{"id":194912,"date":"2026-09-07T09:38:07","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:38:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=194912"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"wakan-tanka-forza-sagrada-lakota","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/wakan-tanka-forza-sagrada-lakota\/","title":{"rendered":"Wakan Tanka \u2013 A Grande Forza Sagrada dos Lakota"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"194912\" class=\"elementor elementor-194912 elementor-2584 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wakan Tanka, Grande Forza Sagrada e Ser Supremo da tradici\u00f3n Lakota<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wakan Tanka (Lakota: <em>Wakan Thanka<\/em>, Grande Forza Sagrada) \u00e9, na comprensi\u00f3n relixiosa dos Lakota e da familia ling\u00fc\u00edstica Sioux en xeral, a realidade numinosa suprema e omnicomprensiva. \u00c9 menos unha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> personificada no sentido occidental que unha forza sagrada que o impregna todo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Creador da tradici\u00f3n Native American.\">Creador<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/deuses-indixenas-wakan-tanka-first-nations\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitolox\u00eda da tradici\u00f3n Native American.\">Native American<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Forza sagrada suprema.\">Forza sagrada suprema<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-wakantanka-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-wakantanka-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-wakantanka-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_wakan-tanka-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196828\" alt=\"Wakan Tanka - Deuses da tradici\u00f3n nativa americana, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_wakan-tanka-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_wakan-tanka-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_wakan-tanka-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_wakan-tanka.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situaci\u00f3n na relixi\u00f3n Lakota<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wakan Tanka ocupa o centro do universo relixioso dos Lakota, Dakota e Nakota, as tres ramas principais da familia ling\u00fc\u00edstica Sioux.<\/p><p>A diferenza do Deus monote\u00edsta das relixi\u00f3ns abrah\u00e1micas, Wakan Tanka non \u00e9 un ser supremo claramente personificado con vontade propia, biograf\u00eda propia e voz propia, sen\u00f3n a forza sagrada que o impregna todo (<em>wakan<\/em>) e que est\u00e1 presente en todo o que vive e non vive.<\/p><p>O te\u00f3logo Lakota Black Elk, nos seus discursos rexistrados, sobre todo na obra compilada por John Neihardt <em>Black Elk Speaks<\/em> (1932), ref\u00edrese a Wakan Tanka como <em>Wakan Tanka unsi unkila<\/em> (o Grande Sagrado que ten compaix\u00f3n de n\u00f3s).<\/p><p>O erudito relixioso Lakota contempor\u00e1neo Vine Deloria Jr. mostrou en <em>God Is Red<\/em> (1973) que a traduci\u00f3n simple de Wakan Tanka como <em>Great Spirit<\/em>, habitual na literatura popular desde o s\u00e9culo XIX, non capta o seu significado xenu\u00edno.<\/p><p>Estruturalmente, Wakan Tanka pertence \u00e1 clase pan-relixiosa dos <em>seres supremos omnipotentes<\/em>, a\u00ednda que est\u00e1 fortemente marcado polo entendemento Lakota espec\u00edfico da forza sagrada <em>wakan<\/em>.<\/p><p>Os Lakota co\u00f1ecen unha multitude de seres wakan (comparables cos Apu, os se\u00f1ores das monta\u00f1as dos incas dos <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/culturas-andinas-e-incas-inti-pachamama-viracocha\/\">Andes<\/a>): as Catro Direcci\u00f3ns Celestiais, os seres do trono (v\u00e9xase <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/thunderbird-paxaro-do-trono\/\">Thunderbird<\/a>), os esp\u00edritos dos animais, os esp\u00edritos ancestrais; todos son <em>wakan<\/em>, todos son parte da \u00fanica forza sagrada omnicomprensiva.<\/p><p>En comparaci\u00f3n coa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> monote\u00edsta occidental, un aspecto salientable da concepci\u00f3n Lakota \u00e9 a ausencia dunha atribuci\u00f3n de x\u00e9nero clara. Wakan Tanka non \u00e9 nin masculino nin feminino; os aspectos personificados de wakan div\u00eddense m\u00e1is ben en seres masculinos, femininos e andr\u00f3xinos.<\/p><p>Esta neutralidade de x\u00e9nero da realidade suprema constit\u00fae unha diferenza xenu\u00edna respecto da tradici\u00f3n xudeu-cristi\u00e1n-isl\u00e1mica, coa s\u00faa imaxe masculina de Deus Pai, e recibiu atenci\u00f3n reiterada na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ciencia que estuda as relixi\u00f3ns de xeito comparativo e sen vinculaci\u00f3n de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns<\/span> comparada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e etimolox\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O termo Lakota <em>wakan<\/em> \u00e9 un dos conceptos filos\u00f3fico-relixiosos centrais da tradici\u00f3n Sioux. Significa literalmente <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente ao divino e por iso exclu\u00eddo do uso coti\u00e1n.\" tabindex=\"0\">sagrado<\/span><\/em>, <em>misterioso<\/em> ou <em>non totalmente comprensible<\/em>, e apl\u00edcase a todo o espectro do que denominariamos <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Designa o aspecto sobrecolledor e sublime do sagrado; concepto da ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">numinoso<\/span><\/em>.<\/p><p>O ling\u00fcista Lakota Stephen Riggs compilou no seu dicionario Lakota-Ingl\u00e9s (1852) unha lista notable de usos de wakan, desde a muller de parto at\u00e9 o raio, desde a bolsa de tabaco do curandeiro at\u00e9 a morte dun cabalo querido.<\/p><p>O complemento <em>thanka<\/em> ou <em>tanka<\/em> significa <em>grande<\/em> no sentido de omnicomprensivo, que o cont\u00e9n todo.<\/p><p>As\u00ed, Wakan Thanka \u00e9 a <em>forza sagrada omnicomprensiva que o cont\u00e9n todo<\/em>. Nos textos teol\u00f3xicos Lakota dist\u00ednguese entre <em>wakan kin<\/em> (o sagrado en xeral) e <em>Wakan Thanka<\/em> (o Sagrado \u00fanico e omnicomprensivo), sendo a diferenza non num\u00e9rica (un fronte a moitos) sen\u00f3n cualitativa (parte fronte a todo).<\/p><p>Unha diferenciaci\u00f3n teol\u00f3xica importante foi feita polo curandeiro Lakota Sword (Sword&#8217;s Account) nos anos 1890, en conversas co antrop\u00f3logo James Walker: falou de dezaseis aspectos wakan diferentes que xuntos forman a unidade de Wakan Tanka. Esta lista est\u00e1 documentada sistematicamente na obra de James Walker, <em>Lakota Belief and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha secuencia regrada de acci\u00f3ns simb\u00f3licas con significado relixioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span><\/em> (1980, publicada postumamente).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estruturas teol\u00f3xicas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A estrutura teol\u00f3xica de Wakan Tanka \u00e9 considerablemente m\u00e1is complexa que a simple concepci\u00f3n de <em>Great Spirit<\/em> da literatura popular, segundo documentaron os curandeiros lakota rexistrados por James Walker (Sword, Finger, Bad Wound, No Flesh). A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a crenza dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> lakota distingue dezaseis aspectos wakan, organizados xerarquicamente en catro grupos de catro aspectos cada un.<\/p><p>Os catro superiores (<em>Wakan akantu<\/em>) comprenden: <em>Wi<\/em> (o Sol), <em>Skan<\/em> (o que move, a enerx\u00eda c\u00f3smica), <em>Maka<\/em> (a Terra) e <em>Inyan<\/em> (a Pedra, o material orixinario). O segundo grupo (<em>Wakan kolaya<\/em>) comprende os aspectos acompa\u00f1antes vinculados a eles: a L\u00faa (Hanwi), o vento (Tate), a beleza (Wohpe) e o paxaro do trono (Wakinyan).<\/p><p>O terceiro grupo (<em>Wakan kuya<\/em>) son os aspectos subordinados: o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser sen corpo ao que se lle atrib\u00fae influencia no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> do b\u00fafalo (Tatanka), o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser sen corpo ao que se lle atrib\u00fae influencia no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> do oso (Hununpa), o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser sen corpo ao que se lle atrib\u00fae influencia no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> dos catro ventos (Tate) e o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser sen corpo ao que se lle atrib\u00fae influencia no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> do remu\u00ed\u00f1o (Yumni). O cuarto grupo (<em>Wakan lakolapi<\/em>) son os esp\u00edritos auxiliares: o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser sen corpo ao que se lle atrib\u00fae influencia no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> (Niya), a sombra (Nagi), o alento vital (Naula) e o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser sen corpo ao que se lle atrib\u00fae influencia no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> irm\u00e1n (Sicun).<\/p><p>Esta estrutura de dezaseis aspectos constit\u00fae unha aut\u00e9ntica construci\u00f3n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a crenza dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3xica<\/span> que non corresponde \u00e1 suposici\u00f3n superficial dunha relixi\u00f3n lakota unificada e monote\u00edsta. Vine Deloria Jr. e o estudoso da relixi\u00f3n lakota Joseph Epes Brown puxeron de relevo repetidamente nas s\u00faas obras a importancia desta complexidade estrutural.<\/p><p>Os textos de Sword-Walker son metodoloxicamente complexos de avaliar. James Walker foi m\u00e9dico da reserva de Pine Ridge entre 1896 e 1914 e mantivo durante ese per\u00edodo amplas conversas cos \u00faltimos curandeiros lakota da xeraci\u00f3n anterior \u00e1 reserva.<\/p><p>Os seus rexistros constit\u00faen unha das fontes primarias m\u00e1is importantes, a\u00ednda que est\u00e1n parcialmente distorsionados polos propios condicionamentos teol\u00f3xicos de Walker (era m\u00e9dico con formaci\u00f3n occidental) e polas dificultades de traduci\u00f3n. A investigaci\u00f3n m\u00e1is recente, en particular Raymond DeMallie e Vine Deloria Jr., discutiu de xeito sistem\u00e1tico estes problemas metodol\u00f3xicos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relatos mitol\u00f3xicos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e relatos ao longo de xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span> mitol\u00f3xica arredor de Wakan Tanka \u00e9, en comparaci\u00f3n con moitas outras tradici\u00f3ns relixiosas, chamativamente escasa en narraci\u00f3ns personificadas.<\/p><p>Isto d\u00e9bese a que Wakan Tanka non \u00e9 en si mesmo unha figura actuante, sen\u00f3n a realidade profunda na que aparecen as figuras que act\u00faan. A abundancia de material mitol\u00f3xico da tradici\u00f3n lakota afecta, por tanto, m\u00e1is aos aspectos wakan individuais que a Wakan Tanka mesmo.<\/p><p>Unha constelaci\u00f3n m\u00edtica central \u00e9 a aparici\u00f3n da <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/white-buffalo-calf-woman-lakota\/\">White Buffalo Calf Woman<\/a> (Muller da Tenreira B\u00fafala Branca), que por encomenda de Wakan Tanka trouxo \u00e1 tradici\u00f3n lakota os sete ritos sagrados (v\u00e9xase m\u00e1is abaixo) e a pipa sagrada <em>chanunpa<\/em>.<\/p><p>Este relato, transmitido especialmente por Black Elk, \u00e9 a historia fundacional central da relixi\u00f3n lakota e v\u00f3lvese contar en case cada sesi\u00f3n de tenda de sudaci\u00f3n e de busca de visi\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Unha segunda constelaci\u00f3n narrativa comprende os mitos cosmog\u00f3nicos arredor dos av\u00f3s <em>tunkasila<\/em> (v\u00e9xase <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/tunkasila-avo-ceo-lakota\/\">Tunkasila<\/a>) e a serpe acu\u00e1tica <em>uncegila<\/em>. Estes mitos conserv\u00e1ronse nos textos rexistrados por George Bushotter a finais do s\u00e9culo XIX e foron descritos sistematicamente polo antrop\u00f3logo James Howard en <em>The Dakota or Sioux Indians<\/em> (1980).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sete ritos sagrados<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A tradici\u00f3n lakota co\u00f1ece sete grandes ritos sagrados (<em>Owanka wakan<\/em>), todos eles vinculados a Wakan Tanka e atribu\u00eddos \u00e1 Muller B\u00fafalo Branco. Est\u00e1n descritos de xeito sistem\u00e1tico na obra de Black Elk e Joseph Epes Brown <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> (1953).<\/p><p>Os sete ritos comprenden as seguintes formas. En primeiro lugar, o Inipi, a cabana de purificaci\u00f3n, que serve de preparaci\u00f3n ritual para calquera outro rito. En segundo lugar, o Hanblechiyapi, a busca de visi\u00f3n: un adolescente ou adulto busca s\u00f3 nas monta\u00f1as ou nun outeiro, durante varios d\u00edas e noites sen comida nin auga, recibir unha visi\u00f3n. En terceiro lugar, o Wanagi Yuhapi, a retenci\u00f3n da alma (rito funerario), e en cuarto lugar o Hunkapi, o facer-parentes (adopci\u00f3n). En quinto lugar, o Ishna Ta Awi Cha Lowan, a iniciaci\u00f3n de puberdade das mozas. En sexto lugar, o Tapa Wankayeyapi, o lanzamento da pelota, unha representaci\u00f3n l\u00fadica da distribuci\u00f3n c\u00f3smica. En s\u00e9timo lugar, o Wiwanyag Wachipi, a danza do sol.<\/p><p>Este \u00faltimo, a danza do sol, \u00e9 a pr\u00e1ctica lakota m\u00e1is espectacular e relixiosamente intensa. Nela os practicantes danzan varios d\u00edas sen comer nin beber, en c\u00edrculo arredor dunha \u00e1rbore sagrada, alg\u00fans deles con espigas de \u00f3so atravesadas polos m\u00fasculos peitorais e suxeitas \u00e1 \u00e1rbore mediante tiras de coiro.<\/p><p>A danza remata cando as espigas rompen os m\u00fasculos peitorais e o practicante se solta da uni\u00f3n coa \u00e1rbore. Esta experiencia f\u00edsica ent\u00e9ndese como o m\u00e1is alto <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrenda a unha divindade para expresar agradecemento, petici\u00f3n ou veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrificio<\/span> ofrecido a Wakan Tanka e como porta de acceso \u00e1 visi\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Os sete ritos sagrados pract\u00edcanse hoxe nas comunidades das reservas con distinta frecuencia. O Inipi (cabana de purificaci\u00f3n) real\u00edzase con regularidade en case todos os fogares das reservas; o Hanblechiyapi (busca de visi\u00f3n) ten lugar en iniciaci\u00f3ns e en situaci\u00f3ns vitais especiais; o Wiwanyag Wachipi (danza do sol) cel\u00e9brase anualmente nas grandes asembleas das reservas e figura entre os acontecementos relixiosos colectivos m\u00e1is importantes dos pobos sioux.<\/p><p>Os demais ritos volv\u00e9ronse parcialmente m\u00e1is raros, pero unha crecente corrente de renovaci\u00f3n relixiosa ind\u00edxena os est\u00e1 reactivando activamente.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e1ctica de protecci\u00f3n e tradici\u00f3n apotropaica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A tradici\u00f3n lakota non co\u00f1ece unha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O feito de dirixirse a unha divindade ou poder de forma suplicante ou conxuratoria.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3n<\/span> directa de Wakan Tanka en situaci\u00f3ns de perigo agudo, porque Wakan Tanka, como realidade omnicomprensiva, \u00e9 demasiado xeral para ser directamente competente en situaci\u00f3ns vitais concretas. A veneraci\u00f3n relacionada coa protecci\u00f3n dir\u00edxese m\u00e1is ben aos distintos aspectos wakan: os Catro Ventos, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser sen corpo ao que se lle atrib\u00fae acci\u00f3n no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> do B\u00fafalo, o Paxaro do Trono.<\/p><p>As pr\u00e1cticas de protecci\u00f3n concretas incl\u00faen levar unha bolsa de medicina (<em>chanli<\/em>) con pedras especiais, plumas, ra\u00edces e obxectos persoais de medicina, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O feito de dirixirse a unha divindade ou poder de forma suplicante ou conxuratoria.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3n<\/span> dos Catro Ventos nos catro puntos cardinais en cada ocasi\u00f3n ritual, a fumigaci\u00f3n purificadora con <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido con frecuencia dun n\u00facleo hist\u00f3rico e trazos marabillosos.\" tabindex=\"0\">herba<\/span> de cedro (Cedar) ou herba doce (Sweetgrass), e o uso ritual da pipa sagrada <em>chanunpa<\/em>.<\/p><p>Fumar a pipa non \u00e9 simplemente queimar tabaco, sen\u00f3n un acto cosmol\u00f3xico: o tabaco (<em>kinnikinnick<\/em>) p\u00f3nse en relaci\u00f3n, dentro da pipa, cos Catro Ventos, coa terra e o ceo e cos antepasados; o propio acto de fumar a pipa conv\u00e9rtese nunha forma de oraci\u00f3n wakan.<\/p><p>Dentro da tradici\u00f3n apotropaica, os escudos lakota desempe\u00f1an un papel especial. Os guerreiros levaban nos seus escudos pinturas recibidas nunha visi\u00f3n, ligadas ao poder wakan dun animal ou dun ser determinado.<\/p><p>Estas pinturas dos escudos non eran meros adornos est\u00e9ticos, sen\u00f3n obxectos de protecci\u00f3n ritualmente eficaces. Joseph Epes Brown describiu de forma sistem\u00e1tica a tradici\u00f3n dos escudos lakota en <em>The Spiritual Legacy of the American Indian<\/em> (1982).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelismos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na literatura relixiosa comparada, Wakan Tanka aparece con frecuencia como exemplo americano dunha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> pan-espiritualista dun ser supremo. Estruturalmente comparables son o <em>mana<\/em> polinesio, o <em>mana<\/em> melanesio, o <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Na concepci\u00f3n chinesa, a forza vital activa que percorre todas as cousas.\" tabindex=\"0\">qi<\/span><\/em> chin\u00e9s, o <em>brahman<\/em> indio e o <em>nyama<\/em> ou <em>nyam<\/em> da \u00c1frica occidental.<\/p><p>\u00c9 importante ter en conta que Wakan Tanka non \u00e9 pante\u00edsmo en sentido estrito: os lakota distinguen entre os distintos aspectos wakan e Wakan Tanka en si mesmo, sen que sexan id\u00e9nticos entre eles.<\/p><p>A relixi\u00f3loga \u00c5ke Hultkrantz describiu de forma sistem\u00e1tica esta diferenciaci\u00f3n en <em>Belief and Worship in Native North America<\/em> (1981), mostrando que a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> lakota non corresponde nin ao <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A crenza nun \u00fanico Deus.\" tabindex=\"0\">monote\u00edsmo<\/span> estrito nin ao pante\u00edsmo cl\u00e1sico, sen\u00f3n a unha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> panente\u00edsta propia.<\/p><p>Dentro das tradici\u00f3ns ind\u00edxenas norteamericanas, Wakan Tanka presenta paralelos estreitos co <em>Manitou<\/em> algonquino, o <em>Maheo<\/em> cheyenne, o <em>Yusen<\/em> apache, o creador navajo e o creador pueblo. En todos estes casos tr\u00e1tase de conceptos de ser supremo que fundamentan un poder sagrado que o percorre todo.<\/p><p>Unha observaci\u00f3n notable na historia das relixi\u00f3ns ref\u00edrese \u00e1 continuidade da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> lakota tam\u00e9n na di\u00e1spora sioux m\u00e1is ampla.<\/p><p>Os mdewakanton dakota de Minnesota, os yankton sioux de Dakota do Sur e os assiniboine de Montana e Saskatchewan desenvolveron cada un as s\u00faas propias tradici\u00f3ns de wakan tanka, que difiren en detalles pero comparten a li\u00f1a estrutural principal da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> lakota. Esta continuidade pan-sioux foi descrita de forma sistem\u00e1tica polo antrop\u00f3logo Raymond DeMallie nos seus amplos estudos sobre os sioux.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3n actual e investigaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A relixi\u00f3n lakota at\u00f3pase, desde a cristianizaci\u00f3n forzada dos indios das reservas no s\u00e9culo XIX e sobre todo tras a represi\u00f3n violenta da Danza do Sol (prohibida en 1881 e de novo en 1934) por parte do goberno dos Estados Unidos, nunha complexa fase de renacemento.<\/p><p>Desde a reautorizaci\u00f3n da Danza do Sol en 1934 e o reco\u00f1ecemento posterior das relixi\u00f3ns ind\u00edxenas a trav\u00e9s do <em>American Indian Religious Freedom Act<\/em> (1978), a relixi\u00f3n lakota experimentou un notable impulso.<\/p><p>No discurso acad\u00e9mico, a reflexi\u00f3n sobre Wakan Tanka desempe\u00f1ou un papel importante na desconstruci\u00f3n das descrici\u00f3ns relixiosas de orixe misioneira.<\/p><p>Vine Deloria Jr. (<em>God Is Red<\/em>, 1973; <em>The World We Used to Live In<\/em>, 2006), George Tinker (<em>American Indian Liberation<\/em>, 2008) e o te\u00f3logo lakota Charles Eastman (<em>The Soul of the Indian<\/em>, 1911) defenderon a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda a Deus e a crenza dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> genuinamente lakota fronte \u00e1s simplificaci\u00f3ns de orixe cristi\u00e1n-misioneira.<\/p><p>Desde a perspectiva das ciencias da relixi\u00f3n, Wakan Tanka constit\u00fae un exemplo importante de como a clasificaci\u00f3n tipol\u00f3xica simple das relixi\u00f3ns ind\u00edxenas (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Idea segundo a cal tam\u00e9n os animais, as plantas e as cousas pos\u00faen alma.\" tabindex=\"0\">animismo<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A crenza en varios deuses.\" tabindex=\"0\">polite\u00edsmo<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A crenza nun \u00fanico deus.\" tabindex=\"0\">monote\u00edsmo<\/span>) adoita non captar a riqueza teol\u00f3xica da respectiva tradici\u00f3n.<\/p><p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda a Deus e a crenza dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> lakota xenu\u00edna non \u00e9 nin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Idea segundo a cal tam\u00e9n os animais, as plantas e as cousas pos\u00faen alma.\" tabindex=\"0\">animismo<\/span> nin pante\u00edsmo, sen\u00f3n unha construci\u00f3n filos\u00f3fico-relixiosa independente que merece o seu lugar na historia comparada das relixi\u00f3ns. A referencia de iWell Guard \u00e1 tradici\u00f3n lakota \u00e9 explicitamente de car\u00e1cter observacional e relixioso, sen promesa de efecto alg\u00fan.<\/p><p>No s\u00e9culo XXI, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda a Deus e a crenza dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> lakota tam\u00e9n se incorporou ao di\u00e1logo interrelixioso. L\u00edderes espirituais lakota como Arvol Looking Horse, actual gardi\u00e1n de 19\u00aa xeraci\u00f3n do sagrado White Buffalo Calf Pipe, representan a tradici\u00f3n lakota en asembleas da ONU, encontros de relixi\u00f3ns mundiais e conferencias ecum\u00e9nicas.<\/p><p>Estas participaci\u00f3ns internacionais levaron a un crecente co\u00f1ecemento global da relixi\u00f3n lakota, pero tam\u00e9n favoreceron tendencias problem\u00e1ticas de apropiaci\u00f3n espiritual por parte de grupos occidentais da Nova Era, contra as que o consello de anci\u00e1ns lakota protesta oficialmente e de forma reiterada desde 1993.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda e fontes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A seguinte selecci\u00f3n recolle obras centrais sobre a relixi\u00f3n lakota e a investigaci\u00f3n sobre os pobos ind\u00edxenas norteamericanos, fundamentais para comprender Wakan Tanka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c8c5672 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2c8c5672\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d052194 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d052194\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O problema da traduci\u00f3n de Wakan Tanka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ac2c6c1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2ac2c6c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c442efa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2c442efa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A expresi\u00f3n <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> procede das linguas lakota, dakota e nakota, e na literatura en lingua inglesa adoitou traducirse como Gran <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser sen corpo ao que se lle atrib\u00fae capacidade de actuar no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">Esp\u00edrito<\/span> ou Gran Misterio.<\/p><p>Ambas as traduci\u00f3ns resultan problem\u00e1ticas. <em>Wakan<\/em> designa unha calidade de sagrado, misterioso ou dotado dunha forza especial, mentres que <em>tanka<\/em> significa grande. A uni\u00f3n destes dous termos non se pode traducir sen perda a un \u00fanico nome divino.<\/p><p>A literatura misioneira e etnogr\u00e1fica temper\u00e1 tend\u00eda a entender <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> como a designaci\u00f3n dun \u00fanico deus supremo, equivalente ao deus cristi\u00e1n. Esta lectura viuse reforzada polo traballo de traduci\u00f3n dos misioneiros, que necesitaban un termo para referirse ao deus cristi\u00e1n.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n do s\u00e9culo XX corrixiu esta imaxe. O etn\u00f3grafo James R. Walker, que a comezos do s\u00e9culo XX traballou con especialistas relixiosos lakota na reserva de Pine Ridge, trazou unha imaxe moito m\u00e1is complexa.<\/p><p>Segundo os apuntamentos de Walker, elaborados xunto a informantes lakota como George Sword, <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> non \u00e9 un ser \u00fanico, sen\u00f3n unha designaci\u00f3n colectiva para unha multiplicidade de poderes e seres sagrados, que ao mesmo tempo poden concibirse como unidade. O material de Walker fala de diferentes aspectos ou clases do sagrado que, na s\u00faa totalidade, forman <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em>.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n segue debatendo hoxe en d\u00eda en que medida a exposici\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica de Walker reflicte con precisi\u00f3n as ideas dos seus informantes e en que medida introduce no material unha orde que non exist\u00eda de forma tan coherente. O que si se pode afirmar \u00e9 que unha simple equiparaci\u00f3n cun deus monote\u00edsta non fai xustiza \u00e1s fontes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2699683a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2699683a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28de6a45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28de6a45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wakan Tanka na \u00e9poca das reservas e o rexurdimento da relixi\u00f3n lakota<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22c559d8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp22c559d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22475154 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp22475154\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os rexistros sobre <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> xurdiron sobre todo nunha \u00e9poca de presi\u00f3n masiva sobre a relixi\u00f3n lakota. Tras a derrota e o confinamento en reservas, o goberno dos Estados Unidos prohibiu, a partir da d\u00e9cada de 1880, cerimonias centrais, entre elas a danza do sol.<\/p><p>A pr\u00e1ctica relixiosa desenvolveuse en parte de forma oculta. A actividade recompiladora de James R. Walker coincidiu precisamente con esta fase, o que significa que os seus informantes transmitiron os seus co\u00f1ecementos baixo condici\u00f3ns de persecuci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Esta circunstancia marca o estado das fontes. Alg\u00fans especialistas relixiosos transmitiron o seu saber de forma consciente, por temor a que se perdese doutro xeito. Outros contidos foron retidos.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n debe contar, polo tanto, con que as descrici\u00f3ns transmitidas conte\u00f1an tanto lagoas como selecci\u00f3n deliberada. A isto eng\u00e1dese a influencia do cristianismo, que moitos lakota adoptaron ao longo do s\u00e9culo XX, en parte xunto \u00e1 tradici\u00f3n m\u00e1is antiga.<\/p><p>Desde a d\u00e9cada de 1970, no marco do American Indian Movement e dos movementos m\u00e1is xerais polos dereitos civ\u00eds ind\u00edxenas, obs\u00e9rvase un claro rexurdimento da relixi\u00f3n lakota. A danza do sol volve a realizarse publicamente, e termos como <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> forman parte estable do discurso relixioso.<\/p><p>Ao mesmo tempo, existen dentro das comunidades lakota debates sobre como debe transmitirse a tradici\u00f3n e quen est\u00e1 autorizado para facelo, as\u00ed como cr\u00edticas \u00e1 apropiaci\u00f3n destes conceptos por parte de correntes esot\u00e9ricas non ind\u00edxenas. Para a representaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica der\u00edvase que <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> non \u00e9 un tema hist\u00f3rico pechado, sen\u00f3n un punto de referencia vivo e en parte controvertido da identidade lakota actual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda (selecci\u00f3n)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Joseph Epes Brown: <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> (1953)<\/li><li>John Neihardt: <em>Black Elk Speaks<\/em> (1932)<\/li><li>James Walker: <em>Lakota Belief and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha secuencia regrada de acci\u00f3ns simb\u00f3licas con significado relixioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span><\/em> (1980)<\/li><li>Vine Deloria Jr.: <em>God Is Red<\/em> (1973)<\/li><li>Aase Hultkrantz: <em>Belief and Worship in Native North America<\/em> (1981)<\/li><li>Charles Eastman: <em>The Soul of the Indian<\/em> (1911)<\/li><li>George Tinker: <em>American Indian Liberation<\/em> (2008)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termos clave relacionados: Wakan Tanka Lakota Sioux Sweat Lodge Sun Dance Black Elk Vision Quest Chanunpa.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-wakan-tanka\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard e tradici\u00f3ns de protecci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard contin\u00faa a tradici\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-cultural dos obxectos de protecci\u00f3n port\u00e1tiles, na tradici\u00f3n dos <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/deuses-indixenas-wakan-tanka-first-nations\/\">Native American<\/a> e de moitas outras culturas de todo o mundo. 41 capas, ouro real, platino, prata, fabricado en Alema\u00f1a. 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Os contidos relixiosos e cient\u00edficos son unha clasificaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-cultural, non unha recomendaci\u00f3n de pr\u00e1ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2707,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Wakan Tanka Lakota","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Wakan Tanka \u2013 Ser Supremo dos Lakota","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Wakan Tanka, a grande forza sagrada dos Lakota, non designa tanto unha divindade personificada como unha realidade numinosa que o impregna 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