{"id":194958,"date":"2026-09-07T09:38:08","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:38:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=194958"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"yam-deus-fenicio-mar","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/yam-deus-fenicio-mar\/","title":{"rendered":"Yam \u2013 Deus fenicio do mar"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"194958\" class=\"elementor elementor-194958 elementor-2630 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yam, deus fenicio-ugar\u00edtico do mar e antagonista de Baal<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yam (en ugar\u00edtico <em>ym<\/em>, en fenicio <em>ym<\/em>) \u00e9 o deus do mar da tradici\u00f3n ugar\u00edtico-fenicia e o principal antagonista de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/baal-hadad-deus-meteorologico-fenicio\/\">Baal<\/a> no Ciclo de Baal. A s\u00faa derrota marca o establecemento da orde divina; pertence \u00e1 familia de seres do caos da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto dos relatos m\u00edticos transmitidos por unha cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitolox\u00eda<\/span> do Pr\u00f3ximo Oriente antigo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ser mari\u00f1o da tradici\u00f3n fenicia.\">Ser mari\u00f1o<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/fenicios-cartago-baal-tanit\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitolox\u00eda da tradici\u00f3n fenicia.\">Fenicia<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus do mar.\">Deus do mar<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-yam-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-yam-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-yam-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196786\" alt=\"Yam - Deuses da tradici\u00f3n fenicia, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-yam elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-yam\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-yam\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-yam\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-yam elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-yam\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yam \u00e9 o deus do mar <strong>fenicio-ugar\u00edtico<\/strong> e o rival de Baal no Ciclo de Baal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Achega e perfil breve<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yam \u00e9 a encarnaci\u00f3n fenicio-cananea do mar ca\u00f3tico. Mark Smith demostrou en <em>The Ugaritic Baal Cycle<\/em> (1994\/2009) que Yam \u00e9 a figura antagonista central no Ciclo de Baal, cuxa derrota funda a soberan\u00eda de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/baal-hadad-deus-meteorologico-fenicio\/\">Baal<\/a>. Dentro da <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/fenicios-cartago-baal-tanit\/\">tradici\u00f3n fenicia<\/a>, Yam \u00e9 o deus ca\u00f3tico protot\u00edpico do mar.<\/p><p>Desde o punto de vista da historia das relixi\u00f3ns, Yam representa o tipo de auga ca\u00f3tica divina que aparece en case todas as mitolox\u00edas do Pr\u00f3ximo Oriente antigo: Tiamat en Mesopotamia, Apsu, o conflito Marduk-Tiamat, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/hedammu-monstro-marino-kumarbi\/\">Hedammu<\/a> na <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/hetita-anatolica-tarhunna-deuses-proteccion\/\">tradici\u00f3n hurrita<\/a>, Tif\u00f3n en Grecia. Estes deuses das augas ca\u00f3ticas non son simplemente malvados, sen\u00f3n entidades c\u00f3smicas ambivalentes cuxa dominaci\u00f3n establece a orde divina.<\/p><p>A diferenza de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/hedammu-monstro-marino-kumarbi\/\">Hedammu<\/a> ou de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/ullikummi-xigante-de-pedra\/\">Ullikummi<\/a>, Yam \u00e9 un deus de pleno dereito; pos\u00fae un palacio propio, ten mensaxeiros e reclama a soberan\u00eda real. A s\u00faa derrota fronte a Baal non \u00e9 a destruci\u00f3n dun monstro, sen\u00f3n o desenlace dunha loita divina polo trono. Esta diferenza teol\u00f3xica \u00e9 importante desde o punto de vista da historia das relixi\u00f3ns e distingue a tradici\u00f3n ugar\u00edtico-fenicia da hurrita.<\/p><p>Un punto teol\u00f3xico particularmente destacado do conflito Baal-Yam \u00e9 que Yam foi designado inicialmente rei de forma lex\u00edtima por El, o vello deus pai. O ascenso de Baal prod\u00facese, polo tanto, contra a xerarqu\u00eda divina establecida, e non en harmon\u00eda con ela. Este detalle subli\u00f1a a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina relixiosa sobre Deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> revolucionaria do Ciclo de Baal, que establece unha nova orde divina.<\/p><p>Esta configuraci\u00f3n teol\u00f3xica, cun rei en exercicio (Yam) e un deus tempestuoso revolucionario (Baal), ten paralelos estreitos no ciclo hitita de Kumarbi, onde <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/teshub-deus-hurrita-tormenta\/\">Teshub<\/a> se rebela contra o deus pai establecido, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/kumarbi-pai-dos-deuses-hurrita\/\">Kumarbi<\/a>. A interconexi\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-relixiosa do Mediterr\u00e1neo oriental da Idade do Bronce tard\u00eda \u00e9 aqu\u00ed especialmente densa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e etimolox\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O nome <em>ym<\/em> \u00e9 a palabra sem\u00edtica occidental com\u00fan para &#8216;mar&#8217;; Yam \u00e9, polo tanto, literalmente &#8216;o mar&#8217; en si mesmo. Esta identidade entre o nome divino e a categor\u00eda c\u00f3smica \u00e9 t\u00edpica da teogon\u00eda do Pr\u00f3ximo Oriente antigo. En acadio a equivalencia ser\u00eda <em>t\u00e2mtu<\/em> (Tiamat); en hebreo <em>y\u0101m<\/em> (coa mesma etimolox\u00eda, a\u00ednda que sen personificaci\u00f3n divina).<\/p><p>Nos textos ugar\u00edticos, Yam aparece baixo varios ep\u00edtetos: <em>zbl ym<\/em> &#8216;pr\u00edncipe Yam&#8217;, <em>tp\u1e6d nhr<\/em> &#8216;xu\u00edz R\u00edo&#8217;, <em>\u02beyl rbn<\/em> &#8216;deus poderoso&#8217; e <em>tnn<\/em> &#8216;Tannin&#8217; (drag\u00f3n mari\u00f1o). Esta multiplicidade de nomes reflicte a multifuncionalidade c\u00f3smica: Yam \u00e9 mar, r\u00edo, drag\u00f3n e pretendente ao trono ao mesmo tempo.<\/p><p>No material hebreo, Yam aparece como antagonista c\u00f3smico de Yahv\u00e9 en varios salmos e textos prof\u00e9tico (Sal 74; Sal 89; Is 27; Hab 3); tam\u00e9n o Liwjat\u00e1n (Leviat\u00e1n) e o Tannin pertencen \u00e1 familia ampliada de Yam.<\/p><p>John Day examinou en detalle as fontes hebreas en <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em> (1985); Mark Smith realizou a s\u00faa contextualizaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica en <em>The Origins of Biblical Monotheism<\/em> (2001).<\/p><p>Nas inscrici\u00f3ns arameas e fenicias do I milenio a.C. desaparece a figura personificada de Yam; o mar pasa a referirse cada vez m\u00e1is s\u00f3 como esfera c\u00f3smica, e non como deus actuante. Esta &#8216;desdeificaci\u00f3n&#8217; do mar \u00e9 relevante desde o punto de vista da historia das relixi\u00f3ns e transcorre en paralelo \u00e1 consolidaci\u00f3n do culto de Baal como culto principal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descrici\u00f3n e iconograf\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yam aparece raramente en forma personificada na iconograf\u00eda; repres\u00e9ntase maioritariamente como o mar mesmo ou como unha serpe mari\u00f1a xigantesca (Tannin). Nalg\u00fans selos ugar\u00edticos dos s\u00e9culos XIV\/XIII a.C. m\u00f3strase o combate Baal-Yam de forma simb\u00f3lica: Baal cunha maza alzada sobre unha figura serpentiforme.<\/p><p>En contextos fenicios, a iconograf\u00eda de Yam \u00e9 a\u00ednda m\u00e1is escasa; o mar repres\u00e9ntase con maior frecuencia como contorno c\u00f3smico da navegaci\u00f3n fenicia, con imaxes de proas de barco, motivos de peixes e ornamentaci\u00f3n de ondas, sen que exista unha personificaci\u00f3n directa de Yam.<\/p><p>Unha tradici\u00f3n iconogr\u00e1fica importante desenv\u00f3lvese na \u00e9poca helen\u00edstico-romana: Yam-Poseid\u00f3n cun tridente e unha carroza tirada por cabalos. Esta transferencia das imaxes gregas de Poseid\u00f3n \u00e1 tradici\u00f3n fenicio-sem\u00edtica occidental do deus do mar \u00e9 menos marcada na metr\u00f3pole fenicia que nas colonias do Mediterr\u00e1neo occidental, onde a influencia grega foi m\u00e1is intensa.<\/p><p>A c\u00e9lebre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha laxe de pedra ou madeira erguida, con inscrici\u00f3n ou imaxe.\" tabindex=\"0\">estela<\/span> do touro de Ras Shamra mostra unha pequena forma de serpe baixo os p\u00e9s de Baal; na investigaci\u00f3n, esta serpe identif\u00edcase con frecuencia con Yam-Tannin. Esta confirmaci\u00f3n iconogr\u00e1fica da vitoria de Baal sobre a serpe \u00e9 un dos testemu\u00f1os visuais m\u00e1is importantes do Ciclo de Baal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relatos mitol\u00f3xicos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A principal fonte para Yam \u00e9 o ciclo ugar\u00edtico de Baal (KTU 1.1, 1.2), no que se representa o conflito entre Yam e <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/baal-hadad-deus-meteorologico-fenicio\/\">Baal<\/a>. A trama en li\u00f1as xerais: Yam, designado oficialmente rei por El, env\u00eda os seus mensaxeiros ao concilio dos deuses e esixe a entrega de Baal. Os deuses tremen e baixan a cabeza; s\u00f3 Baal resiste e acepta o combate.<\/p><p>O deus ferreiro Kothar-wa-Khasis fabrica para Baal d\u00faas armas m\u00e1xicas, chamadas &#8216;Ayamur&#8217; e &#8216;Yagrush&#8217; (&#8216;o que expulsa&#8217; e &#8216;o que persegue&#8217;). Baal loita con elas contra Yam; o primeiro golpe fai que Yam se tambalee, o segundo esm\u00e1gao.<\/p><p>Yam cae ao chan; Baal proclama: &#8216;Yam est\u00e1 morto, Baal \u00e9 rei!&#8217; Mark Smith comentou este texto con detalle na s\u00faa edici\u00f3n monumental.<\/p><p>Outro episodio ugar\u00edtico describe a loita de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/anat-deusa-guerra-fenicia\/\">Anat<\/a> contra Yam, na que apoia ao seu irm\u00e1n Baal. Anat &#8216;esmaga o mar, destr\u00fae o r\u00edo, humilla a Tannin, dobrega a serpe retortida&#8217;. Esta secuencia Anat-Yam \u00e9 historicamente relevante e mostra que a loita contra as augas do caos era un esforzo divino colectivo, non s\u00f3 un acto individual de Baal.<\/p><p>Outro episodio fragmentario describe a Yam en relaci\u00f3n cos &#8216;fillos de El&#8217; (<em>bn \u02beil<\/em>), que act\u00faan como concilio divino. A esixencia de Yam n\u00e9g\u00f3ciase no concilio, El d\u00e1 o seu consentimento, e s\u00f3 Baal se op\u00f3n. Esta tradici\u00f3n do &#8216;concilio divino&#8217; \u00e9 significativa desde o punto de vista da historia das relixi\u00f3ns e ten paralelos co <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un elemento de contido recorrente na arte ou na narraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> hebreo dos &#8216;fillos de Deus&#8217; (Xob 1; Sal 82).<\/p><p>Os cantores ugar\u00edticos probablemente interpretaban o conflito Baal-Yam nunha representaci\u00f3n completa, con portadores de t\u00e1boas, instrumentos musicais e danzas cultuais. Esta dimensi\u00f3n performativa foi elaborada sistematicamente na investigaci\u00f3n ugar\u00edtica m\u00e1is recente, por exemplo por Wilfred Watson e Pierre Bordreuil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culto e veneraci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yam non era destinatario de culto; como deus do caos, non se lle rend\u00eda veneraci\u00f3n, sen\u00f3n que era vencido <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente a un desenvolvemento relixioso fixado nun ritual.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualmente<\/span>. Nalg\u00fans rituais de protecci\u00f3n aparece como exemplo protot\u00edpico do perigo c\u00f3smico que hai que repeler mediante a intervenci\u00f3n divina.<\/p><p>O seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> recit\u00e1base, con todo, no culto oficial; o ciclo de Baal formaba parte do repertorio dos cantores ugar\u00edticos e probablemente se interpretaba nas grandes festas. \u00c9 posible que a reinterpretaci\u00f3n ritual da secuencia Baal-Yam formase parte dun rito festivo primaveral, semellante ao Enuma Elish mesopot\u00e1mico no festival de Ano Novo.<\/p><p>Nos rituais mar\u00edtimos fenicios, o mar era apaciguado <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente a un desenvolvemento relixioso fixado nun ritual.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualmente<\/span>; capit\u00e1ns de barco e viaxeiros ofrec\u00edan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrenda a unha divindade para expresar agradecemento, petici\u00f3n ou veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrificios<\/span> ao mar coa esperanza de obter unha traves\u00eda segura. Esta relixiosidade mar\u00edtima non se refer\u00eda directamente a Yam, pero pertenc\u00eda ao mesmo universo de ideas cosmol\u00f3xicas. Sabatino Moscati describiu a cultura mar\u00edtima fenicia en varios estudos.<\/p><p>Existe unha importante conexi\u00f3n ritual entre a vitoria sobre Yam e o festival primaveral ugar\u00edtico; probablemente o conflito se actualizaba <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente a un desenvolvemento relixioso fixado nun ritual.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualmente<\/span> na \u00e9poca das tormentas primaverais, cando amainaban as fortes choivas invernais e comezaba a temporada de navegaci\u00f3n. Esta estacionalidade ritual \u00e9 caracter\u00edstica historicamente do Mediterr\u00e1neo oriental na Idade do Bronce Final.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e1ctica protectora e elementos apotropaicos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As pr\u00e1cticas apotropaicas contra o mar ca\u00f3tico estaban moi estendidas en contextos fenicios. Nos adornos das proas dos barcos aparecen ollos apotropaicos, s\u00edmbolos de cornos de touro ou o &#8216;signo de Tanit&#8217; como protecci\u00f3n contra os perigos do mar. Estas imaxes formaban parte do equipamento est\u00e1ndar dos barcos comerciais e de guerra fenicios.<\/p><p>Nas cidades portuarias us\u00e1banse f\u00f3rmulas de protecci\u00f3n contra &#8216;o mar furioso e os seus seres&#8217;; nas inscrici\u00f3ns p\u00fanicas at\u00f3panse ofrendas votivas por un regreso feliz das viaxes mar\u00edtimas. Esta relixiosidade viaxeira resulta interesante desde a perspectiva da historia das relixi\u00f3ns, porque encadra directamente en clave relixiosa a mobilidade internacional do mundo fenicio.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Desde unha perspectiva cient\u00edfica, Yam \u00e9 un exemplo da personificaci\u00f3n do mar ca\u00f3tico. A s\u00faa derrota narrativa mediante as armas m\u00e1xicas de Baal \u00e9 historicamente comparable co conflito Marduk-Tiamat, no que armas m\u00e1xicas tam\u00e9n posibilitan a vitoria. O iWell Guard rexistra a Yam como figura hist\u00f3rico-mitol\u00f3xica sen funci\u00f3n protectora actual e sen relaci\u00f3n con promesas de curaci\u00f3n modernas.<\/p><p>Nas inscrici\u00f3ns p\u00fanicas de Cartago e Motya aparecen &#8216;deuses do mar&#8217; (en fenicio <em>\u02belm ym<\/em>) como destinatarios de ofrendas votivas antes das viaxes mar\u00edtimas; se isto constit\u00fae unha lembranza directa de Yam ou unha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O feito de dirixirse suplicando ou invocando a unha divindade ou poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3n<\/span> xen\u00e9rica a un deus do mar \u00e9 algo controvertido.<\/p><p>Os ollos das proas dos barcos fenicios deben interpretarse desde a historia das relixi\u00f3ns como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que afasta a desgraza: relativo a signos e obxectos destinados a manter afastadas influencias perxudiciais.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaicos<\/span>; converten a mirada do barco nunha forza protectora contra Yam e os seus seres.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelismos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yam pertence \u00e1 familia internacional dos deuses do caos acu\u00e1tico. No mesopot\u00e1mico corresp\u00f3ndelle Tiamat do Enuma Elish; na <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/hetita-anatolica-tarhunna-deuses-proteccion\/\">tradici\u00f3n hurrita-hitita<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/hedammu-monstro-marino-kumarbi\/\">Hedammu<\/a> e o fragmentario &#8216;Canto do mar&#8217; (CTH 346) contra <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/teshub-deus-hurrita-tormenta\/\">Teshub<\/a>. Mark Smith e Mary Bachvarova documentaron en varios estudos a conexi\u00f3n entre estas mitolox\u00edas.<\/p><p>No material hebreo, Yam \u00e9 o inimigo c\u00f3smico de Iav\u00e9 en varios salmos; a creaci\u00f3n interpr\u00e9tase como a vitoria de Iav\u00e9 sobre Yam, Liwjatan e Tannin (Sal 74:13, 14; Is 27:1). Estes textos pertencen \u00e1 &#8216;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> do combate contra o caos&#8217; da Biblia hebrea e dependen historicamente de forma directa da tradici\u00f3n ugar\u00edtica de Yam.<\/p><p>Con Tif\u00f3n, o grego, Yam comparte o perfil de inimigo do caos; con Poseid\u00f3n, a personificaci\u00f3n do mar, a\u00ednda que nunha configuraci\u00f3n teol\u00f3xica claramente distinta. No per\u00edodo helen\u00edstico-romano, o Yam fenicio foi identificado con Poseid\u00f3n, e nesa asimilaci\u00f3n o perfil activo de inimigo do caos modificouse en favor da funci\u00f3n de deus da navegaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>En inscrici\u00f3ns urarteas aparece un deus do mar chamado Quera, cuxa relaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-relixiosa con Yam se est\u00e1 a debater nos \u00faltimos anos. As investigaci\u00f3ns de Mirjo Salvini ofrecen aqu\u00ed novos achados importantes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3n actual e investigaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A investigaci\u00f3n sobre Yam at\u00f3pase hoxe nun nivel elevado. A edici\u00f3n do ciclo de Baal de Mark Smith e Wayne Pitard \u00e9 a referencia est\u00e1ndar; John Day analizou en detalle os paralelos hebreos en <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em> (1985). Daniel Schwemer forneceu o marco hist\u00f3rico en <em>Die Wettergottgestalten<\/em> (2001).<\/p><p>Na recepci\u00f3n popular, Yam \u00e9 co\u00f1ecido sobre todo a trav\u00e9s dos mitos ugar\u00edticos e das alusi\u00f3ns hebreo-b\u00edblicas. Falta unha revitalizaci\u00f3n espiritual en sentido neopag\u00e1n.<\/p><p>Cientificamente, Yam consid\u00e9rase hoxe un obxecto de estudo central para a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> do caos acu\u00e1tico do Pr\u00f3ximo Oriente antigo e para a familia m\u00edtica dos combates entre o deus da tormenta e o mar.<\/p><p>As li\u00f1as de investigaci\u00f3n actuais c\u00e9ntranse na diferenciaci\u00f3n entre os distintos seres marinos (Yam, Liwjatan, Tannin), nos paralelos b\u00edblicos e na cuesti\u00f3n da relaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-relixiosa exacta coa tradici\u00f3n mesopot\u00e1mica de Tiamat. O iWell Guard rexistra Yam como exemplo hist\u00f3rico sen relaci\u00f3n pr\u00e1ctica de protecci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Na investigaci\u00f3n b\u00edblica moderna, Yam anal\u00edzase cada vez de forma m\u00e1is sistem\u00e1tica como o trasfondo hist\u00f3rico-relixioso dos textos da creaci\u00f3n e do combate contra o caos. Bernard Batto e John Day estudaron en detalle en varios traballos a conexi\u00f3n entre a tradici\u00f3n de Yam e o relato hebreo da creaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda e fontes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A seguinte selecci\u00f3n re\u00fane as obras de referencia m\u00e1is importantes sobre a investigaci\u00f3n de Yam. Incl\u00fae edici\u00f3ns de textos, s\u00edntese hist\u00f3ricas e estudos sobre os paralelos hebreo-b\u00edblicos. A edici\u00f3n do ciclo de Baal de Mark Smith \u00e9 a base das fontes primarias; John Day e Schwemer ofrecen a contextualizaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-relixiosa. Mary Bachvarova achega a li\u00f1a de conexi\u00f3n coa tradici\u00f3n grega.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp267ce5fe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp267ce5fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c5eeff3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c5eeff3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O ciclo de Baal de Ugarit como fonte principal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24751ec0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24751ec0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20cca71c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp20cca71c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Case todo o que se pode dicir sobre <em>Yammu<\/em> como personaxe activo procede dun \u00fanico complexo textual: o chamado ciclo de Baal, unha serie de t\u00e1boas de arxila en escritura cuneiforme alfab\u00e9tica, atopadas entre 1929 e a d\u00e9cada de 1930 nas escavaci\u00f3ns francesas dirixidas por Claude Schaeffer no <em>Tell Ras Shamra<\/em>, na costa siria.<\/p><p>As t\u00e1boas co\u00f1\u00e9cense hoxe polas signaturas KTU 1.1 a 1.6; o episodio de Yam conc\u00e9ntrase en KTU 1.1 e 1.2. Foron escritas, segundo o colof\u00f3n, polo escriba Ilimilku, probablemente nos s\u00e9culos XIV ou XIII a.C.<\/p><p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e narraci\u00f3ns a trav\u00e9s das xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmisi\u00f3n<\/span> presenta lagoas. A t\u00e1boa KTU 1.1 est\u00e1 moi danada e falta boa parte do inicio do conflito. S\u00f3 a partir de KTU 1.2 comeza unha escena coherente: Yam env\u00eda mensaxeiros \u00e1 asemblea dos deuses e exixe a entrega de Baal.<\/p><p>Desde as primeiras edici\u00f3ns de Charles Virolleaud, a investigaci\u00f3n debate se existiu outra t\u00e1boa, hoxe perdida, que contivese o inicio do enfrontamento. A propia orde das t\u00e1boas non est\u00e1 garantida por colof\u00f3ns, sen\u00f3n que \u00e9 unha reconstruci\u00f3n dos editores.<\/p><p>Para o traballo cient\u00edfico, esta situaci\u00f3n das fontes \u00e9 decisiva: Yam non \u00e9 unha figura dunha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e narraci\u00f3ns a trav\u00e9s das xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmisi\u00f3n<\/span> ampla e con m\u00faltiples voces, sen\u00f3n que \u00e9 accesible case exclusivamente desde a perspectiva dun texto narrativo pro-baalita. As afirmaci\u00f3ns sobre un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das pr\u00e1cticas relixiosas de veneraci\u00f3n a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> propio a Yam, sobre himnos dedicados a el ou sobre o seu papel f\u00f3ra do conflito con Baal seguen sendo, por tanto, especulativas.<\/p><p>A edici\u00f3n de referencia \u00e9 hoxe <em>Die keilalphabetischen Texte aus Ugarit<\/em> (KTU), de Manfried Dietrich, Oswald Loretz e Joaqu\u00edn Sanmart\u00edn; unha traduci\u00f3n inglesa moi utilizada, con comentario, d\u00e9bese a Mark S. Smith.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24e2e352 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp24e2e352\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22d58ce9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22d58ce9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A asemblea dos deuses e a mensaxe de Yam<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp248e4b3c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp248e4b3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp220d4b7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp220d4b7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A escena de Yam mellor conservada (KTU 1.2 i) mostra unha asemblea dos deuses presidida polo deus supremo <em>El<\/em>. Yam env\u00eda dous mensaxeiros coa exixencia de que Baal lle sexa entregado, xa sexa como tributario ou como prisioneiro.<\/p><p>O texto confire \u00e1 escena unha coreograf\u00eda precisa: os deuses baixan a cabeza at\u00e9 os xeonllos \u00e1 chegada dos mensaxeiros, xesto de temor. Baal repr\u00e9ndeos por iso e \u00e9rguese.<\/p><p>El, o patriarca da asemblea, reacciona con condescendencia. En varias pasaxes chama a Yam o seu favorito e parece dispost a satisfacer a exixencia, chegando a designar a Baal como servo de Yam.<\/p><p>Esta actitude de El \u00e9 un punto moi debatido: mostra que no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto dos deuses dunha relixi\u00f3n ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3n<\/span> ugar\u00edtico o deus supremo non se identifica co deus da tempestade vitorioso, e confire ao conflito un matiz pol\u00edtico, case o dunha disputa din\u00e1stica dentro dunha mesma familia.<\/p><p>Nestas li\u00f1as Yam leva denominaci\u00f3ns dobres fixas. Xunto a <em>ym<\/em> aparece como <em>tpt nhr<\/em>, adoito traducido como &#8220;Xu\u00edz R\u00edo&#8221; ou &#8220;Se\u00f1or Corrente&#8221;. A colocaci\u00f3n paralela de &#8220;mar&#8221; e &#8220;r\u00edo&#8221; \u00e9 un recurso estil\u00edstico t\u00edpico da poes\u00eda ugar\u00edtica e evidencia que Yam personifica a totalidade das augas ind\u00f3mitas, non s\u00f3 o mar aberto.<\/p><p>A escena remata coa negativa de Baal e o seu anuncio de atacar aos mensaxeiros e ao seu se\u00f1or. Constit\u00fae as\u00ed o preludio inmediato do combate singular narrado na mesma t\u00e1boa en KTU 1.2 iv. Sobre a figura contraposta v\u00e9xase tam\u00e9n <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/baal-hammon-alto-deus-cartaxines\/\">Baal-Hammon<\/a>, unha expresi\u00f3n fenicia posterior do nome de Baal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda (selecci\u00f3n)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Mark Smith \/ Wayne Pitard: <em>The Ugaritic Baal Cycle<\/em> (Leiden 1994\/2009)<\/li><li>John Day: <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em> (Cambridge 1985)<\/li><li>Daniel Schwemer: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em> (Wiesbaden 2001)<\/li><li>Mark Smith: <em>The Origins of Biblical Monotheism<\/em> (Oxford 2001)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Mary Bachvarova: <em>From Hittite to Homer<\/em> (Cambridge 2016)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-yam e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-yam\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-yam-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-yam-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No ciclo de Baal <em>ugar\u00edtico<\/em>, transmitido en t\u00e1boas de arxila de Ras Shamra do s\u00e9culo XIV a. C., Yam aparece como deus do mar e adversario de Baal, quen finalmente o vence coas armas arroxadizas Ajamur e Yagrush.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termos clave relacionados: Yam, fenicios, deus do mar, ciclo de Baal, Tannin, Leviat\u00e1n, augas do caos.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-yam\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard e tradici\u00f3ns de protecci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard retoma a tradici\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-cultural dos obxectos de protecci\u00f3n port\u00e1tiles, na tradici\u00f3n do <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/fenicios-cartago-baal-tanit\/\">fenicio<\/a> e de moitas outras culturas de todo o mundo. 41 capas, ouro real, platino, prata, fabricado en Alema\u00f1a. Dereito de devoluci\u00f3n de 30 d\u00edas.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e1is sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e1is sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">As experiencias persoais poden variar. 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