{"id":194915,"date":"2026-09-07T09:38:07","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:38:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=194915"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"tunkasila-avo-ceo-lakota","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/tunkasila-avo-ceo-lakota\/","title":{"rendered":"Tunkasila \u2013 Av\u00f3 Ceo dos Lakota"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"194915\" class=\"elementor elementor-194915 elementor-2587 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tunkasila, Av\u00f3, ser celeste e forma de invocaci\u00f3n do Sagrado na tradici\u00f3n lakota<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tunkasila (lakota <em>Thunkasila<\/em>, Av\u00f3) \u00e9 a invocaci\u00f3n reverente do Sagrado na tradici\u00f3n lakota. Empr\u00e9gase por igual para <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/wakan-tanka-forza-sagrada-lakota\/\">Wakan Tanka<\/a>, para os Catro Antepasados do Ceo e para a figura de referencia personificada na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A direcci\u00f3n ling\u00fc\u00edstica do ser humano a unha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">oraci\u00f3n<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Creador da tradici\u00f3n Native American.\">Creador<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/deuses-indixenas-wakan-tanka-first-nations\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitolox\u00eda da tradici\u00f3n Native American.\">Native American<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Invocaci\u00f3n de av\u00f3.\">Invocaci\u00f3n de av\u00f3<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196829\" alt=\"Tunkasila, o Av\u00f3 Ceo: deuses da tradici\u00f3n nativa americana, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situaci\u00f3n na relixi\u00f3n Lakota<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tunkasila non \u00e9, no sistema relixioso lakota, unha figura aut\u00f3noma, sen\u00f3n unha forma de invocaci\u00f3n teoloxicamente importante. A palabra <em>tunkasila<\/em> significa simplemente <em>av\u00f3<\/em> e empr\u00e9gase na lingua coti\u00e1 tanto para o av\u00f3 biol\u00f3xico como para outros parentes masculinos maiores. Na fala relixiosa, esta invocaci\u00f3n est\u00e9ndese ao Sagrado, establecendo as\u00ed unha determinada relaci\u00f3n de parentesco co Sagrado.<\/p><p>Desde a ciencia da relixi\u00f3n, o concepto de Tunkasila \u00e9 un elemento central da <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> de parentesco<\/em> lakota. As oraci\u00f3ns lakota non configuran o Sagrado como un ser supremo distante e afastado, sen\u00f3n como unha persoa familiar pr\u00f3xima, coa que se mant\u00e9n unha relaci\u00f3n de parentesco.<\/p><p>Este elemento foi sinalado repetidamente por Joseph Epes Brown, Vine Deloria Jr. e a te\u00f3loga lakota Doris Leader Charge como unha diferenza central respecto da tradici\u00f3n monote\u00edsta occidental.<\/p><p>A pr\u00e1ctica oracional lakota conta con d\u00faas invocaci\u00f3ns de parentesco centrais: <em>Tunkasila<\/em> (Av\u00f3) para os seres masculinos, e en particular para os seres celestes superiores, e <em>Unci<\/em> (Avoa) para os seres femininos, e en particular para os seres terrestres (v\u00e9xase tam\u00e9n <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/spider-grandmother-avoa-creadora-pueblo\/\">Spider Grandmother<\/a>). Esta dobre invocaci\u00f3n reflicte a estrutura bipolar de x\u00e9nero do Sagrado lakota e constit\u00fae un elemento teol\u00f3xico propio.<\/p><p>A tradici\u00f3n de Tunkasila mant\u00e9n unha relaci\u00f3n complementaria coa tradici\u00f3n feminina de <em>Unci<\/em>. A invocaci\u00f3n de avoa apl\u00edcase en particular aos seres terrestres, \u00e1 tradici\u00f3n da Avoa Ara\u00f1a das lakota occidentais e, en xeral, \u00e1 numinosidade feminina superior.<\/p><p>Esta dobre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> bipolar de x\u00e9nero \u00e9 un trazo estrutural central da relixi\u00f3n lakota, que a distingue das divindades principais de x\u00e9nero monot\u00edpico das relixi\u00f3ns abra\u00e1micas. Joseph Epes Brown e Severt Young Bear describiron esta bipolaridade de x\u00e9nero como unha complementariedade en p\u00e9 de igualdade, non como unha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> de x\u00e9nero xerarquicamente ordenada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e etimolox\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O termo lakota <em>thunkasila<\/em> comp\u00f3\u00f1ese de <em>thunka<\/em> (tronco\/li\u00f1axe) e <em>sila<\/em> (marcador de parentesco para antepasados masculinos). Isto d\u00e1, literalmente, <em>parente masculino do tronco<\/em> ou <em>antepasado masculino<\/em>. Aplicado ao Sagrado, establ\u00e9cese as\u00ed a idea dunha relaci\u00f3n familiar transxeracional: o Sagrado \u00e9 un parente de rango superior, non unha instancia afastada.<\/p><p>A terminolox\u00eda de parentesco lakota \u00e9 en xeral moi complexa. A diferenza do ingl\u00e9s americano moderno, que s\u00f3 ten un termo para o av\u00f3 biol\u00f3xico, o lakota distingue varios termos para diferentes clases de av\u00f3s (por exemplo, <em>tunkasila<\/em> para o av\u00f3 paterno e <em>kakaala<\/em> para o av\u00f3 materno).<\/p><p>A aplicaci\u00f3n da forma m\u00e1is xeral <em>tunkasila<\/em> ao Sagrado xeneraliza a relaci\u00f3n de av\u00f3 e conv\u00edrtea nunha figura de referencia que transcende o biol\u00f3xico.<\/p><p>Unha observaci\u00f3n teol\u00f3xica importante \u00e9 que <em>tunkasila<\/em> aparece a mi\u00fado na forma plural <em>tunkasilas<\/em> ou <em>tunkasilapi<\/em>, que designa os <em>av\u00f3s<\/em>. Nesta forma plural, a invocaci\u00f3n ref\u00edrese en particular aos <em>Catro Av\u00f3s<\/em>, os Catro Puntos Cardinais, que representan as estruturaci\u00f3ns c\u00f3smicas do mundo como seres wakan personificados.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os Catro Av\u00f3s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na aplicaci\u00f3n teol\u00f3xica m\u00e1is espec\u00edfica, <em>Tunkasila<\/em> ou o plural <em>Tunkasilas<\/em> designa os <em>Catro Av\u00f3s das Direcci\u00f3ns Cardinais<\/em>. Estes son: <em>Wiyohpeyata<\/em> (oeste, tronada), <em>Waziyata<\/em> (norte, bisonte, forza), <em>Wiyohinyanpata<\/em> (leste, cisne branco, intelecto) e <em>Itokagata<\/em> (sur, grulla, crecemento da vida).<\/p><p>A cada un destes Catro atrib\u00faeselle unha cor (negro, vermello, amarelo, branco) e un animal wakan, as\u00ed como unha funci\u00f3n determinada na orde c\u00f3smica.<\/p><p>Os Catro Av\u00f3s son invocados expresamente ao comezo de cada <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha secuencia regrada de acci\u00f3ns simb\u00f3licas con significado relixioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> lakota.<\/p><p>Isto faise a trav\u00e9s da presentaci\u00f3n da pipa sagrada <em>chanunpa<\/em> nas Catro direcci\u00f3ns cardinais, do lanzamento de pequenas migas de tabaco nas Catro direcci\u00f3ns, ou da invocaci\u00f3n verbal coa f\u00f3rmula est\u00e1ndar <em>Mitakuye Oyasin<\/em> (A todos os meus parentes), que integra no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha secuencia regrada de acci\u00f3ns simb\u00f3licas con significado relixioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> a todos os parentes, visibles e invisibles.<\/p><p>Esta estrutura das catro direcci\u00f3ns \u00e9 a estrutura organizativa b\u00e1sica de toda a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> lakota. Determina tanto a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O dirixirse ling\u00fc\u00edstico dunha persoa a unha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">oraci\u00f3n<\/span> como a topograf\u00eda ritual da cabana de sudaci\u00f3n (orientada segundo as Catro direcci\u00f3ns), a estruturaci\u00f3n temporal dos grandes rituais (catro d\u00edas de Danza do Sol, catro noites de Busca de Visi\u00f3n) e a estruturaci\u00f3n simb\u00f3lica das pr\u00e1cticas de curaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Joseph Epes Brown describiu con detalle en <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> a importancia central desta estrutura das catro direcci\u00f3ns.<\/p><p>A simbolox\u00eda de cores dos Catro Av\u00f3s var\u00eda segundo a tradici\u00f3n de cada reserva. Na variante m\u00e1is frecuente, tal como se transmite nos textos de Black Elk, o oeste \u00e9 negro, o norte vermello, o leste amarelo e o sur branco. Noutras tradici\u00f3ns lakota ord\u00e9nanse as\u00ed: oeste vermello, norte branco, leste amarelo, sur negro.<\/p><p>Estas variantes rexionais foron observadas repetidamente na investigaci\u00f3n etnol\u00f3xica e reflicten a diversidade xeneal\u00f3xica da tradici\u00f3n lakota. James Walker documentou nos textos de Sword unha estruturaci\u00f3n propia, distinta en moitos detalles, que debe considerarse como unha li\u00f1a principal alternativa da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> lakota.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funci\u00f3n na oraci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A funci\u00f3n da invocaci\u00f3n de Tunkasila na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A fala dirixida polo ser humano a unha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">oraci\u00f3n<\/span> lakota est\u00e1 profundamente diferenciada. Unha f\u00f3rmula est\u00e1ndar de oraci\u00f3n lakota comeza con <em>Tunkasila Wakan Tanka, unsi unkila<\/em> (Av\u00f3 Sagrado Grande, ten compaix\u00f3n de n\u00f3s), coa que o sagrado \u00e9 invocado mediante unha directa f\u00f3rmula de parentesco.<\/p><p>Esta invocaci\u00f3n establece unha proximidade emocional co sagrado que, na tradici\u00f3n occidental, corresponder\u00eda m\u00e1is ben \u00e1 invocaci\u00f3n do Pai na oraci\u00f3n cristi\u00e1 (<em>Noso Pai<\/em>).<\/p><p>Con todo, a invocaci\u00f3n do av\u00f3 difer\u00e9nciase do modelo do pai-proxenitor por un elemento adicional: a distancia xeracional. O av\u00f3 sit\u00faase unha xeraci\u00f3n m\u00e1is afastada que o educador inmediato (que ser\u00eda o pai); \u00e9 digno, sabio, instrutor, pero non interv\u00e9n directamente. Esta distancia xeracional permite unha proximidade respectuosa sen a autoridade directa que marca o ton espec\u00edfico da oraci\u00f3n lakota.<\/p><p>Un elemento importante da oraci\u00f3n lakota \u00e9 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O acto de dirixirse a unha divindade ou poder, xeralmente en forma de s\u00faplica ou conxuro.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3n<\/span> dos seres wakan m\u00e1is importantes cos seus ep\u00edtetos espec\u00edficos de Tunkasila: <em>Wakinyan Tunkasila<\/em> (Av\u00f3 Trono, ver <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/thunderbird-paxaro-do-trono\/\">Thunderbird<\/a>), <em>Tatanka Tunkasila<\/em> (Av\u00f3 Bisonte), <em>Inyan Tunkasila<\/em> (Av\u00f3 Pedra). Estas m\u00faltiples invocaci\u00f3ns de Tunkasila mostran que a invocaci\u00f3n do av\u00f3 pode aplicarse de forma flexible a todos os seres wakan de rango superior.<\/p><p>A f\u00f3rmula <em>Mitakuye Oyasin<\/em>, coa que se concl\u00fae toda acci\u00f3n de oraci\u00f3n lakota, \u00e9 unha afirmaci\u00f3n teol\u00f3xica central. Significa literalmente <em>A todos os meus parentes<\/em> e incl\u00fae na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A fala dirixida polo ser humano a unha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">oraci\u00f3n<\/span>, ademais dos parentes humanos familiares, os parentes wakan, os parentes animais, os parentes vexetais e os parentes minerais.<\/p><p>Esta ampliaci\u00f3n radical do concepto de parentesco a todo o inventario c\u00f3smico \u00e9 unha construci\u00f3n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3xica<\/span> xenuinamente lakota e constit\u00fae un dos trazos m\u00e1is destacados da relixi\u00f3n lakota en comparaci\u00f3n coas tradici\u00f3ns monote\u00edstas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aplicaci\u00f3n nos ritos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A invocaci\u00f3n de Tunkasila est\u00e1 presente en todo o proceso ritual da tradici\u00f3n lakota. No <em>Inipi<\/em> (choza de suor) inv\u00f3case repetidamente ao comezo de cada unha das catro fases de resistencia. No <em>Hanblechiyapi<\/em> (busca de visi\u00f3n) \u00e9 o elemento de oraci\u00f3n que se repite constantemente durante a vixilia solitaria. No <em>Wiwanyag Wachipi<\/em> (danza do sol) inv\u00f3case cada un dos catro d\u00edas con distinta acentuaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Unha aplicaci\u00f3n ritual importante \u00e9 a <em>Cetan Wakan<\/em>, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A fala dirixida polo ser humano a unha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">oraci\u00f3n<\/span> do Paxaro Sagrado, na que o Paxaro Sagrado (a mi\u00fado a aguia) \u00e9 invocado como mensaxeiro entre o ser humano e Tunkasila.<\/p><p>Segundo a crenza, a aguia leva a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A fala dirixida polo ser humano a unha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">oraci\u00f3n<\/span> humana ata o Av\u00f3 do ceo e trae de volta a resposta. Esta idea do paxaro mensaxeiro \u00e9 un elemento compartido por numerosas relixi\u00f3ns ind\u00edxenas americanas e constit\u00fae un compo\u00f1ente importante da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> mediadora entre o ser humano e o sagrado.<\/p><p>Nos movementos ind\u00edxenas modernos, especialmente nas asembleas panindias (como o movemento American Indian Movement desde os anos 1970), a invocaci\u00f3n de Tunkasila converteuse nunha das formas de oraci\u00f3n m\u00e1is co\u00f1ecidas das relixi\u00f3ns indias norteamericanas. Empr\u00e9gase amplamente nas cerimonias p\u00fablicas de Sun Dance, nas asembleas de activistas do AIM e na espiritualidade india contempor\u00e1nea.<\/p><p>A tradici\u00f3n da pluma de aguia do <em>Cetan Wakan<\/em> est\u00e1 regulada con detalle. S\u00f3 determinadas especies de aguia, a aguia real (<em>wanblee<\/em>) e non o mi\u00f1ato com\u00fan, proporcionan as plumas sagradas. Estas plumas s\u00f3 se substit\u00faen de forma ritual; non se poden comprar nin vender. Deben entregarse de forma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente a unha secuencia de acci\u00f3ns relixiosas establecida.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> ou obterse a trav\u00e9s dunha visi\u00f3n.<\/p><p>A lei federal <em>Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act<\/em> (1940, modificada en varias ocasi\u00f3ns) s\u00f3 permite aos membros reco\u00f1ecidos de tribos ind\u00edxenas posu\u00edr plumas de aguia con fins rituais; toda morte de aguias est\u00e1 estritamente regulada. Este marco de protecci\u00f3n legal constit\u00fae un exemplo \u00fanico de reco\u00f1ecemento estatal da relixiosidade ind\u00edxena no dereito estadounidense.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e1ctica de protecci\u00f3n e acci\u00f3n apotropaica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A pr\u00e1ctica protectora relacionada con Tunkasila \u00e9 a pr\u00e1ctica xeral da tradici\u00f3n de oraci\u00f3n lakota. Quen se atopa nunha situaci\u00f3n de apuro, enfermidade, ameaza, esp\u00edritos dani\u00f1os, invoca ao Av\u00f3, moitas veces coa f\u00f3rmula est\u00e1ndar <em>Tunkasila, unsi unkila<\/em>. Isto faise fumando a pipa sagrada, queimando salvia de b\u00fafalo ou herba doce, ou simplemente invocando de forma verbal.<\/p><p>Unha pr\u00e1ctica protectora espec\u00edfica \u00e9 o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha secuencia regrada de acci\u00f3ns simb\u00f3licas con significado relixioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> <em>Naming Ceremony<\/em>, no que un neno ou un adulto recibe un nome sagrado lakota. Este nome determ\u00ednase nunha visi\u00f3n ou por medio dun curandeiro experimentado e out\u00f3rgase cunha extensa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O dirixirse suplicante ou conxurador a unha divindade ou poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3n<\/span> dos Catro Tunkasilas e de Tunkasila-Wakan-Tanka.<\/p><p>O nome sagrado acompa\u00f1a ao neno ou ao adulto durante toda a vida e consid\u00e9rase a protecci\u00f3n m\u00e1is importante contra esp\u00edritos dani\u00f1os e accidentes.<\/p><p>Outra pr\u00e1ctica protectora importante \u00e9 levar pequenas plumas de aguia (<em>wanblee wapaha<\/em>) como adorno de plumas de aguia, que s\u00f3 poden portar as persoas meritoriamente iniciadas.<\/p><p>A pluma de aguia simboliza a conexi\u00f3n co Av\u00f3 do Ceo e consid\u00e9rase unha protecci\u00f3n apotropaica eficaz. Na pr\u00e1ctica tradicional lakota, a concesi\u00f3n dunha pluma de aguia estaba ligada a un complexo acto ritual, que a\u00ednda hoxe se practica en algunhas comunidades de reserva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelismos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A invocaci\u00f3n de parentesco co Sagrado \u00e9 un fen\u00f3meno hist\u00f3rico-relixioso moi estendido. Comparables estruturalmente son a invocaci\u00f3n cristi\u00e1 do <em>Noso Pai<\/em> (a\u00ednda que con Pai en vez de Av\u00f3), a invocaci\u00f3n xud\u00eda <em>Avinu Malkenu<\/em> (Noso Pai, Noso Rei) e a invocaci\u00f3n isl\u00e1mica <em>Rabbana<\/em> (Noso Se\u00f1or).<\/p><p>Con todo, \u00e9 importante a especificidade hist\u00f3rico-cultural da tradici\u00f3n lakota: a invocaci\u00f3n dir\u00edxese ao Av\u00f3 e precisamente non ao Pai; respecta unha distancia xeracional que a invocaci\u00f3n occidental ao Pai non ten. Vine Deloria Jr. subli\u00f1ou repetidamente esta diferenza como elemento central da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> lakota, que se op\u00f3n a unha equiparaci\u00f3n apresurada co Deus Pai cristi\u00e1n.<\/p><p>Dentro das tradici\u00f3ns indias americanas, a invocaci\u00f3n ao Av\u00f3 est\u00e1 moi estendida. Entre os pobos de fala algonquina dise <em>Gitchi Manitou<\/em> (Gran <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser sen corpo ao que se lle atrib\u00fae efecto no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span>) cunha connotaci\u00f3n similar de distancia xeracional.<\/p><p>Entre os cherokee, choctaw, cheyenne e crow existen invocaci\u00f3ns propias ao Av\u00f3, estruturalmente comparables. Con todo, a difusi\u00f3n pan-india do termo <em>Tunkasila<\/em> no moderno movemento pan-indio xeneralizou e en parte desdibuxou o uso especificamente lakota.<\/p><p>Dentro da tradici\u00f3n m\u00e1is ampla dos indios das Chairas, a invocaci\u00f3n cheyenne ao Av\u00f3 \u00e9 especialmente similar. Os cheyenne dir\u00edxense ao alto deus <em>Maheo<\/em> como <em>Old Man<\/em> e \u00e1s veces como <em>Av\u00f3<\/em>. Entre os crow, a invocaci\u00f3n correspondente ch\u00e1mase <em>Akbatatdia<\/em>, o Sagrado Transmisor, que tam\u00e9n ten connotaci\u00f3n de Av\u00f3.<\/p><p>A converxencia estrutural destas teolox\u00edas do Av\u00f3 das Chairas suxire un parentesco hist\u00f3rico-cultural, que probablemente se desenvolveu nas estreitas relaci\u00f3ns inter\u00e9tnicas da rexi\u00f3n das Chairas nos s\u00e9culos XVII e XVIII.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3n actual e investigaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A invocaci\u00f3n a Tunkasila est\u00e1 plenamente viva na pr\u00e1ctica lakota actual e empr\u00e9gase regularmente nas comunidades das reservas e na crecente di\u00e1spora lakota urbana. \u00c9 un dos poucos elementos da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> lakota que se traducen directamente ao ingl\u00e9s americano, como <em>Grandfather<\/em>, e que resultan accesibles tam\u00e9n a persoas que non falan lakota.<\/p><p>Na investigaci\u00f3n acad\u00e9mica, Vine Deloria Jr., Joseph Epes Brown, \u00c5ke Hultkrantz, Raymond DeMallie e a te\u00f3loga lakota Doris Leader Charge describiron de forma sistem\u00e1tica a tradici\u00f3n de Tunkasila. A idea teol\u00f3xica central, a relaci\u00f3n de parentesco co sagrado, foi reco\u00f1ecida como unha achega importante da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> ind\u00edxena americana \u00e1 historia relixiosa global.<\/p><p>Desde o punto de vista da ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns, a invocaci\u00f3n a Tunkasila \u00e9 un exemplo importante da autonom\u00eda da relixiosidade ind\u00edxena americana fronte \u00e1s categor\u00edas relixiosas europeas preestablecidas.<\/p><p>A diferenza do simple concepto de <em>Great Spirit<\/em> da literatura popular sobre os indios, que \u00e9 unha lectura simplificada e cristianizante da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> lakota, a invocaci\u00f3n a Tunkasila transmite unha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> de parentesco especificamente lakota, que merece atenci\u00f3n propia dentro da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ciencia que estuda as relixi\u00f3ns de forma comparativa e sen v\u00ednculo de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns<\/span> comparada. A referencia de iWell Guard \u00e1 tradici\u00f3n lakota describe estes achados desde unha perspectiva hist\u00f3rico-relixiosa, sen promesas de efecto nin recomendaci\u00f3ns espirituais.<\/p><p>Unha importante li\u00f1a de investigaci\u00f3n recente oc\u00fapase da cuesti\u00f3n da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> da lingua lakota. A invocaci\u00f3n a Tunkasila est\u00e1 integrada nunha lingua lakota completa, cuxas estruturas gramaticais (o sistema verbal, a terminolox\u00eda de parentesco, as concepci\u00f3ns wakan) soste\u00f1en os contidos relixiosos.<\/p><p>Se a lingua lakota se perde, e corre un risco considerable debido \u00e1 perda ling\u00fc\u00edstica entre as xeraci\u00f3ns m\u00e1is novas, tam\u00e9n se perde a profundidade teol\u00f3xica xenu\u00edna da tradici\u00f3n de Tunkasila. Por isto, os programas de revitalizaci\u00f3n da lingua lakota nas escolas das reservas desde a d\u00e9cada de 1990 son tam\u00e9n unha cuesti\u00f3n relixioso-teol\u00f3xica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda e fontes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A seguinte selecci\u00f3n recolle obras centrais sobre a relixi\u00f3n lakota e sobre a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ciencia que estuda as relixi\u00f3ns de forma comparativa e sen v\u00ednculo de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns<\/span> comparada referidas \u00e1 tradici\u00f3n de Tunkasila.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp289d6f52 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp289d6f52\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d341ae1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d341ae1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila como invocaci\u00f3n na oraci\u00f3n lakota<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp293703eb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp293703eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp225c40b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp225c40b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A denominaci\u00f3n <em>T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila<\/em>, literalmente Av\u00f3, non \u00e9, no entendemento dos lakota, tanto o nome propio dunha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> delimitada, sen\u00f3n unha forma de tratamento reverente empregada na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A direcci\u00f3n ling\u00fc\u00edstica do ser humano cara a unha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">oraci\u00f3n<\/span>.<\/p><p>Pode referirse a <em>Wak\u021f\u00e1\u014b T\u021f\u00e1\u014bka<\/em>, o gran misterio sagrado, pero tam\u00e9n a poderes sagrados particulares e aos esp\u00edritos dos antepasados. Esta flexibilidade do concepto resulta decisiva para unha comprensi\u00f3n axeitada e distingue radicalmente a relixi\u00f3n lakota dos sistemas de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto dos deuses dunha relixi\u00f3n ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3n<\/span> con deuses individuais claramente definidos.<\/p><p>Nas oraci\u00f3ns transmitidas, por exemplo nos textos vinculados ao home santo Black Elk, o tratamento T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila aparece repetidamente, moitas veces en relaci\u00f3n coa orientaci\u00f3n cara aos catro puntos cardinais, cara arriba ao ceo e cara abaixo \u00e1 terra.<\/p><p>Quen ora dir\u00edxese ao av\u00f3 en cada direcci\u00f3n e sit\u00faase as\u00ed no centro dun mundo sagrado ordenado.<\/p><p>A traduci\u00f3n alem\u00e1 como Av\u00f3 Ceo restrinxe este achado, pois suxire unha divindade celeste fixa. Na tradici\u00f3n lakota \u00e9 certo que a distinci\u00f3n entre un Av\u00f3 Ceo e unha Avoa Terra, <em>U\u014b\u010d\u00ed Mak\u021f\u00e1<\/em>, resulta habitual, pero ambos forman parte dunha rede de relaci\u00f3ns na que o sagrado non se descomp\u00f3n en figuras illadas, sen\u00f3n que se concibe como un conxunto unido por v\u00ednculos de parentesco. Por iso, desde o punto de vista cient\u00edfico \u00e9 importante ler T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila principalmente como un tratamento de oraci\u00f3n e expresi\u00f3n dunha cosmolox\u00eda de parentesco, e non como un deus celeste illado segundo o modelo europeo.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27df1f4e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp27df1f4e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22486db9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22486db9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes: de James Walker \u00e1 cr\u00edtica aos primeiros recompiladores<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b8dc244 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2b8dc244\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26823363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26823363\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O co\u00f1ecemento transmitido por escrito sobre as crenzas relixiosas dos lakota, no que se incl\u00fae tam\u00e9n a fala do Av\u00f3, procede en boa medida dun n\u00famero reducido de recolectores de finais do s\u00e9culo XIX e principios do XX.<\/p><p>O m\u00e1is importante \u00e9 James R. Walker, un m\u00e9dico que traballou desde 1896 na reserva de Pine Ridge e colaborou durante anos con homes sagrados como George Sword, Thomas Tyon e Little Wound.<\/p><p>Os seus apuntamentos non foron editados de forma cr\u00edtica at\u00e9 moi m\u00e1is tarde, a partir da d\u00e9cada de 1980, por Raymond DeMallie e Elaine Jahner, e publicados baixo t\u00edtulos como <em>Lakota Belief and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha secuencia regrada de acci\u00f3ns simb\u00f3licas con significado relixioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span><\/em>.<\/p><p>O material de Walker \u00e9 rico, pero non exento de problemas. En parte ordenou as declaraci\u00f3ns dos seus informantes nun corpo doutrinal sistem\u00e1tico que formulaba a xerarqu\u00eda dos poderes sagrados de xeito m\u00e1is rixido do que probablemente correspond\u00eda \u00e1 relixi\u00f3n tal e como se viv\u00eda.<\/p><p>Investigaci\u00f3ns posteriores sinalaron que Walker introduciu as\u00ed os seus propios criterios de ordenaci\u00f3n, e que alg\u00fans dos seus informantes puideron non contarlle todo, ou non de forma fiel.<\/p><p>Unha segunda fonte central \u00e9 o material que se remonta a Black Elk, transmitido por John Neihardt en <em>Black Elk Speaks<\/em> (1932) e por Joseph Epes Brown en <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> (1953). Tam\u00e9n aqu\u00ed c\u00f3mpre ter en conta o papel mediador destes autores non ind\u00edxenas. Por iso, desde o punto de vista cient\u00edfico cabe afirmar que as afirmaci\u00f3ns sobre T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila est\u00e1n filtradas por unha base documental escasa, marcada pola mediaci\u00f3n e pola sistematizaci\u00f3n. Investigaci\u00f3ns m\u00e1is recentes, como a de DeMallie, subli\u00f1an con maior forza a perspectiva interna lakota e advirten da cautela necesaria fronte aos sistemas pechados dos primeiros recolectores.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda (selecci\u00f3n)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Joseph Epes Brown: <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> (1953)<\/li><li>Vine Deloria Jr.: <em>God Is Red<\/em> (1973)<\/li><li>Raymond DeMallie: <em>The Sixth Grandfather<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>James Walker: <em>Lakota Belief and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha secuencia regrada de acci\u00f3ns simb\u00f3licas con significado relixioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span><\/em> (1980)<\/li><li>Aase Hultkrantz: <em>Belief and Worship in Native North America<\/em> (1981)<\/li><li>Doris Leader Charge: <em>Lakota Way of Strength and Courage<\/em> (1995)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termos clave relacionados: Tunkasila Thunkasila Av\u00f3 Lakota Catro Direcci\u00f3ns Mitakuye Oyasin.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tunkasila-grossvater-himmel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard e tradici\u00f3ns de protecci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard contin\u00faa a tradici\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-cultural dos obxectos de protecci\u00f3n port\u00e1tiles, na tradici\u00f3n dos <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/deuses-indixenas-wakan-tanka-first-nations\/\">Native American<\/a> e de moitas outras culturas de todo o mundo. 41 capas, ouro real, platino, prata, fabricado en Alema\u00f1a. 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