{"id":194936,"date":"2026-09-07T09:38:08","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:38:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=194936"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"turms-mensaxeiro-deuses-mortos","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/turms-mensaxeiro-deuses-mortos\/","title":{"rendered":"Turms &#8211; Mensaxeiro etrusco dos deuses e divindade dos mortos"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"194936\" class=\"elementor elementor-194936 elementor-2608 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms - Mensaxeiro etrusco dos deuses, equivalente ao grego Hermes<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms \u00e9, na relixi\u00f3n etrusca, o mensaxeiro dos deuses e o acompa\u00f1ante dos mortos ao inframundo. Corresponde funcionalmente ao grego Hermes e ao romano Mercurio. Esta descrici\u00f3n aborda a s\u00faa posici\u00f3n desde a ciencia da relixi\u00f3n, os seus trazos iconogr\u00e1ficos e o seu papel no sistema escatol\u00f3xico etrusco.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mensaxeiro da tradici\u00f3n etrusca.\">Mensaxeiro<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/religion-etrusca-haruspex-disciplina\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitolox\u00eda da tradici\u00f3n etrusca.\">Etrusca<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mensaxeiro dos deuses e gu\u00eda dos mortos.\">Mensaxeiro dos deuses e gu\u00eda dos mortos<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196809\" alt=\"Turms - deuses da tradici\u00f3n etrusca, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Posici\u00f3n no pante\u00f3n etrusco<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms pertence aos deuses destacados do pante\u00f3n etrusco. \u00c9 mensaxeiro entre os deuses e entre os mundos, o dos vivos e o dos mortos. Nesta funci\u00f3n corresponde en boa medida ao grego Hermes Psychopompos.<\/p><p>Larissa Bonfante e Nancy Thomson de Grummond trataron a Turms nas s\u00faas obras sobre a relixi\u00f3n etrusca. \u00c9 unha figura frecuente na arte figurativa etrusca, representada moitas veces en espellos con inscrici\u00f3ns.<\/p><p>O mensaxeiro divino Turms pertence a unha relixi\u00f3n que resulta especialmente reveladora para a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ciencia que estuda as relixi\u00f3ns de forma comparativa e sen vinculaci\u00f3n de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ciencia da relixi\u00f3n<\/span>, xa que fai de mediaci\u00f3n entre o mundo de tradici\u00f3n grego-mediterr\u00e1neo e o it\u00e1lico-romano. Contribuci\u00f3ns esenciais \u00e1 investigaci\u00f3n proceden de Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani e Giovanni Colonna, cuxos traballos afinaron a imaxe dunha tradici\u00f3n relixiosa propia e independente.<\/p><p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> etrusca co\u00f1ec\u00eda un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto dos deuses dunha relixi\u00f3n ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3n<\/span> claramente estruturado, con rangos escalonados e funci\u00f3ns ben repartidas; Turms estaba nel firmemente asentado como mensaxeiro entre os deuses e entre os mundos. Onde os estudos m\u00e1is antigos presentaban este sistema como enigm\u00e1tico ou estra\u00f1o, hoxe reco\u00f1\u00e9cese unha variante propia da relixi\u00f3n mediterr\u00e1nea.<\/p><p>Na historia relixiosa de Italia, os etruscos ocuparon unha posici\u00f3n de mediaci\u00f3n entre as influencias gregas e a relixi\u00f3n romana en formaci\u00f3n. Este papel mediador, que se reflicte de certo modo na funci\u00f3n de mensaxeiro de Turms, resulta especialmente interesante desde a ciencia da relixi\u00f3n.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n en etnolox\u00eda relixiosa das \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas considera a relixi\u00f3n etrusca un sistema pechado en si mesmo e propio desde o punto de vista fenomenol\u00f3xico-relixioso. No lugar da lectura m\u00e1is antiga, que a entend\u00eda como mera derivaci\u00f3n da relixi\u00f3n grega, imp\u00faxose unha visi\u00f3n moito m\u00e1is diferenciada, da que tam\u00e9n se beneficia a comprensi\u00f3n de Turms.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e etimolox\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O nome Turms est\u00e1 documentado en numerosos espellos e inscrici\u00f3ns etruscas. Non se recuperou con seguridade un significado etimol\u00f3xico. A <em>Editio Minor<\/em> de Helmut Rix documenta os testemu\u00f1os epigr\u00e1ficos.<\/p><p>Turms aparece tam\u00e9n co ep\u00edteto Turms Aitas (&#8216;Turms de Aita&#8217;), o que o identifica expresamente como acompa\u00f1ante do deus do inframundo <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/aita-deus-etrusco-inframundo\/\">Aita<\/a>. Esta relaci\u00f3n \u00e9 importante desde o punto de vista cient\u00edfico: mostra a s\u00faa dobre funci\u00f3n como mensaxeiro divino e gu\u00eda dos mortos.<\/p><p>O etrusco constit\u00fae unha lingua \u00e1 parte; consid\u00e9rase illada ou hipoteticamente adscrita a unha familia tirs\u00e9nica, \u00e1 que tam\u00e9n poder\u00edan pertencer o lemnio e o r\u00e9tico. A investigaci\u00f3n traballa desde o s\u00e9culo XIX na desciframento destes textos, sen chegar a\u00ednda a unha conclusi\u00f3n, o que tam\u00e9n afecta \u00e1 interpretaci\u00f3n do nome Turms.<\/p><p>A colecci\u00f3n epigr\u00e1fica de referencia do corpus ling\u00fc\u00edstico etrusco \u00e9 a Editio Minor de Helmut Rix, na que tam\u00e9n est\u00e1n documentados os testemu\u00f1os do nome Turms. Hoxe compl\u00e9tase co Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae e coa base de datos en li\u00f1a ETP, o Etruscan Texts Project.<\/p><p>Xa na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre o 800 a.C. e o 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antig\u00fcidade<\/span> as opini\u00f3ns sobre a orixe dos etruscos difer\u00edan: Herodoto deriv\u00e1baos de Lidia, mentres que Dionisio de Halicarnaso os consideraba un pobo it\u00e1lico aut\u00f3ctono. Desde o punto de vista da historia das relixi\u00f3ns, a cuesti\u00f3n \u00e9 relevante, xa que dela depende se a relixi\u00f3n etrusca presenta v\u00ednculos con cultos de Asia Menor.<\/p><p>A ling\u00fc\u00edstica e a epigraf\u00eda traballan hoxe en estreita colaboraci\u00f3n. A edici\u00f3n dixital dos textos etruscos, o Etruscan Texts Project (ETP), facilita considerablemente os estudos comparativos, por exemplo sobre te\u00f3nimos como Turms. Marie-Laurence Haack e Vincent Jolivet presentaron contribuci\u00f3ns pioneiras neste sentido.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descrici\u00f3n e iconograf\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms repres\u00e9ntase na arte etrusca como un home xove, a mi\u00fado con sombreiro de viaxe (petasos), sandalias con \u00e1s e caduceo (bast\u00f3n de heraldo). Esta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina que estuda os contidos das imaxes e o seu significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconograf\u00eda<\/span> est\u00e1 tomada da tradici\u00f3n grega de Hermes. Son c\u00e9lebres as figuri\u00f1as de bronce etruscas de Turms, conservadas en varias colecci\u00f3ns en todo o mundo.<\/p><p>En espellos etruscos (s\u00e9culos IV\/III a. C.) Turms aparece en numerosas escenas mitol\u00f3xicas, a mi\u00fado como acompa\u00f1ante de heroes moribundos ou transferidos, e outras veces como mensaxeiro entre deuses.<\/p><p>Do punto de vista da fenomenolox\u00eda relixiosa, a arte figurativa dos etruscos \u00e9 extraordinariamente rica e ao mesmo tempo a fonte principal do noso co\u00f1ecemento, tam\u00e9n no que respecta \u00e1s numerosas representaci\u00f3ns de Turms. Espellos, vasos, pinturas funerarias e bronces conforman a maior parte do material. Larissa Bonfante subli\u00f1ou nos seus estudos que esta linguaxe visual constit\u00fae unha tradici\u00f3n aut\u00f3noma e non simplemente derivada.<\/p><p>Unha fonte de primeira orde para a relixi\u00f3n e a escatolox\u00eda dos etruscos son as pinturas funerarias, conservadas sobre todo en Tarquinia, Cerveteri e Vulci. As s\u00faas imaxes mostran banquetes, episodios mitol\u00f3xicos, danza e m\u00fasica; o m\u00e1is al\u00e1, ao que Turms conduce como gu\u00eda dos mortos, aparece as\u00ed como unha continuaci\u00f3n da vida terreal.<\/p><p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina que estuda os contidos das imaxes e o seu significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconograf\u00eda<\/span> etrusca prefire composici\u00f3ns con m\u00faltiples figuras, alusi\u00f3ns narrativas e mensaxes visuais simbolicamente concentradas; Turms tam\u00e9n aparece con frecuencia neste tipo de escenas. Descifrar esta linguaxe visual \u00e9 tarefa da iconograf\u00eda relixiosa etrusca.<\/p><p>Un trazo caracter\u00edstico da arte figurativa etrusca \u00e9 unha densa estratificaci\u00f3n narrativa. Un s\u00f3 espello ou vaso pode conter varias referencias mitol\u00f3xicas ao mesmo tempo, por exemplo cando Turms aparece xunto a outras figuras. Esta densidade require da investigaci\u00f3n unha an\u00e1lise coidadosa do contexto visual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms como mensaxeiro dos deuses<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na s\u00faa funci\u00f3n de mensaxeiro dos deuses, Turms transmite noticias entre os ol\u00edmpicos, entre deuses e homes, e entre os vivos e os mortos. Nos espellos etruscos aparece con frecuencia en escenas nas que os deuses se comunican entre si, actuando Turms como mediador.<\/p><p>Esta funci\u00f3n \u00e9 ben co\u00f1ecida na tradici\u00f3n de Hermes e probablemente foi adoptada polos etruscos a partir do ciclo mitol\u00f3xico grego. Con todo, os etruscos imprimiron acentos propios, especialmente pola conexi\u00f3n co inframundo.<\/p><p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conxunto dos relatos transmitidos sobre os deuses dunha cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitolox\u00eda<\/span> dos etruscos, a diferenza da grega ou da romana, non se transmitiu en textos narrativos elaborados. Os mitos relacionados con Turms deben reconstru\u00edrse a partir de representaci\u00f3ns visuais, inscrici\u00f3ns e da tradici\u00f3n secundaria greco-romana. Esta situaci\u00f3n indirecta das fontes require especial coidado metodol\u00f3xico.<\/p><p>A relaci\u00f3n entre a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conxunto dos relatos transmitidos sobre os deuses dunha cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitolox\u00eda<\/span> etrusca e a grega \u00e9 complexa. Os etruscos, por unha banda, adoptaron numerosos temas gregos, como os de Aquiles, Odiseo e Edipo, pero, pola outra, deronlles interpretaci\u00f3ns e \u00e9nfases propios. A investigaci\u00f3n estuda intensamente como se produciu esta apropiaci\u00f3n en cada caso, por exemplo na adopci\u00f3n dos trazos de Hermes en Turms.<\/p><p>Un trazo t\u00edpico da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina que estuda de forma cient\u00edfica a deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> etrusca \u00e9 o consello dos deuses, o consensus deorum. O deus supremo Tinia non act\u00faa s\u00f3, sen\u00f3n que se aconsella cos demais deuses, e Turms act\u00faa como mensaxeiro entre eles. Desde a fenomenolox\u00eda relixiosa, este \u00f3rgano constit\u00fae unha particularidade.<\/p><p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conxunto dos relatos transmitidos sobre os deuses dunha cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitolox\u00eda<\/span> etrusca non deixou unha tradici\u00f3n narrativa unificada; hai que reconstru\u00edla a partir de escenas visuais, inscrici\u00f3ns e fontes secundarias, o que require unha interpretaci\u00f3n coidadosa. Como Turms aparece sobre todo en espellos, resulta especialmente \u00fatil combinar a inscrici\u00f3n etrusca, o modelo visual grego e a lectura contextual de cada escena.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms como gu\u00eda dos mortos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A funci\u00f3n escatol\u00f3xica m\u00e1is importante de Turms \u00e9 a de acompa\u00f1ar os mortos ao inframundo. En sarc\u00f3fagos e pinturas funerarias etruscas (Tarquinia, Vulci) aparece con frecuencia xunto a outros gu\u00edas dos mortos como <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/charun-demo-etrusco-morte\/\">Charun<\/a> e <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/vanth-demo-etrusca-inframundo\/\">Vanth<\/a>.<\/p><p>A escatolox\u00eda etrusca resulta especialmente interesante desde o punto de vista cient\u00edfico porque ofrece unha concepci\u00f3n moi definida do inframundo (en etrusco, en parte, calusna). Turms forma parte desta concepci\u00f3n. Jean-Ren\u00e9 Jannot tratou sistematicamente a escatolox\u00eda en <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em>.<\/p><p>O contexto relixioso de Turms est\u00e1 formado pola Disciplina Etrusca, o sistema de adivi\u00f1aci\u00f3n dos etruscos, que comprende tres ramas: a lectura das entra\u00f1as (haruspicina), a interpretaci\u00f3n dos raios (fulguratio) e a observaci\u00f3n dos voos das aves (auspicia). Os etruscos transmit\u00edrona aos romanos, onde se mantivo como pr\u00e1ctica viva at\u00e9 o s\u00e9culo IV d. C. Cicer\u00f3n e S\u00e9neca describ\u00edrona detalladamente.<\/p><p>O saber transmitido, no que tam\u00e9n se ancora unha figura como Turms, foi conservado por escolas sacerdotais especializadas, nas que a Disciplina Etrusca se transmit\u00eda de xeraci\u00f3n en xeraci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Consid\u00e9ranse os seus textos principais os Libri Rituales, os Libri Haruspicini e os Libri Fulgurales. Estes textos non se conservaron; con todo, poden reconstru\u00edrse parcialmente a partir de citas en Cicer\u00f3n, Festo e Macrobio.<\/p><p>O sistema de culto etrusco estaba fortemente ligado a cada cidade. Cada un dos grandes centros, \u00e9 dicir, Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veios, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia e Roselle, ti\u00f1a os seus propios cultos principais e particularidades relixiosas.<\/p><p>A relevancia da relixiosidade na que Turms ten o seu lugar queda patente na Disciplina Etrusca: como sistema relixioso-divinatorio coherente, conta entre as pr\u00e1cticas de adivi\u00f1aci\u00f3n m\u00e1is desenvolvidas do mundo antigo. Os romanos adopt\u00e1rona sistematicamente, e a s\u00faa pr\u00e1ctica prolongouse at\u00e9 finais da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, entre aprox. 800 a. C. e 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antig\u00fcidade<\/span>. Desde o punto de vista hist\u00f3rico, esta continuidade merece atenci\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culto e rituais<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms era venerado en templos propios, a\u00ednda que non coa mesma prominencia que Tinia, Uni ou Menrva. O seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto dos actos de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dedicados a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> ti\u00f1a unha orientaci\u00f3n m\u00e1is pr\u00e1ctica e pragm\u00e1tica: viaxeiros, comerciantes e emisarios invoc\u00e1bano, e nos enterramentos era chamado para guiar con seguridade aos mortos cara ao m\u00e1is al\u00e1.<\/p><p>Unha pr\u00e1ctica moi estendida \u00e9 a colocaci\u00f3n de pequenas figuri\u00f1as de Turms nas tumbas. Cr\u00eda-se que estas guiaban o cami\u00f1o dos mortos. Este tipo de figuri\u00f1as foron atopadas en numerosas tumbas etruscas.<\/p><p>Tam\u00e9n os edificios nos que se veneraban divindades como Turms te\u00f1en un estilo propio. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha construci\u00f3n destinada \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> etrusco caracter\u00edzase polo estilo tuscanus, cunha orde de columnas propia que Vitruvio describe en De Architectura. No trazado, destacan especialmente a cella e un amplo p\u00f3rtico frontal, o que diferencia claramente estas construci\u00f3ns dos modelos gregos.<\/p><p>Con frecuencia, os <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha construci\u00f3n destinada \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> do universo cultual ao que tam\u00e9n pertence Turms ti\u00f1an unha escala monumental. Un exemplo \u00e9 o templo de I\u00fapiter no Capitolio de Roma, erguido por arquitectos e artistas etruscos, especialmente Vulca de Veios. Consid\u00e9rase un testemu\u00f1o arquitect\u00f3nico da relixiosidade etrusca na Roma primitiva.<\/p><p>No caso de Turms como mensaxeiro divino, resulta significativo o marco cultual supraterritorial no que era venerado: no Fanum Voltumnae, preto de Volsinii, a liga etrusca das doce cidades reun\u00eda-se anualmente nunha asemblea relixiosa e ao mesmo tempo pol\u00edtica. Voltumna actuaba como divindade federal desa confederaci\u00f3n de estados e ti\u00f1a unha significaci\u00f3n relixiosa que \u00eda m\u00e1is al\u00e1 dos cultos de cada cidade en particular.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradici\u00f3ns de protecci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms era invocado en contextos de protecci\u00f3n principalmente por viaxeiros, comerciantes, mensaxeiros e adivi\u00f1os. Quen emprend\u00eda unha viaxe dirix\u00eda karakia (oraci\u00f3ns) a Turms; os comerciantes recorr\u00edan a el como padroeiro protector das s\u00faas pr\u00e1cticas comerciais. Tam\u00e9n en contextos de adivi\u00f1aci\u00f3n, especialmente na observaci\u00f3n de aves e na interpretaci\u00f3n de so\u00f1os, Turms ti\u00f1a un papel relevante.<\/p><p>As pr\u00e1cticas apotropaicas relacionadas con Turms inclu\u00edan levar consigo pequenas figuras de Turms, colocar hermas de Turms nas entradas das casas e das cidades, e invocalo antes de negociaci\u00f3ns importantes. Esta pr\u00e1ctica procede da tradici\u00f3n grega de Hermes.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>O costume protector etrusco disp\u00f3n de numerosos signos apotropaicos: amuletos f\u00e1licos, imaxes de gorgoneion, s\u00edmbolos de ollos, bullae e certas f\u00f3rmulas. Larissa Bonfante analizou a linguaxe visual destes s\u00edmbolos apotropaicos na s\u00faa obra Etruscan Mirrors, publicada a partir de 1980.<\/span><\/p><p>Como outras figuras do pante\u00f3n etrusco, Turms tam\u00e9n se sit\u00faa nun contexto atravesado por signos protectores. O ollo de Tinia, os amuletos f\u00e1licos e os gorgoneia aparec\u00edan tanto en templos e tumbas como en santuarios dom\u00e9sticos e obxectos persoais. M\u00e1is al\u00e1 da cultura etrusca, esta pr\u00e1ctica perviviu na crenza popular romana e mediterr\u00e1nea en xeral.<\/p><p>Quen se achega ao \u00e1mbito de acci\u00f3n de Turms at\u00f3pase cunha relixiosidade cuxas pr\u00e1cticas protectoras estaban estreitamente vinculadas \u00e1 Disciplina Etrusca. Unha fundaci\u00f3n de cidade, unha campa\u00f1a militar ou a construci\u00f3n dunha casa non se emprend\u00edan sen unha consulta divinatoria previa \u00e1 vontade dos deuses.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelismos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms corresponde funcionalmente ao grego Hermes e ao romano Mercurius. A relaci\u00f3n \u00e9 estreita tanto tipoloxicamente como historicamente: a tradici\u00f3n etrusca de Turms rem\u00f3ntase directamente \u00e1 tradici\u00f3n grega de Hermes. Non obstante, os etruscos introduciron acentos propios, especialmente no \u00e1mbito da escatolox\u00eda.<\/p><p>Nunha perspectiva comparada, Turms pode relacionarse con outros mensaxeiros divinos: Anubis (exipcio, gu\u00eda dos mortos), Hermes (grego), Mercurius (romano), Wotan\/Od\u00edn na s\u00faa funci\u00f3n de gu\u00eda dos mortos (xerm\u00e1nico). A idea do mensaxeiro divino como mediador entre mundos \u00e9 universal desde o punto de vista da fenomenolox\u00eda relixiosa.<\/p><p>A trav\u00e9s da interpretatio Romana, as divindades etruscas recibiron nomes romanos: Tinia converteuse en Iupiter, Uni en Iuno, Menrva en Minerva. Estas equiparaci\u00f3ns adoitaban recoller s\u00f3 alg\u00fans trazos seleccionados, non a figura completa. A investigaci\u00f3n dos \u00faltimos cincuenta anos v\u00e9n determinando que particularidades etruscas se mantiveron, por exemplo no caso do deus mensaxeiro Turms en relaci\u00f3n con Hermes e Mercurius.<\/p><p>O feito de que Turms, como mensaxeiro divino, estea pr\u00f3ximo ao grego Hermes e ao romano Mercurius apunta a unha ampla rede de conexi\u00f3ns: a relixi\u00f3n etrusca mostra numerosos puntos de contacto con tradici\u00f3ns anat\u00f3licas, fenicias e do Pr\u00f3ximo Oriente. A mediaci\u00f3n fenicia est\u00e1 documentada polas l\u00e1minas de Pyrgi. Esta interconexi\u00f3n transmediterr\u00e1nea constit\u00fae desde hai varias d\u00e9cadas un importante campo de investigaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Desde unha perspectiva comparada, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das acci\u00f3ns de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dedicadas a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> etrusco pertence \u00e1 familia relixiosa mediterr\u00e1nea m\u00e1is amplia e mant\u00e9n relaci\u00f3ns con Grecia, Fenicia, Exipto, Anatolia e o Latium. Esta integraci\u00f3n, na que tam\u00e9n se inscribe a figura mensaxeira de Turms, constit\u00fae un importante campo de investigaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Investigaci\u00f3n actual<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A investigaci\u00f3n sobre Turms avanzou considerablemente nos \u00faltimos 30 anos grazas \u00e1 an\u00e1lise sistem\u00e1tica dos espellos etruscos (Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum, CSE). Larissa Bonfante estudou as imaxes de Turms en varias edici\u00f3ns de espellos.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n examina intensamente a relaci\u00f3n entre a tradici\u00f3n grega de Hermes e a autonom\u00eda etrusca de Turms. Onde hai adaptaci\u00f3ns directas e onde formulaci\u00f3ns propiamente etruscas? Esta cuesti\u00f3n \u00e9 obxecto de debate actual.<\/p><p>Figuras como Turms tam\u00e9n se estudan hoxe no marco dunha investigaci\u00f3n internacional sobre a relixi\u00f3n etrusca. Entre os centros m\u00e1is destacados figuran as universidades de Florencia, Roma Sapienza, Pisa, T\u00fcbingen e Princeton. Cada ano varios congresos internacionais abordan aspectos concretos deste campo.<\/p><p>Os proxectos internacionais sobre relixi\u00f3n etrusca recorren hoxe a m\u00e9todos dixitais: escaneos tridimensionais de templos e tumbas, bases de datos de inscrici\u00f3ns e fontes iconogr\u00e1ficas, as\u00ed como an\u00e1lises SIX da estrutura dos asentamentos. Estes m\u00e9todos abren novas perspectivas, tam\u00e9n sobre os espellos nos que aparece representado Turms.<\/p><p>O que a investigaci\u00f3n descobre sobre a relixi\u00f3n etrusca e as s\u00faas divindades, entre elas Turms, chega ao p\u00fablico a trav\u00e9s de exposici\u00f3ns, por exemplo nos Museos Vaticanos, no Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia e no Boston Museum of Fine Arts, ademais de numerosas publicaci\u00f3ns.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes e estado da investigaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As fontes m\u00e1is importantes para o estudo de Turms son os espellos etruscos (especialmente os que levan inscrici\u00f3n), as pinturas funerarias, os sarc\u00f3fagos e as inscrici\u00f3ns. O Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum (varios volumes) \u00e9 a colecci\u00f3n m\u00e1is relevante das imaxes dos espellos.<\/p><p>Unha an\u00e1lise m\u00e1is profunda da <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/religion-etrusca-haruspex-disciplina\/\">historia da relixi\u00f3n etrusca<\/a> en conxunto mostra como cabe entender a Turms dentro da rede de relaci\u00f3ns cos deuses ol\u00edmpicos e coas divindades do inframundo, Aita, Charun e Vanth. Esta interconexi\u00f3n resulta esencial desde o punto de vista cient\u00edfico.<\/p><p>A base documental sobre a relixi\u00f3n etrusca \u00e9 irregular: testemu\u00f1os epigr\u00e1ficos, recollidos na Editio Minor de Helmut Rix, achados arqueol\u00f3xicos, fontes iconogr\u00e1ficas e bibliograf\u00eda secundaria. Quen queira comprender a Turms de forma axeitada debe analizar esta diversidade dun xeito interdisciplinar; a investigaci\u00f3n m\u00e1is recente combina de forma sistem\u00e1tica a filolox\u00eda, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ciencia que estuda as culturas do pasado a partir de restos materiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">arqueolox\u00eda<\/span>, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ciencia que estuda as relixi\u00f3ns de forma comparativa e sen v\u00ednculo de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns<\/span> e a antropolox\u00eda.<\/p><p>Unha cr\u00edtica das fontes rigorosa require co\u00f1ecer tanto os testemu\u00f1os orixinais etruscos como a tradici\u00f3n secundaria grecorromana. Este dobre enfoque \u00e9 esixente, pero resulta imprescindible para unha reconstruci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-relixiosa s\u00f3lida de Turms.<\/p><p>Unha an\u00e1lise hist\u00f3rica rigorosa de Turms require dominar tanto as fontes epigr\u00e1ficas, arqueol\u00f3xicas e literarias como os enfoques da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ciencia que estuda as relixi\u00f3ns de forma comparativa e sen v\u00ednculo de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns<\/span> moderna. Esta reflexi\u00f3n de varias capas consid\u00e9rase o est\u00e1ndar na investigaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a1a9a94 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2a1a9a94\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28f7c7db elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28f7c7db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms no f\u00edgado de bronce de Piacenza e na disciplina etrusca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp275cc351 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp275cc351\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e49d51b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e49d51b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un documento central para a orde divina etrusca \u00e9 o chamado F\u00edgado de bronce de Piacenza, un modelo en bronce dun f\u00edgado de ovella atopado en 1877 no norte de Italia, dividido en campos e inscrito con nomes de deuses en escritura etrusca.<\/p><p>Probablemente serviu como instrumento did\u00e1ctico ou de exemplificaci\u00f3n da adivi\u00f1aci\u00f3n por v\u00edsceras etrusca, a <em>haruspicina<\/em>. No bordo do modelo hai dispostos dezaseis campos, e outros m\u00e1is no interior.<\/p><p>Neste obxecto aparece tam\u00e9n <em>Turms<\/em>. A s\u00faa posici\u00f3n permite deducir en que zona do ceo etrusco os sacerdotes o situaban e con que outras divindades se pensaba que estaba pr\u00f3ximo.<\/p><p>O F\u00edgado de bronce \u00e9, as\u00ed, unha fonte excepcional que non procede da tradici\u00f3n secundaria romana ou grega, sen\u00f3n directamente da pr\u00e1ctica cultual etrusca, a chamada <em>etrusca disciplina<\/em>.<\/p><p>Con todo, a lectura e interpretaci\u00f3n do f\u00edgado resultan dif\u00edciles. O etrusco \u00e9 lexible, pero s\u00f3 parcialmente comprensible, xa que non existe ningunha lingua estreitamente emparentada con el. Investigadores como Massimo Pallottino, Ambros Josef Pfiffig e, m\u00e1is tarde, Nancy de Grummond contribu\u00edron \u00e1 s\u00faa interpretaci\u00f3n, sen que todos os campos e a s\u00faa l\u00f3xica teol\u00f3xica quedaran aclarados. Turms representa as\u00ed de forma exemplar un problema b\u00e1sico da etruscolox\u00eda: co\u00f1ecemos o seu nome e a s\u00faa posici\u00f3n no sistema ritual, pero a doutrina que o rodea segue sendo fragmentaria.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2bf77d5d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2bf77d5d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp299e2b58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp299e2b58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O gu\u00eda de almas: Turms na pintura funeraria etrusca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f54e2ee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2f54e2ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d5d35f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2d5d35f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A diferenza do grego Hermes, cuxa ampla <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e relatos ao longo de xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span> literaria o mostra como mensaxeiro dos deuses, embusteiro e inventor, <em>Turms<\/em> \u00e9 para n\u00f3s case exclusivamente imaxe.<\/p><p>Un dos seus papeis m\u00e1is claros \u00e9 o de gu\u00eda de almas, o <em>psychopompos<\/em>, que conduce os defuntos ao inframundo. Esta funci\u00f3n destaca sobre todo na pintura funeraria etrusca e nas urnas cinerarias da \u00e9poca etrusca m\u00e1is tard\u00eda.<\/p><p>Nas pinturas murais das tumbas de c\u00e1mara etruscas, por exemplo na zona de Tarquinia e nas grandes necr\u00f3poles, aparece unha figura con sombreiro de viaxeiro e bast\u00f3n que toma un defunto pola man ou cami\u00f1a diante del.<\/p><p>A mi\u00fado esta figura identif\u00edcase con Turms, \u00e1s veces mediante unha inscrici\u00f3n, \u00e1s veces s\u00f3 pola iconograf\u00eda. Nalgunhas ocasi\u00f3ns leva un ep\u00edteto que o marca expresamente como gu\u00eda do inframundo, lido con frecuencia na investigaci\u00f3n como <em>Turms Aitas<\/em>, \u00e9 dicir, Turms no \u00e1mbito do deus do inframundo Aita.<\/p><p>Esta forte \u00e9nfase na funci\u00f3n de gu\u00eda dos mortos \u00e9 un bo exemplo de como a <em>interpretatio<\/em> pode inducir a erro. Se se descartase a Turms como un simple &#8220;Hermes etrusco&#8221;, pasar\u00edase por alto que a arte etrusca precisamente pon en primeiro plano o aspecto relacionado co m\u00e1is al\u00e1, mentres que o lado furtivo e astuto do Hermes grego apenas resulta perceptible. Se isto se debe \u00e1 base documental, moi determinada en Etruria polas tumbas, ou a un peso realmente distinto desta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span>, \u00e9 unha cuesti\u00f3n de investigaci\u00f3n a\u00ednda aberta. Sobre a metodolox\u00eda da relixi\u00f3n etrusca v\u00e9xase tam\u00e9n a entrada sobre a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/religion-etrusca-haruspex-disciplina\/\">mitolox\u00eda etrusca<\/a>.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda (selecci\u00f3n)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mirrors<\/em> (varios volumes)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Nancy Thomson de Grummond: <em>Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend<\/em> (2006)<\/span><\/li><li>Jean-Rene Jannot: <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942)<\/li><li>Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum (varios volumes)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e1is obras de referencia no <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/literatura\/\">\u00edndice bibliogr\u00e1fico<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-turms e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-turms\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-turms-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-turms-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms \u00e9 o mensaxeiro divino etrusco e nas fontes antigas, as\u00ed como na investigaci\u00f3n, adoita tratarse regularmente como unha figura de <em>interpretatio<\/em>: aparece como <strong>equivalente<\/strong> directo do Hermes grego e do Mercurio romano.<\/p><p>En espellos de bronce do s\u00e9culo cuarto e terceiro antes da nosa era leva sandalias aladas e vara de heraldo, e asume funci\u00f3ns semellantes, como a de conducir aos defuntos. Esta identificaci\u00f3n como equivalente mostra o estreitamente entrelazado que estaba o mundo divino etrusco coas concepci\u00f3ns grego-romanas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-turms e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-turms\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-turms-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-turms-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span><\/em> etrusco presenta a Turms como mensaxeiro divino e gu\u00eda de almas, cuxa funci\u00f3n coincide estreitamente coa do Hermes grego; faise visible en espellos de bronce dos s\u00e9culos quinto e cuarto antes de Cristo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termos clave relacionados: Turms etruscos mensaxeiro divino caduceo Hermes Mercurio gu\u00eda de almas Aita.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-turms\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard e tradici\u00f3ns de protecci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard contin\u00faa a tradici\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-cultural dos obxectos de protecci\u00f3n port\u00e1tiles, na tradici\u00f3n dos <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/religion-etrusca-haruspex-disciplina\/\">Etruscos<\/a> e de moitas outras culturas de todo o mundo. 41 capas, ouro real, platino, prata, fabricado en Alema\u00f1a. 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Non \u00e9 un produto sanitario. Non promete curaci\u00f3n.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>non \u00e9 un produto sanitario<\/strong> e non substit\u00fae ning\u00fan tratamento m\u00e9dico ou psicoterap\u00e9utico. 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