{"id":194908,"date":"2026-09-07T09:37:57","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:37:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=194908"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"supay-espiritos-malignos-inframundo-andes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/supay-espiritos-malignos-inframundo-andes\/","title":{"rendered":"Supay \u2013 Esp\u00edritos malignos e se\u00f1or do inframundo dos Andes"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"194908\" class=\"elementor elementor-194908 elementor-2580 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Supay, esp\u00edritos malignos, se\u00f1or do inframundo e demo das minas do altiplano andino<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay (quechua <em>supay<\/em>, aimara <em>supaya<\/em>) designa na tradici\u00f3n andina tanto unha clase de esp\u00edritos dani\u00f1os como unha figura espec\u00edfica do inframundo. Na rexi\u00f3n mineira de Bolivia transformouse no <em>T\u00edo<\/em>, o demo das galer\u00edas das minas de prata de Potos\u00ed e Oruro.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esp\u00edrito maligno da tradici\u00f3n Andes \/ Inca.\">Esp\u00edrito maligno<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/culturas-andinas-e-incas-inti-pachamama-viracocha\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitolox\u00eda da tradici\u00f3n Andes \/ Inca.\">Andes \/ Inca<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Demo do inframundo.\">Demo do inframundo<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196850\" alt=\"Supay - Esp\u00edritos da tradici\u00f3n andina-inca, hist\u00f3rico-ilustrativo\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situaci\u00f3n no pante\u00f3n andino<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay \u00e9 unha figura de dif\u00edcil clasificaci\u00f3n dentro da relixi\u00f3n andina. A diferenza das grandes divindades estatais-imperiais <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/inti-deus-solar-incas\/\">Inti<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/viracocha-deus-creador-andes\/\">Viracocha<\/a> e <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/mama-killa-deusa-lua-incas\/\">Mama Killa<\/a>, Supay non \u00e9 nin un creador personificado nin un deus individual claramente definido. Nas fontes quechua m\u00e1is antigas designa unha clase de seres dani\u00f1os e incorp\u00f3reos, esp\u00edritos dos mortos, demos causantes de enfermidades, perturbadores nocturnos, e ao mesmo tempo unha figura personificada que goberna o mundo subterr\u00e1neo.<\/p><p>Os misioneiros espa\u00f1ois empregaron <em>supay<\/em> desde o s\u00e9culo XVI como equivalente quechua do dia\u00f1o cristi\u00e1n (<em>diablo<\/em>).<\/p><p>Esta identificaci\u00f3n distorsionou considerablemente o seu significado orixinal: mentres o dia\u00f1o cristi\u00e1n se concibe como unha forza puramente malvada, na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a crenza dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> andina prehisp\u00e1nica supay era unha figura moralmente ambivalente, perigosa pero en certas circunstancias tam\u00e9n \u00fatil, e en ning\u00fan caso pura maldade.<\/p><p>O antrop\u00f3logo peruano Manuel Marzal describiu de forma sistem\u00e1tica esta distorsi\u00f3n supay\/diablo en <em>El mundo religioso de Urcos<\/em> (1971).<\/p><p>Na clasificaci\u00f3n relixiosa comparada, Supay pertence \u00e1 ampla categor\u00eda das <em>numinosidades ct\u00f3nicas<\/em>, seres das profundidades, do interior da terra, das covas e das galer\u00edas subterr\u00e1neas.<\/p><p>Son estruturalmente comparables o Hades grego, o Hel xerm\u00e1nico, o Mictlantecuhtli mesoamericano e, en certo sentido, tam\u00e9n o Bar\u00f3n Samedi do vud\u00fa. En todos estes casos tr\u00e1tase de seres vinculados ao mundo dos mortos e ao reino subterr\u00e1neo.<\/p><p>Resulta destacable a observaci\u00f3n temper\u00e1 dos espa\u00f1ois de que os incas de fala quechua non co\u00f1ec\u00edan un concepto unitario dun mal absoluto. Polo de Ondegardo anotou en 1559 que os incas co\u00f1ec\u00edan numerosos seres dani\u00f1os, pero non unha figura \u00fanica do mal comparable ao Sat\u00e1n cristi\u00e1n.<\/p><p>Esta observaci\u00f3n foi interpretada nun principio polos misioneiros como unha carencia teol\u00f3xica, corrixida mediante a identificaci\u00f3n supay\/diablo, un proceso que a\u00ednda hoxe ocupa a investigaci\u00f3n en historia das relixi\u00f3ns.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e etimolox\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O termo quechua <em>supay<\/em> est\u00e1 documentado desde os primeiros dicionarios coloniais. Diego Gonz\u00e1lez Holgu\u00edn d\u00e1 en 1608 o significado de <em>demonio o sombra<\/em>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ser espiritual ao que se lle atrib\u00fae un efecto dani\u00f1o ou ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demo<\/span> ou sombra. Esta dobre acepci\u00f3n \u00e9 reveladora: <em>sombra<\/em> non significa s\u00f3 a sombra \u00f3ptica, sen\u00f3n unha especie de ser inmaterial que pode pegarse aos vivos. O plural <em>supaykuna<\/em> designa a multitude destes seres sombrizos.<\/p><p>No \u00e1mbito ling\u00fc\u00edstico aimara o equivalente \u00e9 <em>supaya<\/em> ou <em>saxra<\/em>. Este \u00faltimo \u00e9 hoxe o termo m\u00e1is usado nas aldeas aimaras bolivianas e designa esp\u00edritos malignos que habitan en certos fen\u00f3menos naturais (remu\u00ed\u00f1os, fendas rochosas, covas).<\/p><p>Nas aldeas modernas de fala quechua, <em>supay<\/em> experimentou unha historia sem\u00e1ntica diferenciada.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen distingue en <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002) tres campos sem\u00e1nticos: primeiro, <em>supay<\/em> como denominaci\u00f3n peyorativa dos demos cristi\u00e1ns (no sentido da identificaci\u00f3n misioneira); segundo, <em>supay<\/em> como denominaci\u00f3n xen\u00e9rica dun esp\u00edrito maligno sombrizo; terceiro, <em>supay<\/em> como ep\u00edteto respectuoso de certos se\u00f1ores das monta\u00f1as (Apu) ou momias ancestrais (mallqui), que esixen unha prudencia reverente.<\/p><p>A proximidade etimol\u00f3xica de <em>supay<\/em> co verbo quechua <em>supay-<\/em> (ser levado polo vento, ser arrastrado) levou a alg\u00fans ling\u00fcistas a supor que o significado orixinal ser\u00eda un <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ser incorp\u00f3reo ao que se lle atrib\u00fae efecto no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> levado polo vento<\/em>, un ser que despois da morte \u00e9 arrastrado polo vento de volta ao mundo dos vivos.<\/p><p>Esta hip\u00f3tese ling\u00fc\u00edstico-hist\u00f3rica non est\u00e1 definitivamente confirmada, pero encaixa ben coa idea etnograficamente observada de supay como <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ser incorp\u00f3reo ao que se lle atrib\u00fae efecto no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> do vento<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descrici\u00f3n e iconograf\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nas primeiras cr\u00f3nicas Supay descr\u00edbese como carente de forma, un ser invisible e furtivo que visita os vivos durante o sono, a enfermidade ou a noite. Este baleiro iconogr\u00e1fico \u00e9 caracter\u00edstico da antiga concepci\u00f3n andina dos esp\u00edritos dani\u00f1os; non se representaban con forma fixa, sen\u00f3n que se tem\u00edan como unha presenza invisible.<\/p><p>Coa misi\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola e a identificaci\u00f3n co dia\u00f1o cristi\u00e1n, a iconograf\u00eda cambiou radicalmente. Na pintura colonial cusque\u00f1a e potosina, Supay aparece cada vez m\u00e1is con forma diab\u00f3lica europea: con cornos, cola longa, patas de cabra, e \u00e1s veces envolto en vapores de xofre.<\/p><p>O famoso cadro <em>Triunfo de San Miguel<\/em> (escola cusque\u00f1a, s. XVII) mostra varios destes Supay baixo os p\u00e9s do arcanxo.<\/p><p>Na rexi\u00f3n mineira boliviana desenvolveuse desde o s\u00e9culo XVII unha iconograf\u00eda propia do T\u00edo: figuras masculinas modeladas en barro, con ollos dorados, cabeza cornuda, un cigarro de tabaco na boca e un falo erecto prominente, expresi\u00f3n da fertilidade da terra que xera a prata.<\/p><p>Estas figuras do T\u00edo at\u00f3panse a\u00ednda hoxe en case todas as minas da rexi\u00f3n de Potos\u00ed-Oruro. June Nash documentounas amplamente en <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relatos mitol\u00f3xicos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e relatos ao longo de xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span> mitol\u00f3xica sobre Supay \u00e9 fragmentaria. No manuscrito de Huarochir\u00ed (c. 1608) aparecen varios seres supay como antagonistas de figuras heroicas; xeralmente son vencidos pola astucia ou repelidos mediante medidas rituais.<\/p><p>Crist\u00f3bal de Albornoz describe no seu <em>Instrucci\u00f3n para descubrir todas las guacas<\/em> (c. 1581) varias clases de supay, entre elas o <em>aya supay<\/em> (esp\u00edritos dos mortos), o <em>chuqui supay<\/em> (esp\u00edritos de lanza, \u00e9 dicir, demos guerreiros) e o <em>llocsi supay<\/em> (os que emerxen, \u00e9 dicir, esp\u00edritos errantes).<\/p><p>Un t\u00f3pico moi estendido nos relatos das aldeas de fala quechua \u00e9 o do <em>condenado<\/em>: unha alma morta que, por incesto, asasinato ou outro crime grave, non atopa entrada no m\u00e1is al\u00e1 e vaga como Supay.<\/p><p>Estes condenados percorren sobre todo o altiplano pola noite, apar\u00e9cense aos viaxeiros como acompa\u00f1antes tristes pero inquietantes e intentan arrastrar aos vivos \u00e1 morte. Catherine Allen recolleu varios destes relatos de condenados na aldea de Sonqo.<\/p><p>Na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto dos relatos mitol\u00f3xicos transmitidos dunha cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitolox\u00eda<\/span> mineira dos Andes bolivianos, Supay\/T\u00edo aparece como o se\u00f1or dos xacementos de prata. Un relato central describe como o primeiro mineiro se atopou cunha estatua do T\u00edo e a interrogou: o T\u00edo prometeu prata abundante, pero pediu a cambio coca, licor e, ocasionalmente, unha vida humana.<\/p><p>A\u00ednda que este relato \u00e9 lendario, reflicte con precisi\u00f3n o risco de accidentes efectivamente m\u00e1is alto observado nas minas, que se procesa ritualmente a trav\u00e9s do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das pr\u00e1cticas de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dunha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> ao T\u00edo.<\/p><p>Outra clase de relatos importante \u00e9 a dos seres <em>pishtaco<\/em>, unha forma espec\u00edfica emparentada con Supay que gozou de especial atenci\u00f3n nas aldeas andinas m\u00e1is recentes. Os pishtacos son seres de pel branca que sugan a graxa das s\u00faas <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrenda a unha divindade para expresar gratitude, petici\u00f3n ou veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u00edtimas<\/span> para introducila en m\u00e1quinas industriais.<\/p><p>Este relato est\u00e1 documentado desde finais do s\u00e9culo XVI e react\u00edvase en cada fase de crise econ\u00f3mica. Mary Weismantel mostrou en <em>Cholas and Pishtacos<\/em> (2001) como este relato elabora relixiosamente as tensi\u00f3ns estruturais entre a poboaci\u00f3n ind\u00edxena e os poderes non ind\u00edxenas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culto e ritual mineiro<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das pr\u00e1cticas de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dunha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> a Supay na \u00e9poca inca exist\u00eda s\u00f3 en forma negativa: os Supay non eran divindades \u00e1s que se dirix\u00edan ofrendas, sen\u00f3n esp\u00edritos cuxo dano hab\u00eda que repeler mediante medidas rituais.<\/p><p>O exemplo m\u00e1is importante \u00e9 a festa anual de purificaci\u00f3n <em>Citua<\/em> en Cusco (setembro), na que os guerreiros percorr\u00edan a cidade con antorchas, expulsando todas as enfermidades, todos os seres supay co\u00f1ecidos e todas as perturbaci\u00f3ns da cidade, e simbolicamente arrastr\u00e1ndoos cara aos catro puntos cardinais.<\/p><p>Desde o s\u00e9culo XVII xurdiu nas rexi\u00f3ns mineiras bolivianas un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das pr\u00e1cticas de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dunha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> propio ao T\u00edo, que vai moito m\u00e1is al\u00e1 da simple defensa e se converte nun coidado activo da relaci\u00f3n co demo da mina.<\/p><p>Os mineiros fan ofrendas ao T\u00edo cada martes e venres, colocando follas de coca no seu colo, vertendo licor na s\u00faa boca, po\u00f1endo cigarros ardendo entre os seus labios e ped\u00edndolle que libere a prata e mante\u00f1a seguras as galer\u00edas.<\/p><p>O punto culminante \u00e9 o <em>Carnaval Minero<\/em> (carnaval dos mineiros) anual en Oruro, reco\u00f1ecido como Patrimonio da Humanidade pola UNESCO desde 2001.<\/p><p>No centro at\u00f3pase a danza da <em>Diablada<\/em>, que representa a derrota do T\u00edo fronte ao arcanxo San Miguel, unha fusi\u00f3n coreogr\u00e1fica da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda a Deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> prehisp\u00e1nica de Supay coa doutrina demonol\u00f3xica cat\u00f3lica. As famosas m\u00e1scaras de dia\u00f1o de prata do carnaval de Oruro son ao mesmo tempo un fen\u00f3meno da historia da arte e da historia das relixi\u00f3ns.<\/p><p>A rexi\u00f3n mineira de Potos\u00ed foi, desde o descubrimento dos xacementos de prata en 1545, o centro econ\u00f3mico da econom\u00eda colonial espa\u00f1ola. A cidade de Potos\u00ed converteuse no s\u00e9culo XVII, con m\u00e1is de 160 000 habitantes, nunha das maiores cidades do mundo.<\/p><p>O enorme n\u00famero de mortos entre os traballadores ind\u00edxenas da mita, milleiros de mineiros morr\u00edan cada ano por envelenamento con mercurio, accidentes e esgotamento, marcou a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda a Deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> do T\u00edo e deulle un trasfondo sanguento que a\u00ednda hoxe est\u00e1 presente nos relatos do carnaval de Oruro-Bolivia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e1ctica protectora e elementos apotropaicos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A pr\u00e1ctica de protecci\u00f3n contra os Supays constit\u00fae un dos cap\u00edtulos m\u00e1is ricos da relixiosidade popular andina. Catherine Allen, Joseph Bastien e Olivia Harris describiron sistematicamente esta pr\u00e1ctica nas comunidades a trav\u00e9s das s\u00faas obras etnogr\u00e1ficas.<\/p><p>Entre os principais medios de protecci\u00f3n at\u00f3panse: levar un f\u00edo de la vermella no pulso (especialmente nos nenos pequenos), colocar unha pequena combinaci\u00f3n de cruces sobre a porta de entrada da casa, defumar a casa con follas de eucalipto e mu\u00f1a (unha herba silvestre da monta\u00f1a similar \u00e1 menta) e levar anacos de allo ou de ruda ao pescozo. Estas pr\u00e1cticas foron influ\u00eddas de xeito sincr\u00e9tico, en detalle, por tradici\u00f3ns medicinais populares europeas.<\/p><p>Unha pr\u00e1ctica de protecci\u00f3n espec\u00edfica ref\u00edrese \u00e1s <em>almas en pena<\/em> e aos <em>condenados<\/em>: quen non prepara a comida ritual axeitada para os defuntos no D\u00eda de Defuntos (1 e 2 de novembro) corre o risco de que os antepasados falecidos volvan como Supays.<\/p><p>A elaborada pr\u00e1ctica da comida de <em>Todos Santos<\/em>, con figuras de pan cocidas expresamente (<em>t&#8217;antawawas<\/em>), choclo, dulces de millo e follas de coca, \u00e9 ao mesmo tempo veneraci\u00f3n dos defuntos e pr\u00e1ctica protectora fronte \u00e1 vinganza dos esp\u00edritos mal tratados.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelismos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A constelaci\u00f3n supay\/T\u00edo recibiu moita atenci\u00f3n na literatura cient\u00edfica por representar un exemplo paradigm\u00e1tico do fen\u00f3meno da <em>inversi\u00f3n relixiosa<\/em>: unha figura en principio terror\u00edfica conv\u00e9rtese, na pr\u00e1ctica mineira, nunha relaci\u00f3n activamente coidada, xa que a situaci\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica de supervivencia obriga a unha aproximaci\u00f3n instrumental co mal.<\/p><p>Fen\u00f3menos estruturalmente paralelos at\u00f3panse na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> mesoamericana de Tlazolteotl e Mictlantecuhtli, na tradici\u00f3n hebraica de Lilith (que pode ser tanto esp\u00edrito dani\u00f1o como esp\u00edrito protector) e na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> africana de Eshu. June Nash describiu explicitamente o T\u00edo boliviano en <em>We Eat the Mines<\/em> (1979) como exemplo dunha <em>working-class theology<\/em>, que pode lerse tanto desde unha perspectiva marxista como etnorreligiosa.<\/p><p>Espec\u00edfico do \u00e1mbito andino \u00e9 o entrelazamento do complexo Supay\/T\u00edo co complexo de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/pachamama-nai-terra-dos-andes\/\">Pachamama<\/a>. Nas minas bolivianas, o T\u00edo e Pachamama ent\u00e9ndense como parella complementaria: o T\u00edo no interior da galer\u00eda, Pachamama f\u00f3ra, na entrada. Esta complementariedade corresponde ao principio andino xeral do <em>yanantin<\/em>, das parellas dobres.<\/p><p>Un paralelo importante \u00e9 a tradici\u00f3n xud\u00eda de <em>Lilith<\/em>, que tam\u00e9n representa unha figura de dobre rostro, entre esp\u00edrito dani\u00f1o e mediadora accesible en certas circunstancias.<\/p><p>Tam\u00e9n o concepto xapon\u00e9s de <em>oni<\/em> est\u00e1 relacionado, xa que os seres oni tampouco se representan como moralmente malos de forma inequ\u00edvoca, sen\u00f3n como ambivalentes. Estes paralelismos estruturais non deben levar, por\u00e9n, a unha equiparaci\u00f3n tipol\u00f3xica: a especificidade hist\u00f3rico-cultural de cada tradici\u00f3n segue sendo fundamental.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3n actual e investigaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de actos de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dedicados a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> ao T\u00edo nas minas bolivianas \u00e9 hoxe un dos complexos de pr\u00e1ctica relixiosa mellor documentados do mundo. Os traballos de June Nash (1979), Tristan Platt (1983), Pascale Absi (2005) e o etn\u00f3logo franc\u00e9s especializado en minar\u00eda Tristan Platt describiron en detalle as continuidades e transformaci\u00f3ns do culto desde a \u00e9poca colonial espa\u00f1ola.<\/p><p>\u00c9 salientable a historia da identificaci\u00f3n do Supay co demo cristi\u00e1n: un complexo de esp\u00edritos inicialmente m\u00e1is ben difuso e moralmente ambivalente foi transformado pola estratexia misioneira espa\u00f1ola nun anti-deus destacado, que agora, paradoxalmente, na pr\u00e1ctica mineira volveu converterse na figura receptora dunha relaci\u00f3n reciprocia de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e1diva a unha divindade para expresar agradecemento, petici\u00f3n ou veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenda<\/span>.<\/p><p>Este xiro ir\u00f3nico \u00e9 un exemplo cl\u00e1sico da <em>religious creativity<\/em> das culturas ind\u00edxenas en condici\u00f3ns coloniais.<\/p><p>Desde o punto de vista cient\u00edfico, o Supay\/T\u00edo segue sendo unha advertencia importante contra a identificaci\u00f3n simplista dos esp\u00edritos dani\u00f1os ind\u00edxenas co demo cristi\u00e1n. A categor\u00eda de <em>diablo<\/em>, de orixe colonial, oculta a ambivalencia moral xenuinamente andina do complexo supay e faino inutilizable para a an\u00e1lise cient\u00edfica. O contexto de iWell Guard describe este achado desde unha perspectiva hist\u00f3rica, sen ningunha promesa de efecto.<\/p><p>As investigaci\u00f3ns actuais relacionan ademais o complexo Supay coa cuesti\u00f3n das concepci\u00f3ns ind\u00edxenas de xustiza. Onde falla o aparato xudicial estatal tradicional, a idea do supay-condenado serve nas comunidades como mecanismo moral de compensaci\u00f3n: quen cargou con culpa volver\u00e1 tras a morte como Supay errante e executar\u00e1 el mesmo o seu propio castigo.<\/p><p>Esta dimensi\u00f3n \u00e9tica da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> do Supay foi descrita por Allen, Bastien e Salomon nas s\u00faas obras como a <em>moral ecology<\/em> da relixiosidade quechua-aimar\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda e fontes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A seguinte selecci\u00f3n recolle obras centrais sobre a tradici\u00f3n supay\/T\u00edo dos Andes centrais, en especial sobre a etnograf\u00eda mineira boliviana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp290cce30 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp290cce30\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp268756bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp268756bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Supay entre a concepci\u00f3n precolonial e a reinterpretaci\u00f3n cristi\u00e1<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e5496e8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e5496e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2761718f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2761718f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O termo <em>supay<\/em> pertence \u00e1s palabras cujo significado se transformou de forma radical coa colonizaci\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola.<\/p><p>Nos primeiros dicionarios de quechua, como o <em>Lexicon<\/em> de Domingo de Santo Tom\u00e1s (1560) e o vocabulario de Diego Gonz\u00e1lez Holgu\u00edn (1608), <em>supay<\/em> aparece como designaci\u00f3n dun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser incorp\u00f3reo ao que se lle atrib\u00fae influencia no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> ou un ser sombr\u00edo, vinculado ao \u00e1mbito dos mortos e ao mundo inferior.<\/p><p>Non \u00e9 posible recompor con seguridade unha valoraci\u00f3n moral claramente negativa para o per\u00edodo precolonial.<\/p><p>Con todo, os misioneiros cristi\u00e1ns traduciron <em>supay<\/em> de forma sistem\u00e1tica como dia\u00f1o e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ser espiritual ao que se lle atrib\u00fae unha influencia dani\u00f1a ou ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demo<\/span>. Deste xeito, un ser ambiguo do mundo andino converteuse nunha figura do mal cristi\u00e1n. Esta equivalencia xa aparece nos catecismos que o Terceiro Concilio de Lima publicou en quechua e aimara a partir de 1583.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n, entre outras as achegas de Sabine MacCormack e Gerald Taylor, puxo de manifesto que os textos coloniais crearon as\u00ed unha categor\u00eda que antes non exist\u00eda.<\/p><p>O panorama comp\u00edcase porque a poboaci\u00f3n andina asumiu esta reinterpretaci\u00f3n en parte e en parte subvertiuna. O \u00e1mbito subterr\u00e1neo seguiu vinculado na imaxinaci\u00f3n \u00e1 riqueza e \u00e1s minas, polo que <em>supay<\/em> pasou a ser tam\u00e9n se\u00f1or das minas.<\/p><p>A figura do <em>t\u00edo<\/em>, o se\u00f1or do subsolo ao que os mineiros de Potos\u00ed e outros centros mineiros seguen ofrecendo d\u00e1divas hoxe en d\u00eda, ins\u00edrese nesta li\u00f1axe.<\/p><p>Non se trata dun simple dia\u00f1o cristi\u00e1n, sen\u00f3n dun ser ao que hai que aproximarse porque disp\u00f3n dos tesouros do monte. Unha ambivalencia semellante m\u00f3strase no trato con <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/pachamama-nai-terra-dos-andes\/\">Pachamama<\/a>, \u00e1 que tam\u00e9n se lle deben ofrendas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2745eaad e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2745eaad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c1826c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c1826c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Diablada e a danza dos dia\u00f1os<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d0b1363 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2d0b1363\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f6bbec7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2f6bbec7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un contexto a\u00ednda vivo no que se fai visible a idea de Supay \u00e9 a <em>Diablada<\/em>, a danza dos dia\u00f1os, ligada sobre todo ao Carnaval de Oruro, en Bolivia.<\/p><p>Nesta festa, atestada na s\u00faa forma actual xa no s\u00e9culo XVIII, grupos de danzarines percorren a cidade con elaboradas m\u00e1scaras de dia\u00f1o. Os portadores das m\u00e1scaras representan un ex\u00e9rcito de figuras <em>supay<\/em>, vencido simbolicamente ao final pola figura do arcanxo Miguel.<\/p><p>A interpretaci\u00f3n acad\u00e9mica ve na <em>Diablada<\/em> a uni\u00f3n de d\u00faas capas. A forma externa segue o esquema cristi\u00e1n da vitoria do ben sobre o mal, tal como o transmit\u00edan as representaci\u00f3ns misioneiras espa\u00f1olas.<\/p><p>Ao mesmo tempo, mantense a referencia subterr\u00e1nea: Oruro foi unha cidade mineira, e o lugar central de peregrinaci\u00f3n, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un pequeno lugar sagrado de gardado ou devoci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuario<\/span> da Virgen del Socav\u00f3n, \u00e9 dicir, a Virxe do Socav\u00f3n, at\u00f3pase na entrada dunha galer\u00eda mineira. A danza ofr\u00e9cese \u00e1 Virxe, pero ten lugar nun espazo que pertence ao se\u00f1or das minas.<\/p><p>Investigadores como Thomas Abercrombie sinalaron que os propios participantes interpretan esta ambivalencia de formas distintas. Para alg\u00fans, a danza \u00e9 unha penitencia; para outros, unha obriga cara ao monte. A UNESCO inclu\u00edu o Carnaval de Oruro en 2001 na lista do patrimonio cultural inmaterial, o que levou a unha maior uniformizaci\u00f3n e comercializaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n constata que a revalorizaci\u00f3n tur\u00edstica chega a solapar en parte o significado ritual, sen chegar a desprazalo por completo. A <em>Diablada<\/em> \u00e9, as\u00ed, un exemplo ben documentado de como unha figura reinterpretada na colonia segue viva nunha festa p\u00fablica e nese proceso adquire novos significados.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24212341 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp24212341\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2406cb69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2406cb69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Debate acad\u00e9mico sobre a dualidade entre o mundo de arriba e o mundo de abaixo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20d2c88b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp20d2c88b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20a30241 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp20a30241\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Unha cuesti\u00f3n controvertida na investigaci\u00f3n andina ref\u00edrese \u00e1 relaci\u00f3n de <em>supay<\/em> cun supost\u200bo modelo precolonial do mundo.<\/p><p>Algunhas descrici\u00f3ns ordenan a cosmolox\u00eda andina en tres \u00e1mbitos: un mundo superior, o mundo medio dos vivos e un mundo inferior, vinculado ao interior da terra e aos mortos. Nesta visi\u00f3n, <em>supay<\/em> ent\u00e9ndese como habitante ou se\u00f1or do mundo inferior.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n non se pon de acordo sobre a antig\u00fcidade e a difusi\u00f3n real deste modelo de tres niveis. Cr\u00edticos como Bruce Mannheim sinalaron que as fontes das que se recomp\u00f3n case todas son de orixe colonial e poder\u00edan xa conter concepci\u00f3ns cristi\u00e1s de ceo, terra e inferno.<\/p><p>Existe o risco de proxectar retrospectivamente un esquema cristi\u00e1n sobre a \u00e9poca precolonial e presentalo despois como patrimonio propio ind\u00edxena.<\/p><p>Outros investigadores, por exemplo no \u00e1mbito dos traballos sobre os manuscritos de Huarochir\u00ed, unha colecci\u00f3n de tradici\u00f3ns locais recollida en quechua por volta de 1600, s\u00ed ven indicios dun significado precolonial do \u00e1mbito subterr\u00e1neo, sen que este correspondese, con todo, ao concepto cristi\u00e1n de inferno. <em>Supay<\/em> ter\u00eda sido, as\u00ed, orixinariamente un ser neutro ou ambiguo do \u00e1mbito dos mortos.<\/p><p>O debate segue aberto, porque depende da dificultade fundamental de reconstru\u00edr a relixi\u00f3n andina precolonial a partir de textos maioritariamente coloniais. Para unha exposici\u00f3n rigorosa, isto implica cautela: o que pode considerarse establecido \u00e9 o desprazamento de significado durante a \u00e9poca colonial, non o dato preciso precolonial.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda (selecci\u00f3n)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>June Nash: <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979)<\/li><li>Tristan Platt: <em>Estado boliviano y ayllu andino<\/em> (1982)<\/li><li>Pascale Absi: <em>Les ministres du diable<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Catherine Allen: <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002)<\/li><li>Manuel Marzal: <em>El mundo religioso de Urcos<\/em> (1971)<\/li><li>Cristobal de Albornoz: <em>Instruccion para descubrir todas las guacas<\/em> (ca. 1581)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-supay e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-supay\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-supay-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-supay-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay \u00e9 considerado na historia relixiosa <em>andina<\/em> como <em>se\u00f1or do mundo inferior<\/em> e ao mesmo tempo como <em>demo das minas<\/em>, ao que os mineiros das minas de prata coloniais de Potos\u00ed ofrec\u00edan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e1diva a unha divindade para expresar agradecemento, petici\u00f3n ou veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrendas<\/span> para evitar derrubamentos e enfermidades.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termos clave relacionados: Supay Saxra Tio Condenado Citua Diablada Oruro Potosi Aya Supay Tantawawa.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-supay\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard e tradici\u00f3ns de protecci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard retoma a tradici\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-cultural dos obxectos de protecci\u00f3n port\u00e1tiles, na tradici\u00f3n dos <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/culturas-andinas-e-incas-inti-pachamama-viracocha\/\">Andes \/ Inca<\/a> e de moitas outras culturas de todo o mundo. 41 niveis, ouro real, platino, prata, fabricado en Alema\u00f1a. Dereito de devoluci\u00f3n de 30 d\u00edas.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e1is sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e1is sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">As experiencias persoais poden variar. Non \u00e9 un produto sanitario. Non promete curaci\u00f3n.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>non \u00e9 un produto sanitario<\/strong> e non substit\u00fae ning\u00fan tratamento m\u00e9dico ou psicoterap\u00e9utico. Os contidos relixiosos e cient\u00edficos son unha clasificaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-cultural, non unha recomendaci\u00f3n de pr\u00e1ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2675,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Supay esp\u00edrito maligno andes","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Supay \u2013 Se\u00f1or andino do inframundo e esp\u00edrito maligno","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Supay designa na tradici\u00f3n andina esp\u00edritos malignos e un se\u00f1or do inframundo. 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