{"id":194932,"date":"2026-09-07T09:38:07","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:38:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=194932"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"tinia-deus-supremo-etruscos","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/tinia-deus-supremo-etruscos\/","title":{"rendered":"Tinia &#8211; Deus supremo dos etruscos"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"194932\" class=\"elementor elementor-194932 elementor-2604 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tinia - Deus etrusco do ceo e deus supremo, lanzador do l\u00f3strego<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tinia (tam\u00e9n escrito Tin, Tina, Tinia) \u00e9 considerado na relixi\u00f3n etrusca o deus supremo e se\u00f1or do ceo. \u00c9 o hom\u00f3logo etrusco do X\u00fapiter romano e do Zeus grego, a\u00ednda que con caracter\u00edsticas propias. Esta presentaci\u00f3n describe a s\u00faa posici\u00f3n desde a ciencia da relixi\u00f3n dentro do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto dos deuses dunha relixi\u00f3n ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3n<\/span> etrusco, os seus rastros iconogr\u00e1ficos e o seu papel na vida ritual de Etruria.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus da tradici\u00f3n etrusca.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/religion-etrusca-haruspex-disciplina\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitolox\u00eda da tradici\u00f3n etrusca.\">Etrusco<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divindade celeste e suprema.\">Divindade celeste e suprema<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tinia-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" 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500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_tinia-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196810\" alt=\"Tinia - Deuses da tradici\u00f3n etrusca, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_tinia-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_tinia-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_tinia-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_tinia-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Posici\u00f3n no pante\u00f3n etrusco<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tinia \u00e9 o deus supremo da relixi\u00f3n etrusca e presidente do consello dos deuses. Est\u00e1 unido a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/uni-deusa-suprema-etruscos\/\">Uni<\/a> (equivalente a Iuno) e <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/menrva-deusa-etrusca-sabedoria-guerra\/\">Menrva<\/a> (equivalente a Minerva) na tr\u00edade capitolina, que na transici\u00f3n etrusco-romana foi asumida como a tr\u00edade X\u00fapiter-Xuno-Minerva no Capitolio romano.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Fontes importantes sobre a relixi\u00f3n etrusca son a obra de Massimo Pallottino <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942, en alem\u00e1n 1965), <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> de Larissa Bonfante (2006) e <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> de Jean-Ren\u00e9 Jannot (2005). Tinia ocupa o centro de calquera reconstruci\u00f3n da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> etrusca.<\/span><\/p><p>Para situar a Tinia hai que entender primeiro a posici\u00f3n singular da relixi\u00f3n etrusca: at\u00f3pase no punto de encontro entre o mundo mediterr\u00e1neo de influencia grega e a cultura it\u00e1lico-romana emerxente, e serve de mediadora entre ambas.<\/p><p>Esta posici\u00f3n de ponte fai que resulte tan reveladora para a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ciencia que estuda as relixi\u00f3ns de forma comparada e sen vinculaci\u00f3n de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns<\/span>. Investigadores como Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani e Giovanni Colonna demostraron nos seus traballos que se trata dunha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e narraci\u00f3ns ao longo de xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span> relixiosa aut\u00f3noma en si mesma.<\/p><p>Dentro da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> etrusca, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto dos deuses dunha relixi\u00f3n ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3n<\/span> estaba claramente estruturado: exist\u00edan xerarqu\u00edas graduadas, encabezadas por Tinia, e a cada deus correspond\u00edanlle competencias determinadas. As descrici\u00f3ns m\u00e1is antigas presentaron a mi\u00fado este sistema divino como enigm\u00e1tico ou estra\u00f1o. Na realidade, tr\u00e1tase dunha manifestaci\u00f3n propia da relixi\u00f3n mediterr\u00e1nea cunha orde interna comprensible.<\/p><p>Na historia relixiosa de Italia, os etruscos cumpriron unha funci\u00f3n de gozne: a trav\u00e9s deles chegaron ideas gregas ao \u00e1mbito onde se foi formando a relixi\u00f3n romana. Precisamente esta posici\u00f3n mediadora, da que Tinia \u00e9 un exemplo coa s\u00faa posterior identificaci\u00f3n como X\u00fapiter, \u00e9 un dos aspectos m\u00e1is reveladores da cultura etrusca desde o punto de vista da ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e etimolox\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O nome Tinia est\u00e1 documentado en numerosas inscrici\u00f3ns etruscas, sendo a m\u00e1is co\u00f1ecida a r\u00e9plica de f\u00edgado de Piacenza (s\u00e9culo III a. C.), que nas 16 secci\u00f3ns do ceo divino nomea a Tinia na primeira e na \u00faltima secci\u00f3n, delimitando as\u00ed todo o ceo divino. Non se reco\u00f1eceu unha etimolox\u00eda segura para o nome.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>As propostas de etimolox\u00eda van desde &#8216;d\u00eda&#8217; (do etrusco *tin) at\u00e9 &#8216;cume, cima&#8217;. Helmut Rix recompilou todo o material epigr\u00e1fico en <em>Etruscan Texts: Editio Minor<\/em> (1991). Ademais de Tin, Tinia est\u00e1 documentado tam\u00e9n baixo os ep\u00edtetos Tinia Calusna (&#8216;Tinia do submundo celeste&#8217;), Tinia Sosnial e Tinia Thufltha, cada un con funci\u00f3ns espec\u00edficas.<\/span><\/p><p>O etrusco constit\u00fae unha lingua illada; non se pode adscribir con seguridade a ningunha familia ling\u00fc\u00edstica co\u00f1ecida. Unha hip\u00f3tese o incl\u00fae nun chamado grupo tirs\u00e9nico, ao que tam\u00e9n poder\u00edan pertencer o lemnio e o r\u00e9tico.<\/p><p>Desde o s\u00e9culo XIX trab\u00e1llase na desencriptaci\u00f3n destes textos, a\u00ednda sen unha conclusi\u00f3n definitiva, o que afecta tam\u00e9n \u00e1 interpretaci\u00f3n de te\u00f3nimos como Tinia.<\/p><p>Como obra de referencia epigr\u00e1fica s\u00e9rvese a Editio Minor de Helmut Rix, na que se re\u00fane o corpus ling\u00fc\u00edstico etrusco e onde tam\u00e9n se documenta o nome Tinia. A modo complementario est\u00e1n hoxe dispo\u00f1ibles o Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae e a base de datos en li\u00f1a ETP, o Etruscan Texts Project.<\/p><p>A orixe dos etruscos \u00e9 obxecto de controversia desde a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre 800 a. C. e 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antig\u00fcidade<\/span>: Herodoto atribu\u00edulles unha orixe lidia, mentres que Dionisio de Halicarnaso os considerou un pobo aut\u00f3ctono it\u00e1lico.<\/p><p>Este debate \u00e9 relevante para a historia relixiosa porque leva impl\u00edcita a cuesti\u00f3n de se a relixi\u00f3n etrusca, e con ela figuras como Tinia, presentan conexi\u00f3ns con cultos de Asia Menor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descrici\u00f3n e iconograf\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tinia repres\u00e9ntase na arte etrusca como un home barbudo, moitas veces con feixe de raios, cetro ou bast\u00f3n de loto. Son famosos os bronces que o mostran como divindade sentada ou de p\u00e9. Unha estatueta destacada procede de Piombino (s\u00e9c. V a.C.).<\/p><p>Nos espellos etruscos (s\u00e9c. IV\/III a.C.) Tinia aparece con frecuencia en escenas mitol\u00f3xicas, moitas veces con inscrici\u00f3n. Larissa Bonfante, nos seus estudos sobre a linguaxe visual etrusca, subli\u00f1ou a diversidade iconogr\u00e1fica. Tinia leva \u00e1s veces o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signo que representa unha idea ou un significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> do ceo nubrado ou vai acompa\u00f1ado de aguias.<\/p><p>Como faltan textos mitol\u00f3xicos escritos, a arte figurativa dos etruscos \u00e9 a fonte m\u00e1is importante, tam\u00e9n para a representaci\u00f3n de Tinia. Espellos, vasos, pinturas funerarias e figuras de bronce fornecen a maior parte do noso co\u00f1ecemento e resultan extraordinariamente ricos desde a perspectiva da fenomenolox\u00eda da relixi\u00f3n. Larissa Bonfante subli\u00f1ou nas s\u00faas investigaci\u00f3ns que esta linguaxe visual constit\u00fae unha tradici\u00f3n propia e non \u00e9 simplemente derivada de modelos gregos.<\/p><p>As pinturas funerarias, conservadas sobre todo en Tarquinia, Cerveteri e Vulci, te\u00f1en un valor documental especialmente alto para a relixi\u00f3n e as concepci\u00f3ns etruscas do m\u00e1is al\u00e1. Nas paredes at\u00f3panse representaci\u00f3ns de banquetes, escenas mitol\u00f3xicas e imaxes de danza e m\u00fasica. Transmiten a idea dun m\u00e1is al\u00e1 concibido como continuaci\u00f3n da vida terreal.<\/p><p>\u00c9 caracter\u00edstico da composici\u00f3n visual etrusca que varias figuras se combinen en escenas, que se suxiran conexi\u00f3ns narrativas e que os significados se condensen simbolicamente. Tinia tam\u00e9n aparece regularmente nestas composici\u00f3ns visuais con m\u00faltiples figuras. A interpretaci\u00f3n desta forma de representaci\u00f3n \u00e9 tarefa da iconograf\u00eda relixiosa etrusca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitolox\u00eda e relatos m\u00edticos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A diferenza da tradici\u00f3n grega e romana, s\u00f3 contamos con fontes fragmentarias sobre a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das narraci\u00f3ns sobre deuses transmitidas por unha cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitolox\u00eda<\/span> etrusca. Os propios etruscos non escribiron obras mitol\u00f3xicas extensas. O que sabemos procede de fontes iconogr\u00e1ficas etruscas (inscrici\u00f3ns en espellos, pinturas de vasos, pintura funeraria) e de fontes secundarias grego-romanas.<\/p><p>S\u00e1bese que Tinia lanza tres tipos de raios: de aviso, de castigo e de destruci\u00f3n. Esta diferenciaci\u00f3n forma parte da Disciplina Etrusca, a ciencia relixioso-adivi\u00f1atoria que Cicer\u00f3n describe en <em>De Divinatione<\/em>. Na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente do 800 a. C. ao 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antig\u00fcidade<\/span>, os etruscos son considerados expertos na interpretaci\u00f3n dos raios (fulguratio).<\/p><p>A diferenza da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das narraci\u00f3ns sobre deuses transmitidas por unha cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitolox\u00eda<\/span> grega ou romana, a etrusca non se conserva en textos narrativos elaborados. O que sabemos dos mitos arredor de Tinia hai que deducilo de representaci\u00f3ns iconogr\u00e1ficas, inscrici\u00f3ns e informes de autores gregos e romanos. Esta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e narraci\u00f3ns ao longo de xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span> indirecta esixe da investigaci\u00f3n un proceder especialmente coidadoso.<\/p><p>A relaci\u00f3n entre a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das narraci\u00f3ns sobre deuses transmitidas por unha cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitolox\u00eda<\/span> etrusca e a grega non se pode reducir a unha simple adopci\u00f3n. A\u00ednda que os etruscos recolleron moitos temas gregos, como os relativos a Aquiles, Odiseo ou \u00c9dipo, con frecuencia reinterpret\u00e1rono e puxeron os seus propios acentos. A investigaci\u00f3n estuda con detalle como se desenvolveu este proceso de apropiaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Un trazo caracter\u00edstico da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> etrusca \u00e9 a idea dun consello dos deuses, o consensus deorum. Tinia non toma decisi\u00f3ns en solitario, sen\u00f3n que se coordina con outras divindades. Desde a perspectiva da fenomenolox\u00eda da relixi\u00f3n, este \u00f3rgano deliberativo constit\u00fae unha singularidade da relixi\u00f3n etrusca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tinia e a arte da adivi\u00f1aci\u00f3n etrusca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os etruscos desenvolveron un sistema de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A interpretaci\u00f3n de signos para descubrir o oculto ou o futuro.\" tabindex=\"0\">adivi\u00f1aci\u00f3n<\/span> moi elaborado, co\u00f1ecido na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre o 800 a.C. e o 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antig\u00fcidade<\/span> como a &#8216;Disciplina Etrusca&#8217;. Constaba de tres \u00e1mbitos principais: a observaci\u00f3n das entra\u00f1as (haruspicina), a interpretaci\u00f3n dos raios (fulguratio) e a observaci\u00f3n das aves. Tinia ocupa o centro da interpretaci\u00f3n dos raios, xa que \u00e9 a divindade que os lanza.<\/p><p>O f\u00edgado de bronce de Piacenza \u00e9 o testemu\u00f1o material m\u00e1is importante desta tradici\u00f3n. Est\u00e1 dividido en 16 secci\u00f3ns celestes, cada unha asignada a un deus. Tinia est\u00e1 presente ata tres veces: nas secci\u00f3ns Tin\/Cilensl, Tin\/Thuf e Tin\/Thne, o que documenta a s\u00faa posici\u00f3n central. A obra <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> de Jannot ofrece a discusi\u00f3n m\u00e1is detallada.<\/p><p>Por Disciplina Etrusca ent\u00e9ndese o sistema ordenado de adivi\u00f1aci\u00f3n dos etruscos. Comprende tres \u00e1mbitos: a observaci\u00f3n das entra\u00f1as (haruspicina), a interpretaci\u00f3n dos raios (fulguratio) e a observaci\u00f3n das aves (auspicia).<\/p><p>Precisamente a interpretaci\u00f3n dos raios est\u00e1 estreitamente ligada a Tinia como lanzador de raios. Os romanos adoptaron este sistema, que se practicou at\u00e9 o s\u00e9culo IV d.C.; debemos a Cicer\u00f3n e a S\u00e9neca descrici\u00f3ns detalladas.<\/p><p>A Disciplina Etrusca transmit\u00edase en escolas sacerdotais creadas expresamente para ese fin. A s\u00faa doutrina quedaba recollida en libros, entre eles os Libri Rituales, os Libri Haruspicini e os Libri Fulgurales, nos que se regulaba, entre outras cousas, a interpretaci\u00f3n dos raios de Tinia.<\/p><p>Estes escritos non se conservaron, pero poden recuperarse parcialmente a trav\u00e9s de citas de autores romanos como Cicer\u00f3n, Festo e Macrobio.<\/p><p>A vida relixiosa dos etruscos estaba estreitamente ligada \u00e1s distintas cidades. Cada un dos grandes centros, \u00e9 dicir, Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veios, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia e Roselle, manti\u00f1a os seus propios cultos principais e particularidades relixiosas, polo que a veneraci\u00f3n de Tinia tam\u00e9n variaba segundo o lugar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culto e rituais<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tinia era venerado en numerosos templos urbanos etruscos. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha construci\u00f3n destinada \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> de Veii, o templo de Apolo (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha construci\u00f3n destinada \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span>) de Veii (dese\u00f1ado por Vulca) e os grandes <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha construci\u00f3n destinada \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> de Tarquinia, Caere e Volsinii eran centros de culto importantes. A Tr\u00edade Capitolina Iupiter-Iuno-Minerva no Capitolio de Roma foi erixida polos etruscos e representa a tr\u00edade etrusca Tinia-Uni-Menrva.<\/p><p>Os rituais inclu\u00edan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrenda a unha divindade para expresar gratitude, petici\u00f3n ou veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrendas<\/span> (especialmente sacrificios de touros), oraci\u00f3ns e pr\u00e1cticas divinatorias. Os etruscos contaban cunha xerarqu\u00eda sacerdotal ben definida. O sumo sacerdote era a mi\u00fado tam\u00e9n o l\u00edder pol\u00edtico dunha cidade, unha uni\u00f3n entre relixi\u00f3n e pol\u00edtica caracter\u00edstica da sociedade etrusca.<\/p><p>Desde o punto de vista arquitect\u00f3nico, os templos etruscos onde tam\u00e9n se venerava a Tinia destacan polo estilo tuscanus, unha orde de columnas propia que Vitruvio describiu na s\u00faa obra De Architectura. As s\u00faas plantas privilexian a cella e un amplo p\u00f3rtico dianteiro, o que os diferencia claramente dos templos gregos.<\/p><p>Moitos templos etruscos ti\u00f1an proporci\u00f3ns monumentais. Un exemplo co\u00f1ecido \u00e9 o templo de Iupiter no Capitolio romano, no que participaron arquitectos e artistas etruscos, sobre todo Vulca de Veii. Dado que Iupiter corresponde ao Tinia etrusco, esta construci\u00f3n constit\u00fae un testemu\u00f1o da relixiosidade etrusca na Roma primitiva.<\/p><p>A liga das doce cidades etruscas reun\u00edase cada ano no Fanum Voltumnae, preto de Volsinii, onde se trataban conxuntamente asuntos relixiosos e pol\u00edticos. A divindade protectora desta confederaci\u00f3n era Voltumna, que ti\u00f1a unha relevancia relixiosa que superaba os cultos propios de cada cidade.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradici\u00f3ns de protecci\u00f3n e elementos apotropaicos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tinia era invocado en contextos de protecci\u00f3n principalmente a trav\u00e9s da Disciplina Etrusca. Quen constru\u00eda unha casa nova, fundaba unha cidade ou deb\u00eda tomar unha decisi\u00f3n importante, consultaba aos haruspices (adivi\u00f1os das entra\u00f1as) ou aos augures (adivi\u00f1os das aves). Esta pr\u00e1ctica estaba moi institucionalizada e formaba parte do sistema estatal etrusco.<\/p><p>As pr\u00e1cticas apotropaicas en sentido estrito estaban moi estendidas entre os etruscos. O mal de ollo afast\u00e1base mediante amuletos f\u00e1licos, certos xestos e inscrici\u00f3ns. A relaci\u00f3n con Tinia radica en que cada gran paso se daba baixo a protecci\u00f3n do deus supremo. Larissa Bonfante documentou a linguaxe iconogr\u00e1fica apotropaica en varios traballos.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u00c1s tradici\u00f3ns etruscas de protecci\u00f3n pertence toda unha serie de signos apotropaicos: amuletos f\u00e1licos, imaxes de Gorgonas, s\u00edmbolos oculares, bullae e certas f\u00f3rmulas. Larissa Bonfante sistematizou a linguaxe iconogr\u00e1fica destes signos protectores na s\u00faa obra Etruscan Mirrors, publicada a partir de 1980.<\/span><\/p><p>Os s\u00edmbolos protectores eran omnipresentes na vida etrusca, entre eles o ollo de Tinia, os amuletos f\u00e1licos e as Gorgonas. Coloc\u00e1banse en templos, tumbas e altares dom\u00e9sticos, as\u00ed como en obxectos persoais. Esta pr\u00e1ctica continuou na crenza popular romana e mediterr\u00e1nea en xeral.<\/p><p>A idea etrusca de protecci\u00f3n apenas se pod\u00eda separar da Disciplina Etrusca. Antes de emprender un proxecto importante, xa fose a fundaci\u00f3n dunha cidade, unha campa\u00f1a militar ou a construci\u00f3n dunha casa, consult\u00e1base a vontade dos deuses mediante a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A interpretaci\u00f3n de sinais para descubrir o oculto ou o futuro.\" tabindex=\"0\">adivi\u00f1aci\u00f3n<\/span>, entre os que Tinia ocupaba o lugar m\u00e1is alto.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelismos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tinia corresponde funcionalmente ao Zeus grego e ao X\u00fapiter romano. A conexi\u00f3n non \u00e9 s\u00f3 tipol\u00f3xica, sen\u00f3n tam\u00e9n hist\u00f3rica: os etruscos foron unha ponte entre a relixi\u00f3n grega e a romana. Moitos mitos gregos transmit\u00edronse ao mundo romano a trav\u00e9s da mediaci\u00f3n etrusca. A Tr\u00edade Capitolina de Roma \u00e9 a adopci\u00f3n directa do sistema etrusco Tinia-Uni-Menrva.<\/p><p>Desde unha perspectiva relixiosa comparada, Tinia pode relacionarse con outros deuses celestes supremos indoeuropeos: Dyaus Pita (v\u00e9dico), Dievas (b\u00e1ltico), Tyr (xerm\u00e1nico, orixinalmente deus do ceo). A idea dun se\u00f1or supremo do ceo est\u00e1 moi estendida nas relixi\u00f3ns indoeuropeas, o que apoia tanto a etimolox\u00eda como a funci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Como parte da interpretatio Romana, as divindades etruscas recibiron nomes romanos: de Tinia pasouse a Iupiter, de Uni a Iuno, de Menrva a Minerva. Non obstante, estas equivalencias raramente captaban a figura completa, sen\u00f3n que s\u00f3 destacaban certos trazos escollidos.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n dos \u00faltimos cincuenta anos esf\u00f3rzase por facer visible de novo o car\u00e1cter especificamente etrusco de Tinia e das demais divindades.<\/p><p>A relixi\u00f3n etrusca presenta numerosos puntos de contacto con tradici\u00f3ns anatolias, fenicias e do Pr\u00f3ximo Oriente. As t\u00e1boas de Pyrgi ofrecen unha proba concreta do intercambio fenicio. Esta interconexi\u00f3n mediterr\u00e1nea, na que se inscribe tam\u00e9n o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das acci\u00f3ns de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dedicadas a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> a Tinia, \u00e9 un dos campos importantes de investigaci\u00f3n das \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas.<\/p><p>Desde a perspectiva da relixi\u00f3n comparada, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das acci\u00f3ns de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dedicadas a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> etrusco pertence \u00e1 gran familia relixiosa mediterr\u00e1nea e mant\u00e9n relaci\u00f3n con Grecia, Fenicia, Exipto, Anatolia e o Lacio. Esta integraci\u00f3n, que afecta tam\u00e9n \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n do deus celeste Tinia, constit\u00fae un importante campo de investigaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Investigaci\u00f3n actual<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>A relixi\u00f3n etrusca \u00e9 hoxe obxecto de intensa investigaci\u00f3n internacional. Instituci\u00f3ns importantes son o Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici (Florencia), a ala etrusca dos Museos Vaticanos e o Museo de Belas Artes de Boston. Investigadores destacados da actualidade son Larissa Bonfante (1931-2019), Nancy Thomson de Grummond, Jean MacIntosh Turfa e Marie-Laurence Haack.<\/span><\/p><p>Nos \u00faltimos 50 anos, a investigaci\u00f3n pasou dunha descrici\u00f3n puramente filol\u00f3xico-arqueol\u00f3xica a unha an\u00e1lise interdisciplinaria de historia das relixi\u00f3ns. A relixi\u00f3n etrusca xa non \u00e9 \u00abmisteriosa\u00bb, sen\u00f3n que en moitos aspectos est\u00e1 ben documentada.<\/p><p>Da relixi\u00f3n etrusca, e con ela dunha figura central como Tinia, oc\u00fapase hoxe unha investigaci\u00f3n conectada internacionalmente. Entre os centros m\u00e1is relevantes at\u00f3panse as universidades de Florencia, Roma Sapienza, Pisa, T\u00fcbingen e Princeton. Cada ano varios congresos internacionais ded\u00edcanse a cuesti\u00f3ns concretas deste tema.<\/p><p>Na investigaci\u00f3n actual da relixi\u00f3n etrusca empr\u00e9ganse cada vez m\u00e1is m\u00e9todos dixitais: escaneos tridimensionais de templos e tumbas, bases de datos de inscrici\u00f3ns e fontes iconogr\u00e1ficas, as\u00ed como sistemas de informaci\u00f3n xeogr\u00e1fica para analizar a estrutura dos asentamentos. Estas ferramentas abren novas perspectivas, tam\u00e9n sobre os lugares de culto a Tinia.<\/p><p>O estado da investigaci\u00f3n etrusca ach\u00e9gase a un p\u00fablico m\u00e1is amplo mediante exposici\u00f3ns, por exemplo nos Museos Vaticanos, no Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia e no Museo de Belas Artes de Boston, completadas cunha ampla cantidade de publicaci\u00f3ns.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes e estado da investigaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As fontes m\u00e1is importantes para a investigaci\u00f3n sobre Tinia son as inscrici\u00f3ns etruscas (a Editio Minor de Helmut Rix), o f\u00edgado de bronce de Piacenza, os espellos etruscos con lendas, as fontes romanas (Cicer\u00f3n, Plinio, S\u00e9neca), as fontes gregas (Diodoro) e os achados arqueol\u00f3xicos das grandes cidades etruscas.<\/p><p>Unha inserci\u00f3n m\u00e1is profunda no conxunto da <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/religion-etrusca-haruspex-disciplina\/\">historia relixiosa etrusca<\/a> mostra que Tinia non debe entenderse de forma illada, sen\u00f3n dentro dunha rede de relaci\u00f3ns con Uni, Menrva e os demais Atua. Esta interconexi\u00f3n \u00e9 esencial desde o punto de vista cient\u00edfico.<\/p><p>Quen se ocupa de Tinia e da relixi\u00f3n etrusca at\u00f3pase cunha base documental heterox\u00e9nea: testemu\u00f1os epigr\u00e1ficos, recollidos na Editio Minor de Helmut Rix, achados arqueol\u00f3xicos, fontes iconogr\u00e1ficas e bibliograf\u00eda secundaria. Esta diversidade require un enfoque interdisciplinario, e a investigaci\u00f3n m\u00e1is recente combina de forma sistem\u00e1tica a filolox\u00eda, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ciencia que investiga culturas pasadas a partir de restos materiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">arqueolox\u00eda<\/span>, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ciencia que estuda as relixi\u00f3ns de forma comparativa e sen vinculaci\u00f3n de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns<\/span> e a antropolox\u00eda.<\/p><p>Unha cr\u00edtica de fontes adecuada require co\u00f1ecer tanto os testemu\u00f1os orixinais etruscos como a tradici\u00f3n secundaria greco-romana. Manter esta dobre perspectiva \u00e9 esixente, pero sen ela non se pode reconstru\u00edr de forma axeitada a historia relixiosa arredor de Tinia.<\/p><p>Unha inserci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica rigorosa de Tinia s\u00f3 \u00e9 posible se se ten unha visi\u00f3n de conxunto das fontes epigr\u00e1ficas, arqueol\u00f3xicas e literarias, as\u00ed como dos enfoques da moderna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ciencia que estuda as relixi\u00f3ns de forma comparativa e sen vinculaci\u00f3n de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns<\/span>. Este enfoque multifac\u00e9tico consid\u00e9rase hoxe o est\u00e1ndar na investigaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26a95d44 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26a95d44\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f2cdc09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2f2cdc09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O f\u00edgado de bronce de Piacenza e a posici\u00f3n de Tinia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2601f2b0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2601f2b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e620b60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e620b60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Unha das fontes m\u00e1is importantes para a posici\u00f3n de Tinia dentro do pante\u00f3n etrusco non \u00e9 un texto, sen\u00f3n un obxecto: o chamado f\u00edgado de Piacenza, un modelo de bronce dun f\u00edgado de ovella atopado en 1877 preto desta cidade do norte de Italia.<\/p><p>Probablemente data do s\u00e9culo II ou I antes da nosa era e serviu como instrumento de ensino ou pr\u00e1ctica para a haruspicina, a adivi\u00f1aci\u00f3n etrusca a partir das entra\u00f1as dos animais.<\/p><p>A superficie do modelo est\u00e1 dividida en numerosos campos, corenta dos cales levan gravados nomes de divindades en escritura etrusca. A beira exterior est\u00e1 dividida en dezaseis secci\u00f3ns, correspondentes \u00e1s dezaseis rexi\u00f3ns celestes nas que os etruscos divid\u00edan o ceo.<\/p><p>Tinia, o deus supremo do ceo e do l\u00f3strego, aparece varias veces no modelo, o que indica a s\u00faa posici\u00f3n destacada, a\u00ednda que non exclusiva. As distintas formas do seu nome aparecen en campos diferentes, o que poder\u00eda sinalar aspectos ou \u00e1mbitos de competencia distintos dun mesmo deus.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n, iniciada con traballos do s\u00e9culo XIX e continuada por etrusc\u00f3logos como Massimo Pallottino e, m\u00e1is tarde, Nancy de Grummond, considerou o f\u00edgado como clave para a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concepci\u00f3n sobre a estrutura e a orde do mundo dentro dunha cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmolox\u00eda<\/span> etrusca.<\/p><p>Mostra que o ceo etrusco se concib\u00eda como un sistema ordenado de zonas nas que habitaban determinadas divindades, e que a direcci\u00f3n da que proced\u00eda un l\u00f3strego pod\u00eda, por iso, ser interpretada.<\/p><p>A distribuci\u00f3n de Tinia por varios campos subli\u00f1a que ocupaba o centro deste sistema de interpretaci\u00f3n como se\u00f1or do l\u00f3strego. O significado exacto de cada campo segue sendo en parte controvertido, xa que faltan textos complementarios.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a7a8bb1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2a7a8bb1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp209a9973 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp209a9973\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os tres tipos de l\u00f3stregos de Tinia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e91d0cf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e91d0cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26c3f640 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26c3f640\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Unha doutrina etrusca, conservada s\u00f3 por transmisi\u00f3n romana, trata do poder gradual de Tinia sobre o raio.<\/p><p>O erudito romano S\u00e9neca relata nas s\u00faas <em>Naturales quaestiones<\/em>, base\u00e1ndose en fontes etruscas, que o deus supremo non pod\u00eda dispor libremente de todos os raios. Alg\u00fans raios pod\u00eda lanzalos el s\u00f3, pero eran de natureza branda, m\u00e1is ben de advertencia.<\/p><p>Para os raios m\u00e1is graves, segundo a doutrina transmitida, Tinia deb\u00eda solicitar o consello dunha asemblea de deuses, chamados <em>di consentes<\/em> ou deuses velados. S\u00f3 coa s\u00faa aprobaci\u00f3n pod\u00eda lanzar un raio que causase dano real.<\/p><p>Un terceiro tipo de raio, a\u00ednda m\u00e1is destrutivo, s\u00f3 o pod\u00eda enviar coa aprobaci\u00f3n dos deuses superiores e ocultos, e un raio as\u00ed cambiaba de forma permanente o estado das cousas.<\/p><p>Esta doutrina de tres graos resulta relevante desde o punto de vista da historia das relixi\u00f3ns, xa que insire ao deus supremo nunha rede de consulta e limitaci\u00f3n, en lugar de atribu\u00edrlle un poder ilimitado. Tinia \u00e9 poderoso, pero non arbitrario; as s\u00faas intervenci\u00f3ns m\u00e1is graves est\u00e1n vinculadas a unha aprobaci\u00f3n colectiva.<\/p><p>Os investigadores sinalaron que este modelo se axusta \u00e1 concepci\u00f3n etrusca dun mundo ordenado de forma coherente e interpretable, tal como tam\u00e9n se expresa na disciplina da lectura dos raios.<\/p><p>Con todo, a doutrina s\u00f3 se transmitiu a trav\u00e9s de autores romanos como S\u00e9neca e por alusi\u00f3ns noutros escritores. Non se pode determinar con certeza en que medida S\u00e9neca reproduce con exactitude a concepci\u00f3n etrusca ou xa a traduce a categor\u00edas romanas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda (selecci\u00f3n)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942, alem\u00e1n 1965)<\/span><\/li><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> (2006)<\/li><li>Jean-Rene Jannot: <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Cicero: <em>De Divinatione<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e1is obras de referencia no <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/literatura\/\">\u00edndice bibliogr\u00e1fico<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-tinia e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-tinia\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-tinia-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-tinia-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span><\/em> etrusco presenta a Tinia como se\u00f1or supremo do ceo, que aseguraba a orde do mundo mediante tres tipos de raios; fontes latinas posteriores, como S\u00e9neca, transmiten esta doutrina dos <em>fulgura<\/em> procedente dos libros disciplinares etruscos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termos clave relacionados: Tinia Etruscos Deus supremo Raio Disciplina Etrusca Piacenza X\u00fapiter Tinia Calusna.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tinia\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard e tradici\u00f3ns de protecci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard contin\u00faa a tradici\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-cultural dos obxectos de protecci\u00f3n port\u00e1tiles, na tradici\u00f3n dos <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/religion-etrusca-haruspex-disciplina\/\">Etruscos<\/a> e de moitas outras culturas de todo o mundo. 41 capas, ouro real, platino, prata, fabricado en Alema\u00f1a. Dereito de devoluci\u00f3n de 30 d\u00edas.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e1is sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e1is sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">As experiencias persoais poden variar. Non \u00e9 un produto sanitario. Non promete curaci\u00f3n.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tinia-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tinia-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>non \u00e9 un produto sanitario<\/strong> e non substit\u00fae ning\u00fan tratamento m\u00e9dico ou psicoterap\u00e9utico. Os contidos relixiosos e cient\u00edficos son unha clasificaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-cultural, non unha recomendaci\u00f3n de pr\u00e1ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2820,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tinia Etruscos","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tinia - Deus supremo etrusco, mito e culto","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tinia \u00e9 o deus supremo da relixi\u00f3n etrusca, lanzador do l\u00f3strego e hom\u00f3logo do X\u00fapiter romano. 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