a esta pr\u00e1ctica dun risco considerable.<\/p><p>Desde o punto de vista cient\u00edfico, esta pr\u00e1ctica resulta interesante porque se basea nunha teor\u00eda da animaci\u00f3n de restos org\u00e1nicos e inorg\u00e1nicos, entrelazada coa doutrina cham\u00e1nica dos esp\u00edritos auxiliares. O Tupilak \u00e9 unha forma de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1cticas que pretenden intervir no curso dos acontecementos mediante acci\u00f3ns ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">maxia<\/span> construtiva, permitida e ao mesmo tempo eticamente cargada dentro do cosmos inuit. Desde a fenomenolox\u00eda relixiosa, tr\u00e1tase dunha forma mixta entre maxia construtiva e animaci\u00f3n por <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ser incorp\u00f3reo ao que se lle atrib\u00fae capacidade de actuar no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span>.<\/p><p>A propia fabricaci\u00f3n era un acto perigoso. Quen fose descuberto arrisc\u00e1base ao ostracismo social, \u00e1 vinganza da familia do inimigo ou \u00e1 morte por man do seu propio Tupilak. Esta estrutura de risco estabilizaba a orde social e converteu o uso de Tupilaks nunha excepci\u00f3n m\u00e1is que nunha regra, a\u00ednda que os relatos poidan dar a impresi\u00f3n dunha pr\u00e1ctica m\u00e1is frecuente.<\/p><p>En comparaci\u00f3n con outras pr\u00e1cticas cham\u00e1nicas inuit, a fabricaci\u00f3n de Tupilaks est\u00e1 descrita de xeito extraordinariamente detallado, xa que se consideraba unha anomal\u00eda perigosa, o que espertaba un interese particular dos etn\u00f3grafos polos seus informantes. Esta distorsi\u00f3n nas fontes debe reflexionarse cientificamente, xa que pode facer que a pr\u00e1ctica do Tupilak pareza m\u00e1is extendida do que realmente foi.<\/p><p>Na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ciencia que investiga as relixi\u00f3ns de forma comparativa e sen v\u00ednculo de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns<\/span> comparada, o Tupilak l\u00e9ase como parte dunha topograf\u00eda relixiosa circumpolar que se repite, con notable estabilidade estrutural, ao longo de miles de quil\u00f3metros. Esa estabilidade estrutural constit\u00fae, desde a fenomenolox\u00eda relixiosa, un dos achados m\u00e1is destacados da disciplina, e segue a ser obxecto de debate.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e1cticas apotropaicas contrarias<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Contra o Tupilak exist\u00eda un repertorio establecido de pr\u00e1cticas apotropaicas. Quen sospeitaba que un Tupilak vi\u00f1a contra el acud\u00eda a un cham\u00e1n que, coa axuda dos seus tornait, os seus esp\u00edritos auxiliares, pod\u00eda interceptar, identificar e reenviar o Tupilak.<\/p><p>Se o Tupilak regresaba contra o seu creador, tra\u00edalle a morte que lle estaba destinada. Esta reciprocidade constit\u00fae, desde a fenomenolox\u00eda relixiosa, un patr\u00f3n propio.<\/p><p>Outras pr\u00e1cticas de protecci\u00f3n consist\u00edan en levar amuletos apotropaicos, en pechar as entradas dos igl\u00fas mediante certos ritos e en respectar as regras xerais de tab\u00fa, cuxo cumprimento deb\u00eda debilitar o Tupilak. A eficacia destes medios era un tema central de crenza e experiencia, amplamente tratado na literatura narrativa groenlandesa, e ocupa unha parte considerable do corpus oral.<\/p><p>Desde o punto de vista cient\u00edfico, resulta destacable que a pr\u00e1ctica do Tupilak xerase \u00e1 vez discursos de ameaza e de protecci\u00f3n. A posibilidade dun uso agresivo incrementaba a importancia social dos cham\u00e1ns como instancia protectora e, ao mesmo tempo, estabilizaba a orde social, xa que se tend\u00eda a evitar conflitos manifestos. Esta funci\u00f3n sociopol\u00edtica da ameaza do Tupilak constit\u00fae, desde a sociolox\u00eda da relixi\u00f3n, un obxecto de investigaci\u00f3n propio.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relatos mitol\u00f3xicos e lendarios sobre o Tupilak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A literatura narrativa do leste de Grenlandia co\u00f1ece numerosas historias de tupilak nas que un tupilak se volve contra o seu creador porque o inimigo escollido resultou ser demasiado forte. Un relato co\u00f1ecido fala dun xam\u00e1n que dirixiu un tupilak contra un rival, mais este reco\u00f1eceu o seu poder, repeliuno e devolveuno ao remitente. O creador morreu daquela no seu propio igl\u00fa.<\/p><p>Outros relatos falan de tupilaks que por erro atacan a inocentes, ou de tupilaks que xa non quedan baixo o control do seu creador e vagan pola tundra como esp\u00edritos malignos errantes.<\/p><p>Estes relatos non son s\u00f3 entretemento, sen\u00f3n que funcionan como advertencias \u00e9ticas: quen fabrica tupilaks arrisca a s\u00faa propia vida. A dimensi\u00f3n did\u00e1ctica destes relatos constit\u00fae un t\u00f3pico propio na pedagox\u00eda relixiosa.<\/p><p>Os relatos de tupilak est\u00e1n amplamente documentados nas grandes colecci\u00f3ns groenlandesas, por exemplo nas de Henrik Rink e Mathias Storch. Constit\u00faen un x\u00e9nero propio dentro do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A cultura popular transmitida con costumes, narraci\u00f3ns e canci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">folclore<\/span> inuit e representan un importante corpus documental para a reconstruci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica da pr\u00e1ctica xam\u00e1nica tradicional e do seu discurso \u00e9tico.<\/p><p>Un subgrupo espec\u00edfico destes relatos trata de tupilaks descritos como h\u00edbridos animais, que act\u00faan no l\u00edmite entre o animal e o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser incorp\u00f3reo ao que se lle atrib\u00fae acci\u00f3n no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span>.<\/p><p>Este car\u00e1cter h\u00edbrido dos tupilaks constit\u00fae un fen\u00f3meno propio desde a fenomenolox\u00eda relixiosa e conecta a idea do tupilak coa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> xeral da transformaci\u00f3n entre os inuit, na cal os l\u00edmites entre humano, animal e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser incorp\u00f3reo ao que se lle atrib\u00fae acci\u00f3n no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> son permeables. Aqu\u00ed reside unha cuesti\u00f3n de investigaci\u00f3n propia sobre a construci\u00f3n de seres h\u00edbridos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Do esp\u00edrito nocivo \u00e1 figura esculpida<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Unha transformaci\u00f3n significativa do concepto de tupilak comezou na d\u00e9cada de 1880 na Groenlandia oriental. Visitantes europeos preguntaban aos cham\u00e1ns polo aspecto dos tupilaks. Como os tupilaks aut\u00e9nticos eran invisibles ou amorfos e se desfac\u00edan de inmediato tras cumprir a s\u00faa tarefa, os cham\u00e1ns esculpiron modelos en dente de morsa, corno de carib\u00fa e, m\u00e1is tarde, pedra. Estes modelos eran obxectos demostrativos, non tupilaks con eficacia m\u00e1xica real.<\/p><p>A partir destes modelos xurdiu unha tradici\u00f3n artesanal propia. As esculturas de tupilak groenlandesas actuais mostran seres distorsionados e h\u00edbridos con trazos humanos, animais e fant\u00e1sticos. Son un factor econ\u00f3mico importante para a Groenlandia e est\u00e1n presentes en todo o comercio tur\u00edstico. A diversidade est\u00e9tica \u00e9 grande e reflicte a creatividade individual de cada escultor.<\/p><p>Desde o punto de vista cient\u00edfico, esta transformaci\u00f3n \u00e9 un exemplo de libro de texto da profanizaci\u00f3n dunha categor\u00eda relixiosa. O tupilak como ser espiritual desapareceu en boa medida do imaxinario, mentres que o tupilak como figura esculpida \u00e9 mundialmente famoso. \u00c9 preciso distinguir claramente ambas as capas para comprender a relixi\u00f3n dos inuit. Esta diferenza tam\u00e9n se transmite explicitamente hoxe nas escolas e museos groenlandeses.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O tupilak en comparaci\u00f3n con outros seres nocivos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na comparaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica, o tupilak pertence \u00e1 categor\u00eda dos esp\u00edritos de agresi\u00f3n constru\u00eddos, documentados en moitas culturas. Estruturalmente relacionados est\u00e1n o golem hebreo, o <em>tuju<\/em> xavan\u00e9s, o complexo do <em>zonbi<\/em> haitiano e, en certo sentido, tam\u00e9n a t\u00e1boa de maldici\u00f3ns <em>katadesmos<\/em> da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre o 800 a. C. e o 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">antig\u00fcidade<\/span>. O que todos te\u00f1en en com\u00fan \u00e9 a construci\u00f3n material intencionada dun ser eficaz.<\/p><p>Dentro do espazo circumpolar existen paralelos na tradici\u00f3n chukchi e yupik, que tam\u00e9n co\u00f1ecen esp\u00edritos de agresi\u00f3n fabricados, a\u00ednda que con particularidades materiais e rituais distintas. Entre os <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/sami-e-tradicion-finno-ugrica-noaidi-e-tambor\/\">sami<\/a>, o tupilak corresponde estruturalmente aos seres espirituais esculpidos que desempe\u00f1aban un papel no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema relixioso no cal especialistas se comunican co mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">chamanismo<\/span> sami, sen que se poida asumir un parentesco hist\u00f3rico directo.<\/p><p>A pr\u00e1ctica do tupilak dist\u00ednguese das concepci\u00f3ns occidentais de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1cticas que pretenden intervir no curso das cousas mediante acci\u00f3ns ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">maxia<\/span> negra en que non \u00e9 condenada principalmente por motivos \u00e9ticos. \u00c9 arriscada, pero dentro do sistema de valores inuit constit\u00fae unha opci\u00f3n lex\u00edtima, a\u00ednda que perigosa, en caso de conflito. Esta posici\u00f3n \u00e9tica fai que a pr\u00e1ctica do tupilak resulte interesante desde a filosof\u00eda da relixi\u00f3n e a distingue claramente das concepci\u00f3ns de matriz cristi\u00e1n-moral sobre a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1cticas que pretenden intervir no curso das cousas mediante acci\u00f3ns ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">maxia<\/span> dani\u00f1a.<\/p><p>C\u00f3mpre sinalar tam\u00e9n o paralelo cos conxuros mesopot\u00e1micos contra Lamashtu, nos que igualmente se aprecia unha combinaci\u00f3n de construci\u00f3n de dano e pr\u00e1ctica apotropaica, sen que se deba asumir por iso unha conexi\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica.<\/p><p>Estas analox\u00edas estruturais constit\u00faen un campo de investigaci\u00f3n propio no debate cient\u00edfico sobre os patr\u00f3ns universais da maxia dani\u00f1a, e son unha proba da constancia estrutural destas pr\u00e1cticas a trav\u00e9s das culturas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Misi\u00f3n, prohibici\u00f3n e memoria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Coa misi\u00f3n que Hans Egede iniciou en 1721 en Groenlandia Occidental, e que continuaron as igrexas morava e dano-luterana, a pr\u00e1ctica do tupilak sufriu unha forte presi\u00f3n. Consider\u00e1base diab\u00f3lica, estaba prohibida pola igrexa e era socialmente rexeitada. En Groenlandia Oriental, onde a misi\u00f3n intensiva non chegou at\u00e9 finais do s\u00e9culo XIX, a pr\u00e1ctica mant\u00edvose durante m\u00e1is tempo.<\/p><p>Desde o punto de vista cient\u00edfico \u00e9 dif\u00edcil datar con exactitude a desaparici\u00f3n da fabricaci\u00f3n aut\u00e9ntica de tupilaks. William Thalbitzer relata en 1923 a\u00ednda a existencia de persoas que na s\u00faa xuventude fabricaran tupilaks, ou que polo menos afirmaban t\u0435\u043b\u043e feito. Na segunda metade do s\u00e9culo XX o tupilak s\u00f3 sobrevive na arte da escultura e na literatura narrativa.<\/p><p>Nos libros de texto e nos museos de Groenlandia, a tradici\u00f3n do tupilak transm\u00edtese hoxe con coidado did\u00e1ctico. A diferenza entre a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1cticas que pretenden intervir no curso das cousas mediante acci\u00f3ns ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">maxia<\/span> hist\u00f3rica e a arte contempor\u00e1nea m\u00e1rcase expresamente para evitar malentendidos. Esta pr\u00e1ctica pedag\u00f3xica constit\u00fae un campo de investigaci\u00f3n propio dentro da did\u00e1ctica das relixi\u00f3ns e \u00e9 un exemplo da transmisi\u00f3n dunha historia relixiosa transformada polo colonialismo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Investigaci\u00f3n e recepci\u00f3n actuais<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A investigaci\u00f3n actual sobre o tupilak real\u00edzase sobre todo na propia Groenlandia, por exemplo no Greenland National Museum and Archives en Nuuk e nos institutos etnol\u00f3xicos das universidades danesas. Robert Petersen, Birgitte Sonne e Jens Rosing presentaron estudos fundamentais sobre a pr\u00e1ctica do tupilak e a s\u00faa historia visual, reco\u00f1ecidos no discurso cient\u00edfico internacional.<\/p><p>A recepci\u00f3n internacional est\u00e1 dividida. Mentres a literatura cient\u00edfica especializada trata o tupilak como categor\u00eda hist\u00f3rico-ritual, na cultura popular predomina o seu uso como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> esot\u00e9rico ou decorativo. Esta discrepancia \u00e9 obxecto de reflexi\u00f3n cient\u00edfica propia sobre a apropiaci\u00f3n colonial das relixi\u00f3ns ind\u00edxenas e a problem\u00e1tica \u00e9tica de tales apropiaci\u00f3ns.<\/p><p>Dentro da di\u00e1spora inuit, o tupilak segue sendo un s\u00edmbolo de identidade, sen que se revitalice como pr\u00e1ctica m\u00e1xica. Esta dobre actitude, conservar o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signo que representa unha idea ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> pero abandonar conscientemente a pr\u00e1ctica, resulta esclarecedora desde o punto de vista cient\u00edfico e mostra a apropiaci\u00f3n selectiva de conceptos tradicionais na construci\u00f3n moderna da identidade ind\u00edxena.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Referencias no l\u00e9xico<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Est\u00e1n relacionados os lemas <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/tornarssuk-espirito-protector-xamans-inuitas\/\">Tornarssuk<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/sedna-senhora-do-mar-inuit\/\">Sedna<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/sila-alento-do-mundo-senor-do-tempo-inuit\/\">Sila<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/anguta-pai-de-sedna-gardian-do-inframundo\/\">Anguta<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/nanook-senor-oso-polar-inuit\/\">Nanook<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/pinga-senora-animais-terrestres-parturientes\/\">Pinga<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/igaluk-deus-lua-tradicion-inuit\/\">Igaluk<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/malina-deusa-do-sol-inuit\/\">Malina<\/a> e <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/qailertetang-companeira-tempo-gardia-animais\/\">Qailertetang<\/a>. O eixo cultural <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/inuit-artico-sedna-tornit-proteccion\/\">Tradici\u00f3n inuit<\/a> enmarca a historia relixiosa. Esp\u00edritos constru\u00eddos con estrutura semellante at\u00f3panse na serie de lemas <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/sami-e-tradicion-finno-ugrica-noaidi-e-tambor\/\">samis<\/a> e en numerosas outras tradici\u00f3ns de todo o mundo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp214d8673 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp214d8673\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27e4a4b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27e4a4b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A fabricaci\u00f3n do tupilak segundo a tradici\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24166b60 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24166b60\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b59f5ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2b59f5ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e relatos ao longo de xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span> inuit de Groenlandia, o tupilak non \u00e9 un ser nacido, sen\u00f3n fabricado.<\/p><p>Segundo as descrici\u00f3ns procedentes, entre outras fontes, das anotaci\u00f3ns da Quinta Expedici\u00f3n de Thule dirixida por Knud Rasmussen e de relatos de viaxes m\u00e1is antigos, unha persoa que quer\u00eda facer dano a outra fabricaba a criatura en segredo a partir de diversos materiais. Empreg\u00e1banse \u00f3sos, partes de animais, fragmentos de peles, tend\u00f3ns e, ocasionalmente, algo do corpo dun neno ou dun defunto.<\/p><p>Estes compo\u00f1entes mont\u00e1banse formando unha pequena figura, moitas veces sen forma definida. Mediante cantos, invocaci\u00f3ns e, segundo alg\u00fans relatos, o contacto co propio corpo do fabricante, insufl\u00e1base vida \u00e1 figura. O tupilak era as\u00ed unha ferramenta de maxia dani\u00f1a: envi\u00e1base ao mar para buscar unha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrenda a unha divindade para expresar gratitude, petici\u00f3n ou veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u00edtima<\/span> determinada e matala.<\/p><p>Non obstante, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e relatos ao longo de xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span> subli\u00f1a que o tupilak era perigoso tam\u00e9n para o seu propio creador. Se a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrenda a unha divindade para expresar gratitude, petici\u00f3n ou veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u00edtima<\/span> escollida posu\u00eda poderes sobrenaturais m\u00e1is fortes ou era ela mesma un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista relixioso ao que se lle atrib\u00fae a mediaci\u00f3n entre os humanos e o mundo espiritual.\" tabindex=\"0\">cham\u00e1n<\/span>, pod\u00eda repeler o tupilak e devolvelo. O tupilak que retornaba mataba ent\u00f3n a quen o fabricara.<\/p><p>Por iso a fabricaci\u00f3n consideraba unha acci\u00f3n de alto risco e socialmente condenada. As fontes destas crenzas son sempre anotaci\u00f3ns externas, recollidas por membros de expedici\u00f3ns, pastores e viaxeiros, e ref\u00edrense sobre todo a Groenlandia Oriental e Occidental. A partir delas non se pode deducir unha pr\u00e1ctica unitaria para todo o mundo inuit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp209c5ae5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp209c5ae5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a926e7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a926e7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As figuras de tupilak esculpidas e o mercado de arte colonial<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e82f2d5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e82f2d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29b0254c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp29b0254c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os obxectos tupilak m\u00e1is co\u00f1ecidos hoxe en d\u00eda son pequenas figuras talladas en dente, \u00f3so, corno ou madeira, que representan seres h\u00edbridos e grotescos. Con todo, estas figuras non son id\u00e9nticas \u00e1s criaturas de maleficio descritas na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e relatos ao longo das xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n oral<\/span>. Os tupilak orixinais eran obxectos ocultos, fabricados en segredo, que ningu\u00e9n deb\u00eda ver e que non se conservaban despois de usalos.<\/p><p>As figuras talladas xurdiron s\u00f3 co contacto cos europeos. Viaxeiros, misioneiros e m\u00e1is tarde turistas quer\u00edan saber que aspecto ti\u00f1a un tupilak, e os groenlandeses crearon ent\u00f3n representaci\u00f3ns visibles daquilo que, at\u00e9 ese momento, existira s\u00f3 como idea.<\/p><p>A partir deste encontro desenvolveuse, desde finais do s\u00e9culo XIX e sobre todo no s\u00e9culo XX, unha arte de talla propia, especialmente en Groenlandia Oriental, na zona de Ammassalik. As figuras tupilak converteuse nun elemento fixo da artesan\u00eda groenlandesa e s\u00e9guense fabricando na actualidade.<\/p><p>Para a investigaci\u00f3n, esta evoluci\u00f3n constit\u00fae un caso instrutivo de historia dos obxectos marcada polo colonialismo. O que se atopa en museos e colecci\u00f3ns baixo o nome de tupilak \u00e9, na maior\u00eda dos casos, un produto da \u00e9poca de contacto, non un testemu\u00f1o da pr\u00e1ctica ritual precolonial. Etn\u00f3logos como William Thalbitzer, que estudou Groenlandia Oriental a comezos do s\u00e9culo XX, sinalaron xa daquela a diferenza entre o concepto transmitido e a figura visible.<\/p><p>A\u00ednda as\u00ed, os tupilak tallados non son meras falsificaci\u00f3ns, sen\u00f3n unha tradici\u00f3n art\u00edstica propia que transformou o antigo concepto nunha nova forma material. Por iso, en calquera afirmaci\u00f3n sobre obxectos tupilak conv\u00e9n distinguir se se fala da idea tradicional ou da arte de talla.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda (selecci\u00f3n)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Henrik Rink: <em>Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo<\/em> (Edinburgh 1875)<\/li><li>William Thalbitzer: <em>The Ammassalik Eskimo<\/em> (Copenhague 1914-1923)<\/li><li>Robert Petersen: <em>Carved Greenlandic Figures<\/em> (Nuuk 1991)<\/li><li>Birgitte Sonne: <em>Heaven Negotiated. Hell Imagined<\/em> (Copenhague 2017)<\/li><li>Jens Rosing: <em>Sagn og saga fra Angmagssalik<\/em> (Copenhague 1963)<\/li><li>Hans Egede: <em>Det gamle Gr\u00f8nlands nye Perlustration<\/em> (Copenhague 1741)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O tupilak consid\u00e9rase, na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e relatos ao longo das xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n oral<\/span> groenlandesa, un <strong>esp\u00edrito vengador<\/strong> creado artificialmente, que un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista relixioso ao que se lle atrib\u00fae a mediaci\u00f3n entre os humanos e o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">xam\u00e1n<\/span> ou angakkoq modelaba con \u00f3sos, restos de animais e pel para atinxir un adversario determinado.<\/p><p>Como esp\u00edrito vengador creado de forma dirixida, o tupilak difire dos seres espirituais que vagan libremente na tradici\u00f3n inuit, xa que se orienta cara a unha persoa concreta e, segundo as fontes, pode volverse contra o seu propio creador se o obxectivo atacado resulta estar mellor protexido do esperado.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termos clave relacionados: Tupilak Tupilaq Tupilait esp\u00edrito de maleficio figura tallada Groenlandia Oriental dente de balea Thalbitzer.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tupilak\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard e tradici\u00f3ns de protecci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard con\u00e9ctase coa tradici\u00f3n cultural e hist\u00f3rica dos obxectos protectores port\u00e1tiles, seguindo a tradici\u00f3n dos <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/inuit-artico-sedna-tornit-proteccion\/\">inuit<\/a> e de moitas outras culturas de todo o mundo. 41 capas, ouro aut\u00e9ntico, platino, prata, fabricado en Alema\u00f1a. Dereito de devoluci\u00f3n de 30 d\u00edas.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e1is sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e1is sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">As experiencias persoais poden variar. 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Os contidos relixiosos e cient\u00edficos son unha clasificaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-cultural, non unha recomendaci\u00f3n de pr\u00e1ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2881,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tupilak esp\u00edrito de vinganza inuit","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tupilak - Esp\u00edrito de vinganza e figura tallada dos inuit","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tupilak \u00e9 o esp\u00edrito de vinganza fabricado artificialmente polos inuit de Groenlandia, m\u00e1is tarde figura tallada. 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