{"id":194962,"date":"2026-09-07T09:38:17","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:38:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=194962"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"tengri-deus-do-ceo","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/tengri-deus-do-ceo\/","title":{"rendered":"Tengri \u2013 Deus do Ceo dos Tengristas"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"194962\" class=\"elementor elementor-194962 elementor-2634 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tengri, deus do ceo dos turcos, mongois e pobos siberianos da estepa<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri \u00e9 a divindade suprema do tengrismo esteparia eurasi\u00e1tico. Como ceo azul eterno (en mongol <em>M\u00f6ngke K\u00f6ke Tengri<\/em>), encarna ao mesmo tempo a orde, a lei e o poder, e constit\u00fae o marco no que xam\u00e1ns, khans e anci\u00e1ns tribais se lexitiman pol\u00edtica e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente a un desenvolvemento relixioso fixado ritualmente.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualmente<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Creador da tradici\u00f3n Siberia \/ Tengrismo.\">Creador<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/chamanismo-siberiano-tengrismo-estepa-taiga\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitolox\u00eda da tradici\u00f3n Siberia \/ Tengrismo.\">Siberia \/ Tengrismo<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divindade suprema.\">Divindade suprema<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tengri-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tengri-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tengri-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196783\" alt=\"Tengri - Deuses da tradici\u00f3n sib\u00edrico-tenguista, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Achega e perfil breve<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri \u00e9 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> de maior rango dun amplo complexo relixioso que se estende desde a Mongolia interior, a trav\u00e9s das estepas de Asia Central, at\u00e9 o sur de Siberia, e que a investigaci\u00f3n denomina <strong>tengrismo<\/strong>.<\/p><p>O termo relixiol\u00f3xico \u00e9 unha construci\u00f3n relativamente recente do s\u00e9culo XIX e XX, pero o fen\u00f3meno subxacente, a veneraci\u00f3n dun ceo impersoal e inmenso como poder supremo, p\u00f3dese documentar de forma continua entre os turcos (K\u00f6kt\u00fcrken), os Hsiung-nu, os mongois de Xenxis Khan e numerosos pobos siberianos como os iacutos, os buriatos e os altaicos.<\/p><p>Tengri non \u00e9 nin un deus antropomorfo nin un caprichoso se\u00f1or do tempo; m\u00e1is ben coincide co ceo visible e co invisible \u00e1 vez.<\/p><p>Nas fontes etnogr\u00e1ficas m\u00e1is recentes aparece como unha das varias capas dun pante\u00f3n de m\u00faltiples niveis, no que tam\u00e9n figuran <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/ulgen-deus-luz-altaicos\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a> como habitante do ceo superior e <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/erlik-khan-senor-inframundo-altaicos\/\">Erlik Khan<\/a> como se\u00f1or do inframundo. Todo este complexo forma parte do que a investigaci\u00f3n re\u00fane baixo o nome de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/chamanismo-siberiano-tengrismo-estepa-taiga\/\">relixi\u00f3n sibiriano-tengrista<\/a>.<\/p><p>O nome Tengri est\u00e1 documentado desde os primeiros informes chineses sobre os Hsiung-nu (s\u00e9culo III a. C.), onde a palabra se transcribe como <em>cheng-li<\/em>.<\/p><p>Este temper\u00e1n testemu\u00f1o converte a Tengri nunha das divindades supremas m\u00e1is antigas rastreables na historia relixiosa de Asia Interior, e ofrece ao campo de estudo un punto de referencia excepcional, con m\u00e1is de dous milenios de continuidade documental. Raramente na historia das relixi\u00f3ns se pode seguir un concepto de forma ininterrompida durante un per\u00edodo tan longo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e etimolox\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O nome <em>Tengri<\/em> transm\u00edtese en case todas as capas das linguas altaicas: antigo turco <em>te\u014bri<\/em>, mongol <em>tngri<\/em> ou <em>tenger<\/em>, iacuto <em>tangara<\/em>, chuvacho <em>tur\u0103<\/em>. A etimolox\u00eda \u00e9 controvertida; unha derivaci\u00f3n difundida na turcolox\u00eda relaciona a palabra cunha ra\u00edz altaica co significado de \u00abalto, amplo, luminoso\u00bb.<\/p><p>Gerard Clauson, no seu <em>Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century Turkish<\/em> (1972), formula a hip\u00f3tese de que a palabra significaba orixinalmente \u00abespazo amplo e inmenso\u00bb e que s\u00f3 no uso relixioso se condensou at\u00e9 converterse na designaci\u00f3n dunha divindade suprema.<\/p><p>Resulta revelador que a palabra te\u00f1a en moitas linguas o dobre significado de <em>ceo<\/em> e <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span><\/em>, un caso cl\u00e1sico de numinosidade fundida ling\u00fcisticamente, tal como o describe a fenomenolox\u00eda da relixi\u00f3n, por exemplo, en <em>dyaus<\/em> (v\u00e9dico) ou <em>Zeus<\/em>.<\/p><p>Esta fusi\u00f3n \u00e9 interpretada por Gerardus van der Leeuw como a \u00abs\u00edntese do numinoso\u00bb e constit\u00fae unha caracter\u00edstica de moitas divindades supremas indoeuropeas e altaicas. Distingue a Tengri de forma fundamental doutros deuses posteriores personalizados, como <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/khormusta-deus-celeste-supremo-mongoles\/\">Khormusta<\/a>.<\/p><p>As inscrici\u00f3ns K\u00f6kt\u00fcrken de Orkhon e Yenisei (s\u00e9culo VIII) falan do <em>K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Tengri<\/em>, o \u00abCelestial dos K\u00f6kt\u00fcrken\u00bb, e empregan a f\u00f3rmula <em>Tengri yarl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>, \u00aborde do ceo\u00bb. En mongol aparece m\u00e1is tarde a c\u00e9lebre expresi\u00f3n <em>M\u00f6ngke K\u00f6ke Tengri<\/em>, \u00abceo azul eterno\u00bb, nos decretos dos grandes khans.<\/p><p>Na etnograf\u00eda cesarista do s\u00e9culo XIX, investigadores como Wilhelm Radloff introduciron a Tengri no vocabulario cient\u00edfico alem\u00e1n como \u00abo deus supremo dos turcos\u00bb; investigadores posteriores, como Jean-Paul Roux, elaboraron as diferenciaci\u00f3ns internas do concepto.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descrici\u00f3n e iconograf\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri nunca desenvolveu unha iconograf\u00eda propia. A diferenza dos deuses de Asia Interior concibidos de forma persoal (por exemplo, as figuras budistas de Mahakala), Tengri permanece sen imaxe.<\/p><p>Onde a\u00ednda as\u00ed se representa, por exemplo nos intentos modernos dunha \u00abre-tengrizaci\u00f3n\u00bb en Kazakist\u00e1n e Kirguist\u00e1n, rec\u00f3rrese a motivos solares, de aguia e de lobo, que, con todo, non contin\u00faan ningunha tradici\u00f3n ic\u00f3nica preisl\u00e1mica. Esta \u00abausencia de imaxe\u00bb \u00e9 significativa desde o punto de vista fenomenol\u00f3xico-relixioso: vincula tipoloxicamente a Tengri con outras divindades supremas invisibles, como o YHWH do Antigo Testamento ou o Tian chin\u00e9s.<\/p><p>O seu \u00ablugar\u00bb \u00e9 o firmamento; o seu son \u00e9 o tronido, o seu signo \u00e9 a luz azul do d\u00eda. Nos cantos xam\u00e1nicos dos altaicos e iacutos, inv\u00f3case como <em>Aar Tojon<\/em> ou <em>\u00dcr\u00fcn Aar Tojon<\/em> (\u00abSe\u00f1or Alto Branco\u00bb).<\/p><p>O tambor xam\u00e1nico, cuxa pintura mostra en moitas tribos unha visi\u00f3n do mundo de tres capas, atrib\u00fae sempre a Tengri o nivel superior; o propio parche do tambor \u00e9 considerado por moitos investigadores (as\u00ed Mircea Eliade en <em>Le chamanisme et les techniques archa\u00efques de l&#8217;Ekstase<\/em>, 1951) como un cabalo simb\u00f3lico que transporta ao xam\u00e1n ao mundo superior, \u00abcara a Tengri\u00bb.<\/p><p>S\u00edmbolos secundarios que aparecen en contextos relacionados con Tengri son: a aguia branca (mensaxeira do ceo), o cabalo branco (montura do xam\u00e1n), a forma de nove chanzos (nove ceos), a estaca dourada (a Estrela Polar, \u00abcravo do ceo\u00bb).<\/p><p>No moderno escudo estatal de Kazakist\u00e1n, a Estrela Polar interpr\u00e9tase deliberadamente como unha referencia tengrista, o que ilustra ben a tensi\u00f3n entre a relixi\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica e a construci\u00f3n de identidade pol\u00edtica. Esta observaci\u00f3n \u00e9, segundo Marlene Laruelle (2007), unha das caracter\u00edsticas propias do neotengrismo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relatos mitol\u00f3xicos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri aparece raras veces como figura activa nunha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das narraci\u00f3ns m\u00edticas transmitidas dunha cultura sobre os seus deuses.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitolox\u00eda<\/span> narrativa. A s\u00faa acci\u00f3n \u00e9 m\u00e1is unha orde de fondo que unha historia. Onde as narraci\u00f3ns o po\u00f1en en escena, isto ocorre en mitos de creaci\u00f3n e de lexitimaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Na Historia Secreta mongola (1240), Xenxis Khan \u00e9 lexitimado como o elixido de Tengri; a s\u00faa ascensi\u00f3n xustif\u00edcase repetidamente coa f\u00f3rmula <em>M\u00f6ngke Tengri-yin k\u00fcch\u00fcn-t\u00fcr<\/em>, \u00abpola forza do ceo eterno\u00bb.<\/p><p>Igor de Rachewiltz elaborou na s\u00faa monumental edici\u00f3n de Brill (2004) o uso ling\u00fc\u00edstico exacto e o peso teol\u00f3xico desta f\u00f3rmula: non s\u00f3 transmite \u00e9xito, sen\u00f3n tam\u00e9n responsabilidade pol\u00edtica. Se o Khan fracasa, \u00e9 porque Tengri se afastou del.<\/p><p>Unha narraci\u00f3n de creaci\u00f3n altaica, recollida por Wilhelm Radloff no s\u00e9culo XIX, fai que Tengri (aqu\u00ed na s\u00faa forma escindida de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/ulgen-deus-luz-altaicos\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a>) ergua a terra do mar primixenio xunto con <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/erlik-khan-senor-inframundo-altaicos\/\">Erlik Khan<\/a>, tras o cal Erlik, por arrogancia, perturba a orde e \u00e9 desterrado ao inframundo.<\/p><p>Esta forma narrativa, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha narraci\u00f3n transmitida sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> do mergullo, conecta a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das narraci\u00f3ns m\u00edticas transmitidas dunha cultura sobre os seus deuses.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitolox\u00eda<\/span> centroasi\u00e1tica con amplas tradici\u00f3ns paleosiberianas e norteamericanas, o que Mircea Eliade interpretou como indicio dunha capa orixinaria circumpolar.<\/p><p>Nos textos do Xenis\u00e9i da \u00e9poca dos k\u00f6kt\u00fcrken (a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un texto gravado ou cicelado nun soporte fixo.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrici\u00f3n<\/span> de Bilge-Kagan) esc\u00f3itase a queixa: \u00abOs turcos eran un pobo unido, cando Tengri arriba e a terra sagrada abaixo lles deran un reino\u00bb, un t\u00f3pico fundacional que deriva a lexitimidade pol\u00edtica directamente do ceo.<\/p><p>Talat Tekin analizou ling\u00fcisticamente esta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un texto gravado ou cicelado nun soporte fixo.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrici\u00f3n<\/span> na s\u00faa edici\u00f3n de referencia (1968) e sinalou o car\u00e1cter teol\u00f3xico da s\u00faa linguaxe formular.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culto e veneraci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de acci\u00f3ns de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dedicadas a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> a Tengri foi historicamente un <strong>culto de Estado<\/strong>, non un culto de templo. Non hab\u00eda santuarios en sentido estrito; a veneraci\u00f3n fac\u00edase ao aire libre, moitas veces en portos de monta\u00f1a, en mont\u00f3ns de pedras <em>obo<\/em> ou mediante sacrificios ardentes de cabalos e ovellas.<\/p><p>O Khan actuaba como mediador, de forma similar \u00e1 funci\u00f3n do <em>tianzi<\/em> chin\u00e9s, o \u00abfillo do ceo\u00bb. Caroline Humphrey sinalou con \u00e9nfase este paralelismo en <em>Shamans and Elders<\/em> (1996).<\/p><p>A nivel popular, a crenza en Tengri mestur\u00e1base con unha ampla relixi\u00f3n de esp\u00edritos auxiliares, no centro da cal se atopaba o <em>kam<\/em> (turco) ou <em>b\u00f6\u00f6<\/em> (mongol): o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista relixioso ao que se lle atrib\u00fae a mediaci\u00f3n entre os humanos e o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">xam\u00e1n<\/span>. Os xam\u00e1ns non invocaban a Tengri directamente, considerado demasiado afastado, sen\u00f3n que se dirix\u00edan a divindades auxiliares como <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/umai-deusa-nai-infancia-turcos\/\">Umai<\/a>, aos ancestros ou aos esp\u00edritos animais de poder.<\/p><p>Tengri permanec\u00eda como o garante invisible da orde do mundo. Esta \u00abdistancia do deus supremo\u00bb foi denominada en fenomenolox\u00eda da relixi\u00f3n <em>deus otiosus<\/em>, un concepto que Mircea Eliade e, despois del, Raffaele Pettazzoni desenvolveron amplamente.<\/p><p>Coa islamizaci\u00f3n do mundo turco a partir do s\u00e9culo X, o termo <em>Tengri<\/em> foi en parte transferido a Al\u00e1 (cf. o t\u00e1rtaro <em>T\u00e4ngre<\/em>), en parte desprazado como resto pag\u00e1n.<\/p><p>Na periferia siberiana e entre os mongois, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de acci\u00f3ns de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dedicadas a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> mant\u00edvose durante m\u00e1is tempo; na Mongolia de tradici\u00f3n budista a partir do s\u00e9culo XVII, Tengri foi paulatinamente superposto por divindades supremas budistas personalizadas, sen chegar a desaparecer por completo. Walther Heissig describiu detalladamente esta estratificaci\u00f3n en <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e1ctica protectora e elementos apotropaicos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Descrita cientificamente, a pr\u00e1ctica de protecci\u00f3n no complexo de Tengri era menos unha petici\u00f3n de curaci\u00f3n que un acto de confirmaci\u00f3n da orde do mundo: quen honraba a Tengri permanec\u00eda dentro da orde, quen a vulneraba ca\u00eda f\u00f3ra dela. As acci\u00f3ns apotropaicas inclu\u00edan preservar a \u00abpureza\u00bb das monta\u00f1as sagradas (montes Bogdo), evitar contaminar a auga ou o lume, e pronunciar f\u00f3rmulas rituais de sa\u00fado dirixidas ao sol e ao ceo.<\/p><p>No \u00e1mbito dom\u00e9stico, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/umai-deusa-nai-infancia-turcos\/\">Umai<\/a>, como deusa nai e protectora dos nenos, asum\u00eda moitas funci\u00f3ns de protecci\u00f3n concreta que noutras relixi\u00f3ns se atrib\u00faen \u00e1 propia divindade suprema. Tengri permanec\u00eda como o fondo lonxano fronte ao cal todas estas pequenas acci\u00f3ns de protecci\u00f3n cobraban sentido. Esta divisi\u00f3n funcional \u00e9 significativa desde a sociol\u00f3xica da relixi\u00f3n e foi descrita sistematicamente por Vladimir Basilov en <em>Shamanism in Siberia<\/em> (1984).<\/p><p>Unha forma particular de veneraci\u00f3n a Tengri con car\u00e1cter apotropaico \u00e9 o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha secuencia regrada de acci\u00f3ns simb\u00f3licas con significado relixioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> <em>ovoo<\/em>: nos portos de monta\u00f1a \u00e9rguense mont\u00f3ns de pedras, adornados con faixas de tea azul (<em>khadag<\/em>) e rodeados tres veces ao pasar a cabalo.<\/p><p>Dentro da tradici\u00f3n, esta acci\u00f3n interpr\u00e9tase como unha petici\u00f3n de protecci\u00f3n de Tengri e dos esp\u00edritos ligados ao lugar; desde o punto de vista cient\u00edfico segue sendo unha pr\u00e1ctica, non unha proba de eficacia. Esta observaci\u00f3n forma parte da tarefa descritiva cl\u00e1sica da mongol\u00edstica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelismos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fenomenol\u00f3xicamente, Tengri enc\u00e1drase no espectro dos chamados \u00abSeres Supremos\u00bb, que Wilhelm Schmidt investigou sistematicamente na s\u00faa obra en doce volumes <em>Ursprung der Gottesidee<\/em> (1912, 1955).<\/p><p>Estruturalmente comparables son: o v\u00e9dico <em>Dyaus Pitar<\/em>, o concepto grego de Zeus Pater, o substrato n\u00f3rdico de Tyr, o chin\u00e9s <em>Tian<\/em> e, na propia Siberia, o <em>\u00dcr\u00fcn Aar Tojon<\/em> iacuto como especializaci\u00f3n do deus supremo. Tam\u00e9n o ugrio Num e o fin\u00e9s Ukko mostran semellanzas tipol\u00f3xicas.<\/p><p>A diferenza do deus creador sem\u00edtico, Tengri <strong>non<\/strong> se pode narrar como persoa; \u00e9 m\u00e1is ben o que Eliade chama un <em>deus otiosus<\/em>: un \u00abdeus inactivo\u00bb, ao que as intervenci\u00f3ns concretas resultan m\u00e1is afastadas que a s\u00faa propia existencia.<\/p><p>O debate sobre o <em>deus otiosus<\/em> percorre toda a fenomenolox\u00eda da relixi\u00f3n e foi defendido por Raffaele Pettazzoni en <em>L&#8217;essere supremo nelle religioni primitive<\/em> (1957) contra Wilhelm Schmidt.<\/p><p>Historicamente, a relaci\u00f3n co Tian chin\u00e9s \u00e9 especialmente estreita: ambos os conceptos fusionan o ceo e a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span>, ambos lexitiman o poder (\u00abFillo do Ceo\u00bb fronte a \u00abElixido de Tengri\u00bb), ambos permanecen sen imaxe. Se houbo contactos hist\u00f3ricos entre ambas correntes, e en que direcci\u00f3n actuaron, segue sendo obxecto de debate continuo na sinolox\u00eda e na turcolox\u00eda.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3n actual e investigaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Desde os anos 1990, o tengrismo vive un renacemento, sobre todo en Casaquist\u00e1n, Quirguizist\u00e1n e a Mongolia Interior.<\/p><p>Autores como Olzhas Suleimenov e Nurmagambet Ayupov posicion\u00e1rono como \u00abalternativa espiritual\u00bb ao islam e ao cristianismo; en Mongolia coexiste abertamente co budismo tibetano. Este renacemento foi documentado de forma cr\u00edtica por investigadores da relixi\u00f3n como Marlene Laruelle (2007).<\/p><p>Hoxe a investigaci\u00f3n acad\u00e9mica sobre o tengrismo \u00e9 interdisciplinar. Nomes cl\u00e1sicos son Wilhelm Radloff, Vladimir Basilov, Jean-Paul Roux, Andrei Znamenski e, para os mongois, Igor de Rachewiltz coa s\u00faa edici\u00f3n comentada da Historia Secreta.<\/p><p>Mircea Eliade situou a Tengri na s\u00faa obra sobre o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema relixioso no que especialistas se comunican co mundo espiritual.\" tabindex=\"0\">chamanismo<\/span> como exemplo dun ser supremo carente de actividade cham\u00e1nica activa; Roberte Hamayon revisou m\u00e1is tarde esta visi\u00f3n de forma cr\u00edtica en <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990).<\/p><p>Desde unha perspectiva cient\u00edfica, c\u00f3mpre sinalar que o neo-tengrismo contempor\u00e1neo \u00e9 unha reformulaci\u00f3n moderna e non debe identificarse coa mesma realidade que o tengrismo hist\u00f3rico das estepas. A investigaci\u00f3n advirte contra unha identificaci\u00f3n inxenua e reclama unha coidadosa estratificaci\u00f3n das fontes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Debates de investigaci\u00f3n e cuesti\u00f3ns abertas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Varios debates de investigaci\u00f3n marcan o estudo de Tengri at\u00e9 hoxe. Primeiro: era Tengri orixinariamente un \u00fanico deus supremo ou un concepto colectivo para toda unha capa celeste? A idea mongola dos \u00ab99 Tengri\u00bb (33 brancos occidentais, 44 negros orientais, m\u00e1is 22 intermedios) apunta a un concepto plural, mentres que as inscrici\u00f3ns antigo-turcas suxiren m\u00e1is ben un singular.<\/p><p>Walther Heissig abordou este debate detidamente en <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970).<\/p><p>Segundo: como debe pensarse a relaci\u00f3n entre Tengri e o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema relixioso no que especialistas se comunican co mundo espiritual.\" tabindex=\"0\">chamanismo<\/span>? Roberte Hamayon argumentou contra a tese de Eliade que o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema relixioso no que especialistas se comunican co mundo espiritual.\" tabindex=\"0\">chamanismo<\/span> non \u00e9 unha \u00abt\u00e9cnica arcaica de \u00e9xtase\u00bb independente, sen\u00f3n parte dunha ampla econom\u00eda de caza e parentesco; nese modelo, Tengri ser\u00eda menos un obxectivo que unha orde de fondo.<\/p><p>Terceiro: que papel xogan as influencias iranias? A mediaci\u00f3n cotanesa e sogdiana fixo que conceptos como o de Ahura Mazda se fundisen con Tengri, o que se fai visible no complexo tard\u00edo de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/khormusta-deus-celeste-supremo-mongoles\/\">Khormusta<\/a>. Aqu\u00ed vese o dif\u00edcil que resulta separar o Tengri \u00abaut\u00f3ctono\u00bb do \u00absincr\u00e9tico\u00bb, unha cuesti\u00f3n metodol\u00f3xica que, en definitiva, atinxe a toda a historia relixiosa de Asia Interior.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23e73899 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23e73899\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fa99b9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2fa99b9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O ceo como fonte de lexitimidade pol\u00edtica: Tengri nas inscrici\u00f3ns antigo-turcas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c162290 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2c162290\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp268040b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp268040b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os testemu\u00f1os escritos m\u00e1is antigos e fiables sobre Tengri procedentes das inscrici\u00f3ns r\u00fanicas antigo-turcas do val de Orkhon, na actual Mongolia, datadas no s\u00e9culo VIII. As m\u00e1is co\u00f1ecidas son as inscrici\u00f3ns en honra do pr\u00edncipe K\u00fcl Tegin e do gobernante Bilge Kagan.<\/p><p>Est\u00e1n escritas nun alfabeto propio, descifrado a finais do s\u00e9culo XIX polo ling\u00fcista dan\u00e9s Vilhelm Thomsen, o que permitiu por primeira vez acceder \u00e1 historia antigo-turca a trav\u00e9s de fontes ind\u00edxenas.<\/p><p>Nestas inscrici\u00f3ns, Tengri aparece sobre todo como fundador e garante do poder. Unha f\u00f3rmula recorrente afirma, en esencia, que o ceo instaurou ao Kagan, e que o gobernante reina en virtude do ceo.<\/p><p>Aqu\u00ed Tengri \u00e9 menos obxecto dun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> elaborado que unha forza ordenadora capaz de conceder e retirar a autoridade pol\u00edtica. Se o pobo se desviaba do cami\u00f1o correcto, segundo o ton de varias pasaxes, o ceo retiraba o seu apoio.<\/p><p>Esta ligaz\u00f3n entre deus celeste e lexitimaci\u00f3n do poder \u00e9 caracter\u00edstica do tengrismo tal como se pode reconstru\u00edr a partir das fontes m\u00e1is antigas. Tivo unha influencia hist\u00f3rica notable: ideas semellantes sobre un mandato celeste aparecen m\u00e1is tarde entre os mongois, e Xenxis Kan e os seus sucesores fundamentaron expresamente a s\u00faa pretensi\u00f3n de poder na vontade do ceo eterno.<\/p><p>As inscrici\u00f3ns de Orkhon son, por tanto, valiosas non s\u00f3 desde o punto de vista ling\u00fc\u00edstico, sen\u00f3n tam\u00e9n desde a historia relixiosa e pol\u00edtica, xa que mostran a Tengri na s\u00faa funci\u00f3n de sost\u00e9n do estado, antes de que fontes posteriores transformasen esa imaxe por influencias externas. Outras <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/chamanismo-siberiano-tengrismo-estepa-taiga\/\">culturas de Asia Interior<\/a> co\u00f1ecen conceptos celestes relacionados.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23886c36 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23886c36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a626ab6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a626ab6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tengri entre a interpretaci\u00f3n monote\u00edsta e o cosmos polite\u00edsta cham\u00e1nico<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp263d60fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp263d60fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24b80099 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp24b80099\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un dos debates centrais na investigaci\u00f3n consiste en dilucidar se o tengrismo debe entenderse como unha relixi\u00f3n monote\u00edsta cun \u00fanico deus celeste ou como un sistema complexo con numerosos esp\u00edritos e divindades. Ambas as posturas contan con defensores, e a resposta depende en boa medida das fontes e da fase hist\u00f3rica que se tomen como referencia.<\/p><p>A favor dunha interpretaci\u00f3n m\u00e1is monote\u00edsta est\u00e1 o feito de que Tengri aparece nas inscrici\u00f3ns antigo-t\u00farquicas como unha potencia suprema e \u00fanica, \u00e1 que se axustan o poder e a orde do mundo.<\/p><p>Alg\u00fans autores, en parte tam\u00e9n vinculados a movementos nacionais modernos en pa\u00edses de fala turca e mongola, insisten neste aspecto e presentan o tengrismo como unha relixi\u00f3n elevada orixinaria. Non obstante, esta interpretaci\u00f3n est\u00e1 a mi\u00fado condicionada por intereses identitarios actuais e debe lerse con esp\u00edrito cr\u00edtico.<\/p><p>Pola contra, as relixi\u00f3ns dos pobos siberianos e centroasi\u00e1ticos documentadas etnograficamente mostran un mundo espiritual moi poboado: divindades da terra, das monta\u00f1as, das augas, esp\u00edritos ancestrais e esp\u00edritos protectores conviven co ceo. Nesta imaxe, Tengri \u00e9 unha potencia entre outras, a\u00ednda que destacada, e o propio ceo pode dividirse en varias capas.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n actual incl\u00ednase maioritariamente pola idea de que non existiu un tengrismo unitario e inmutable ao longo dos s\u00e9culos, sen\u00f3n unha familia de noci\u00f3ns emparentadas que se acentuaban de xeito distinto segundo a \u00e9poca, a rexi\u00f3n e o contexto social. Tengri era, as\u00ed, un elemento de uni\u00f3n, pero non definido de forma r\u00edxida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21a28b01 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp21a28b01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21ba36c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp21ba36c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As fontes: relatos externos, etnograf\u00eda e o problema da reconstruci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp245c69c8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp245c69c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2182fa7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2182fa7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O estudo de Tengri enfr\u00f3ntase a un problema de fontes fundamental. Os testemu\u00f1os aut\u00f3ctonos m\u00e1is antigos, as inscrici\u00f3ns de Orkhon, son escasos e lim\u00edtanse ao contexto do poder. Para a \u00e9poca anterior e para a maior\u00eda das rexi\u00f3ns faltan por completo testemu\u00f1os escritos propios, xa que os pobos correspondentes non desenvolveron unha cultura escrita propia ou a s\u00faa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e relatos ao longo de xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span> era oral.<\/p><p>Por iso, boa parte do noso co\u00f1ecemento procede de relatos externos. As cr\u00f3nicas chinesas informan sobre a relixi\u00f3n dos pobos da estepa, viaxeiros medievais como Guillerme de Rubruk e Giovanni da Pian del Carpine describiron a relixi\u00f3n dos mongois desde unha perspectiva europea, e autores persas e \u00e1rabes achegaron outras observaci\u00f3ns.<\/p><p>Estas fontes son valiosas, pero est\u00e1n matizadas pola perspectiva e a terminolox\u00eda dos observadores. A isto eng\u00e1dese un amplo material etnogr\u00e1fico dos s\u00e9culos XVIII ao XX sobre os pobos siberianos e centroasi\u00e1ticos, que por\u00e9n documenta unha relixiosidade xa moi transformada, con frecuencia superposta polo budismo, o islam e, m\u00e1is tarde, pola presi\u00f3n antirrelixiosa sovi\u00e9tica.<\/p><p>A reconstruci\u00f3n dun tengrismo hist\u00f3rico debe combinar estas fontes dispares, o que comporta riscos considerables. Existe a tentaci\u00f3n de extrapolar, a partir de observaci\u00f3ns etnogr\u00e1ficas tard\u00edas, un estado orixinal unitario, ou de completar as escasas inscrici\u00f3ns co material da etnograf\u00eda da estepa.<\/p><p>Por iso, a investigaci\u00f3n metodicamente prudente distingue con coidado entre o que est\u00e1 realmente documentado para unha \u00e9poca e rexi\u00f3n determinadas e o que segue sendo reconstruci\u00f3n e hip\u00f3tese. No caso de Tengri, isto significa que a s\u00faa funci\u00f3n b\u00e1sica como suprema potencia celeste est\u00e1 ben atestada, mentres que os detalles elaborados de moitas representaci\u00f3ns deben lerse con reservas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda (selecci\u00f3n)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Jean-Paul Roux: <em>La religion des Turcs et des Mongols<\/em> (Payot 1984)<\/li><li>Vladimir Basilov: <em>Shamanism in Siberia<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>Wilhelm Radloff: <em>Aus Sibirien<\/em> (1893)<\/li><li>Mircea Eliade: <em>Le chamanisme et les techniques archa\u00efques de l&#8217;Ekstase<\/em> (1951)<\/li><li>Igor de Rachewiltz: <em>The Secret History of the Mongols<\/em> (Brill 2004)<\/li><li>Andrei Znamenski: <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (2007)<\/li><li>Marlene Laruelle: <em>Tengrism<\/em> (2007)<\/li><li>Talat Tekin: <em>A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic<\/em> (1968)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termos clave relacionados: Tengri M\u00f6ngke K\u00f6ke Tengri K\u00f6kt\u00fcrken Orchon Bilge Kagan deus otiosus.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tengri\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard e tradici\u00f3ns de protecci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard contin\u00faa a tradici\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-cultural dos obxectos de protecci\u00f3n port\u00e1tiles, na tradici\u00f3n de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/chamanismo-siberiano-tengrismo-estepa-taiga\/\">Siberia \/ Tengrismo<\/a> e de moitas outras culturas de todo o mundo. 41 capas, ouro aut\u00e9ntico, platino, prata, fabricado en Alema\u00f1a. Dereito de devoluci\u00f3n de 30 d\u00edas.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e1is sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e1is sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">As experiencias persoais poden variar. Non \u00e9 un produto sanitario. Non promete curaci\u00f3n.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>non \u00e9 un produto sanitario<\/strong> e non substit\u00fae ning\u00fan tratamento m\u00e9dico ou psicoterap\u00e9utico. Os contidos relixiosos e cient\u00edficos son unha clasificaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-cultural, non unha recomendaci\u00f3n de pr\u00e1ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2857,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tengri Deus do Ceo Tengrismo","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tengri \u2013 Deus do Ceo dos pobos da estepa, mito e fontes","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tengri \u00e9 o eterno deus do ceo dos tengristas turco-mongois e siberianos. 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