{"id":194907,"date":"2026-09-07T09:37:57","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:37:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=194907"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"illapa-deus-do-trono-inca","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/illapa-deus-do-trono-inca\/","title":{"rendered":"Illapa \u2013 deus do trono e do tempo dos incas"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"194907\" class=\"elementor elementor-194907 elementor-2579 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Illapa, deus do trono, do raio e da chuvia das terras altas andinas<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa (quechua <em>Illapa<\/em>, tam\u00e9n <em>Yllapa<\/em>) \u00e9 o deus do trono, do raio e da chuvia dos incas. Para o campesi\u00f1ado andino das terras altas era a divindade superior m\u00e1is importante do d\u00eda a d\u00eda, xa que del depend\u00edan as s\u00faas choivas a totalidade do cultivo de millo e pataca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus da tradici\u00f3n Andes \/ Inca.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/culturas-andinas-e-incas-inti-pachamama-viracocha\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitolox\u00eda da tradici\u00f3n Andes \/ Inca.\">Andes \/ Inca<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divindade do trono e do tempo.\">Divindade do trono e do tempo<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-illapa-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-illapa-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-illapa-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_illapa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196848\" alt=\"Illapa - Deuses da tradici\u00f3n andino-inca, hist\u00f3rico-ilustrativo\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_illapa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_illapa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_illapa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_illapa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp-illapa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp-illapa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp-illapa\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp-illapa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp-illapa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp-illapa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa, o <strong>deus incaico do trono<\/strong>, \u00e9 unha figura central do culto meteorol\u00f3xico na \u00e1rea andina precolombina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situaci\u00f3n no pante\u00f3n andino<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa figura, xunto con <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/inti-deus-solar-incas\/\">Inti<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/viracocha-deus-creador-andes\/\">Viracocha<\/a> e <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/mama-killa-deusa-lua-incas\/\">Mama Killa<\/a>, entre as catro divindades m\u00e1is altas do culto estatal da \u00e9poca inca. Ten un espazo propio de templo no Coricancha de Cusco, e as s\u00faas insignias, coios de trono e fondas, gard\u00e1banse na colecci\u00f3n prehisp\u00e1nica das momias mallqui.<\/p><p>Desde o punto de vista da ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns, pertence \u00e1s difundidas <em>divindades do trono e da tormenta<\/em>, presentes en lugar destacado en case toda cultura agraria de alta cultura.<\/p><p>A diferenza do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto dos actos rituais de veneraci\u00f3n cara a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> estatal-imperial a Inti, a veneraci\u00f3n de Illapa segue viva hoxe nas comunidades rurais de fala quechua e aimara. As pr\u00e1cticas rurais relacionadas co raio, o trono e a chuvia son un compo\u00f1ente importante da pr\u00e1ctica relixiosa vixente nas terras altas andinas.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen, Joseph Bastien e Frank Salomon sinalaron repetidamente nos seus traballos etnogr\u00e1ficos que Illapa resulta a mi\u00fado m\u00e1is presente para o campesi\u00f1o que a teolox\u00eda solar superior de Inti.<\/p><p>Illapa descr\u00edbese nalgunhas fontes como figura tri\u00e1dica, unha forma tripla composta por <em>Chuqui Illapa<\/em> (irm\u00e1n Illapa), <em>Catu Illapa<\/em> (irm\u00e1n Catu) e un terceiro aspecto que var\u00eda segundo o cronista.<\/p><p>Esta trindade recordou aos misioneiros espa\u00f1ois a Trindade cristi\u00e1 e favoreceu, na primeira <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ciencia que estuda as relixi\u00f3ns de forma comparativa e sen vinculaci\u00f3n de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns<\/span>, a tese dunha intuici\u00f3n pretrinitaria precristi\u00e1. Pierre Duviols criticou esta lectura e sinalou a xenu\u00edna multiplicidade andina dos seres c\u00f3smicos.<\/p><p>Desde a perspectiva arqueol\u00f3xico-iconogr\u00e1fica, a veneraci\u00f3n dunha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> do trono nos Andes rem\u00f3ntase moito m\u00e1is al\u00f3 da \u00e9poca inca. As cer\u00e1micas wari mostran guerreiros que portan coios de trono, e a cultura chim\u00fa do norte do Per\u00fa co\u00f1ec\u00eda un deus do trono comparable co nome de <em>Ni<\/em>, a\u00ednda que con connotaci\u00f3n m\u00e1is mar\u00edtima.<\/p><p>Esta prehistoria mostra que a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> estatal inca de Illapa non xurdiu do nada, sen\u00f3n que se asentou sobre unha longa tradici\u00f3n andina de tormenta e trono.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e etimolox\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>O nome <em>Illapa<\/em> \u00e9 semanticamente ambiguo en quechua. Diego Gonz\u00e1lez Holgu\u00edn indica no seu <em>Vocabulario<\/em> (1608) os seguintes significados: <em>el rayo<\/em> (o raio), <em>el trueno<\/em> (o trono), <em>el rel\u00e1mpago<\/em> (a l\u00f3strega). Deste xeito, a palabra designa os tres fen\u00f3menos das descargas atmosf\u00e9ricas como aspectos dunha \u00fanica <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p>Resulta notable a estreita relaci\u00f3n co termo quechua <em>illa<\/em>, que designa unha especie de numinoso luminoso (v\u00e9xase tam\u00e9n <em>Illatiqsi Wiraqucha<\/em> como ep\u00edteto de Viracocha). O significado raizal de <em>illa<\/em> remite a un brillo luminoso que indica presenza numinosa. Illapa ser\u00eda, as\u00ed, o resplandor luminoso e numinoso que xorde no ceo.<\/p><p>No \u00e1mbito aimara, o deus correspondente ch\u00e1mase <em>Tunupa<\/em> ou <em>Illapa<\/em>, a\u00ednda que as formas rexionais var\u00edan. As fontes coloniais distinguen \u00e1s veces entre <em>Illapa<\/em> (aspecto meteorol\u00f3xico) e <em>Catu Illapa<\/em> (aspecto da sarabia). A posici\u00f3n predominante de Illapa na \u00e9poca inca tam\u00e9n se aprecia nos ep\u00edtetos dos gobernantes incas: o Inca Yupanqui T\u00fapac levaba o ep\u00edteto <em>Yupanqui-Illapa<\/em>, que expresaba a s\u00faa relaci\u00f3n co aspecto do trono da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span>.<\/p><p>Nos traballos m\u00e1is recentes de historia ling\u00fc\u00edstica sobre a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> quechua profundouse na etimolox\u00eda de <em>illa<\/em> como <em>brillo, reflexo, pegada luminosa<\/em>.<\/p><p>C\u00e9sar Itier sinalou que <em>illa<\/em>, na terminolox\u00eda da \u00e9poca inca, non se refire s\u00f3 \u00e1s descargas atmosf\u00e9ricas, sen\u00f3n a unha categor\u00eda numinosa m\u00e1is fundamental: o resplandor dunha presenza divina no mundo. Os pequenos amuletos de pedra chamados <em>illa<\/em> (figuri\u00f1as protectoras de pastores) levan o mesmo nome, o que ilustra a profundidade sem\u00e1ntica do nome de Illapa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descrici\u00f3n e iconograf\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa aparece nas descrici\u00f3ns coloniais como un guerreiro celestial que crea o raio cunha fonda de ouro e golpea o trono cunha maza. \u00c1s veces leva unha capa de estrelas e un c\u00e1ntaro de auga do que derrama a choiva. Esta iconograf\u00eda foi transmitida por Crist\u00f3bal de Molina e Polo de Ondegardo.<\/p><p>Nos t\u00e9xtiles incas conservados e na pintura colonial cusquena, Illapa aparece con frecuencia como guerreiro con fonda e maza de trono, \u00e1s veces cabalgando sobre un puma.<\/p><p>A conexi\u00f3n co puma ten unha base topogr\u00e1fica: no Coricancha exist\u00eda o bloque de pedra do <em>Puma Punku<\/em> (Porta do Puma) como lugar de referencia para a veneraci\u00f3n de Illapa. A historiadora da arte Teresa Gisbert descreveu sistematicamente nas s\u00faas obras sobre a iconograf\u00eda andina colonial a representaci\u00f3n de Illapa como guerreiro.<\/p><p>Na cristianizaci\u00f3n, Illapa foi identificado rapidamente co Ap\u00f3stolo Santiago (<em>Santiago<\/em>), que na tradici\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola aparece como santo xinete coa espada do raio.<\/p><p>Esta sincrese p\u00f3dese observar a\u00ednda hoxe nas festas dos santos andinos: onde se celebra a festa campesi\u00f1a ladina de <em>Santiago Mataindios<\/em>, Illapa est\u00e1 presente no substrato de comprensi\u00f3n ind\u00edxena. A tradici\u00f3n de <em>Santiago de Murayoc<\/em>, en Huarochir\u00ed, \u00e9 un exemplo co\u00f1ecido.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relatos mitol\u00f3xicos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O relato m\u00e1is importante sobre Illapa conservouse no manuscrito de Huarochir\u00ed e describe a s\u00faa relaci\u00f3n coa deusa da auga (aspecto de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/mama-cocha-deusa-do-mar-andes\/\">Mama Cocha<\/a>). Illapa lanza o raio para golpear a deusa do c\u00e1ntaro no ceo; do c\u00e1ntaro esnaquizado derr\u00e1mase a choiva. Esta explicaci\u00f3n de orixe da choiva \u00e9 un elemento est\u00e1ndar da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto dos relatos m\u00edticos transmitidos dunha cultura sobre os deuses.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitolox\u00eda<\/span> andina.<\/p><p>Un segundo relato vincula a Illapa coa estrela celestial da lama (a constelaci\u00f3n da <em>Yacana<\/em>, central na astronom\u00eda da \u00e9poca inca). Segundo o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span>, cando a constelaci\u00f3n Yacana est\u00e1 \u00e1 medianoite baixa no ceo austral, bebe a auga da V\u00eda L\u00e1ctea e as\u00ed a dimin\u00fae.<\/p><p>Illapa esnaquiza ent\u00f3n a deusa do c\u00e1ntaro para devolver a choiva \u00e1 terra. Gary Urton expuxo sistematicamente esta construci\u00f3n astromitol\u00f3xica en <em>At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky<\/em> (1981).<\/p><p>Un terceiro relato, transmitido por Polo de Ondegardo, describe a chamada dos sacerdotes <em>altomisayoq<\/em> da \u00e9poca inca mediante un raio. Quen fose alcanzado por un raio e sobrevivise era considerado un sacerdote chamado polo propio Illapa e recib\u00eda o dereito de pronunciar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lugar ou instituci\u00f3n onde se busca un ditame divino.\" tabindex=\"0\">or\u00e1culos<\/span> e realizar curaci\u00f3ns.<\/p><p>Esta tradici\u00f3n de chamada segue viva hoxe entre os especialistas <em>paqo<\/em> modernos das aldeas de fala quechua. Juan N\u00fa\u00f1ez del Prado describiu esta chamada por raio nos seus estudos etnogr\u00e1ficos.<\/p><p>Un cuarto relato vincula a Illapa co dereito penal da \u00e9poca inca: quen promet\u00eda dicir a verdade mediante un xuramento do trono (<em>illapamanta<\/em>) non pod\u00eda mentir, porque o propio Illapa castigar\u00eda a falsa declaraci\u00f3n cun raio.<\/p><p>A xustiza inca empregaba este xuramento divino como instrumento de busca da verdade nos casos m\u00e1is graves. Polo de Ondegardo e Cobo relatan a alta credibilidade que se atribu\u00eda a unha declaraci\u00f3n illapamanta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culto e veneraci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de actos de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dedicados a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> a Illapa estaba institucionalizado no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha construci\u00f3n destinada \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> do Coricancha en Cusco. No chamado <em>Pucamarca<\/em>, unha zona propia do templo situada no extremo sueste da cidade de Cusco, atop\u00e1base a imaxe principal do culto a Illapa, unha estatua masculina de ouro con raio e fonda. Este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha imaxe ou estatua venerada como divina.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eddolo<\/span> foi confiscado polos espa\u00f1ois en 1572 en Vilcabamba xunto co Punchao e desapareceu.<\/span><\/p><p>Os ritos m\u00e1is importantes dedicados a Illapa celebr\u00e1banse na \u00e9poca de choivas, entre setembro e marzo. Cando as choivas non chegaban, os sacerdotes e a comunidade organizaban grandes procesi\u00f3ns de rogativa polas li\u00f1as ceque, nas que se sacrificaban lamas negras nos cumios que rodeaban a cidade.<\/p><p>As lamas negras eran o animal sacrificial espec\u00edfico de Illapa, xa que a cor negra correspond\u00eda \u00e1 da nube de choiva. Crist\u00f3bal de Molina describe un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un costume transmitido e repetido regularmente nunha comunidade.\" tabindex=\"0\">costume<\/span> particular: nos d\u00edas sen choiva mant\u00ed\u00f1ase unha lama negra tres d\u00edas sen auga para que chorase de sede, e as\u00ed, co seu pranto, atraer as nubes de choiva.<\/p><p>A data festiva m\u00e1is importante era o <em>Capac Raymi<\/em> en decembro e a festa de purificaci\u00f3n <em>Citua<\/em> en setembro, ambas as d\u00faas estreitamente ligadas ao inicio da tempada de choivas. Brian Bauer e Tom Zuidema traballaron de xeito sistem\u00e1tico nas s\u00faas obras a posici\u00f3n de Illapa dentro do calendario ritual do ano inca.<\/p><p>No calendario do imperio inca, os ritos dedicados a Illapa manti\u00f1an unha correspondencia complexa cos ciclos agr\u00edcolas. Antes da sementeira en agosto ped\u00edaselle a Illapa por precipitaci\u00f3ns regulares; en decembro e xaneiro, por choivas moderadas sen erosi\u00f3n; en marzo e abril, por unha transici\u00f3n suave cara \u00e1 seca.<\/p><p>Esta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> meteorol\u00f3xica diferenciada segundo o calendario reflicte un co\u00f1ecemento \u00edntimo da pr\u00e1ctica relixiosa campesi\u00f1a e foi interpretada pola moderna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ciencia que estuda de xeito comparativo as culturas e sociedades.\" tabindex=\"0\">etnolox\u00eda<\/span> andina como unha <em>xesti\u00f3n relixiosa minuciosa<\/em> dos riscos agr\u00edcolas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e1ctica protectora e elementos apotropaicos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A relaci\u00f3n pr\u00e1ctica de protecci\u00f3n coa veneraci\u00f3n de Illapa \u00e9 sorprendentemente ambivalente: por unha banda, invoc\u00e1base a Illapa contra a seca, a sarabia e a xeada, pero por outra banda tam\u00e9n se buscaba protecci\u00f3n <em>fronte<\/em> a Illapa mesmo, especialmente fronte aos seus raios. Esta relaci\u00f3n ambivalente de protecci\u00f3n \u00e9 t\u00edpica das divindades do trono e manif\u00e9stase tam\u00e9n no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de acci\u00f3ns relixiosas de veneraci\u00f3n cara a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> a Thor, Indra ou Baal.<\/p><p>As pr\u00e1cticas concretas de protecci\u00f3n incl\u00faen queimar candeas de cera durante a primeira tormenta da estaci\u00f3n, erguer pequenos mont\u00f3ns de pedras (<em>apacheta<\/em>) nas cumeeiras dos montes e evitar certos lugares (\u00e1rbores illadas, rocas altas) durante unha tormenta.<\/p><p>Unha pr\u00e1ctica moi espec\u00edfica \u00e9 o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha secuencia regrada de acci\u00f3ns simb\u00f3licas con significado relixioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> do <em>Toldo<\/em>: cando un raio cae sobre unha casa, esta decl\u00e1rase inhabitable durante tres anos, xa que se considera tocada polo propio Illapa e, por tanto, cargada de forza <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O que designa o car\u00e1cter sobrecolledor e sublime do sagrado; concepto propio dos estudos das relixi\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">numinosa<\/span>.<\/p><p>De xeito <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que aparta a desgraza: relativo a sinais e obxectos destinados a manter afastadas as influencias dani\u00f1as.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaico<\/span> contra a sarabia, en varias aldeas a\u00ednda hoxe se colocan candeas bendicidas na entrada das casas e se plantan cruces nos campos, agora vinculadas de forma sincr\u00e9tica a imaxes da Virxe ou a Santiago.<\/p><p>Desde a etnolox\u00eda da relixi\u00f3n, tr\u00e1tase dunha continuaci\u00f3n directa da pr\u00e1ctica prehisp\u00e1nica relativa a Illapa baixo disfrace cristi\u00e1n. Olivia Harris describiu en <em>Of Bread and Blood<\/em> (2000) esta pr\u00e1ctica de protecci\u00f3n contra a sarabia que persiste no altiplano aimara.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelismos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa encaixa no patr\u00f3n mundial das divindades do trono.<\/p><p>Son estruturalmente comparables o xerm\u00e1nico <em>Thor<\/em>, o grego <em>Zeus<\/em>, o v\u00e9dico <em>Indra<\/em>, o b\u00e1ltico <em>Perkunas<\/em>, o asi\u00e1tico occidental <em>Baal Hadad<\/em>, o xapon\u00e9s <em>Raijin<\/em> e o mesopot\u00e1mico <em>Adad<\/em>.<\/p><p>En todos estes casos, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> do trono \u00e9 unha figura guerreira masculina cunha arma de lanzar (martelo, raio, cinta), responsable das precipitaci\u00f3ns e que outorga o poder a quen inviste con relaci\u00f3n ao raio.<\/p><p>Dentro de Am\u00e9rica, Illapa presenta semellanzas especialmente pr\u00f3ximas co azteca <em>Tlaloc<\/em>, co deus maia <em>Chaak<\/em> e coa figura norteamericana do <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/thunderbird-paxaro-do-trono\/\">Thunderbird<\/a> (Paxaro do Trono). A idea do Thunderbird resulta especialmente interesante porque tam\u00e9n vincula o trono cunha figura que pode voar e que crea tormentas coas \u00e1s, algo estruturalmente comparable \u00e1 deusa da xerra de auga de Illapa.<\/p><p>A vinculaci\u00f3n colonial-sincr\u00e9tica de Illapa con Santiago (<em>Santiago<\/em>) recibiu moita atenci\u00f3n na literatura de historia das relixi\u00f3ns.<\/p><p>A tradici\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola de Santiago co\u00f1ece pola s\u00faa banda o <em>Santiago Matamoros<\/em>, que cabalga espada en man sobre os mouros; nos Andes converteuse en <em>Santiago Mataindios<\/em> (matador de indios) e puido funcionar simultaneamente como santo cabaleiro cristi\u00e1n e como deus andino do trono, unha figura de dupla capacidade.<\/p><p>\u00c9 especialmente relevante desde o punto de vista cient\u00edfico o feito de que Illapa non fose primariamente un deus guerreiro como Thor ou Indra. A s\u00faa dimensi\u00f3n principal resid\u00eda na daci\u00f3n do clima. A iconograf\u00eda guerreira \u00e9 secundaria e resultado, en esencia, teol\u00f3xico da s\u00faa presenza como raio.<\/p><p>Esta diferenciaci\u00f3n, dador do clima en lugar de guerreiro, \u00e9 un trazo teol\u00f3xico xenuinamente andino que distingue o Illapa inca doutras divindades do trono comparables e que reflicte a orientaci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola central da alta cultura andina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3n actual e investigaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>No altiplano moderno de fala quechua e aimara, as pr\u00e1cticas relacionadas con Illapa seguen vivas en boa medida baixo forma cristi\u00e1. Os especialistas <em>paqo<\/em> e <em>yatiri<\/em> das aldeas andinas actuais adoitan derivar a s\u00faa vocaci\u00f3n dun raio sufrido e sobrevivido; na literatura arqueoetnol\u00f3xica (por exemplo, Inge Bolin: <em>Rituals of Respect<\/em>, 1998) document\u00e1ronse repetidamente casos deste tipo.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Na investigaci\u00f3n en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A cultura popular transmitida con costumes, relatos e canci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">folclore<\/span>, o sincretismo Santiago-Illapa \u00e9 un exemplo cl\u00e1sico do <em>doble nivel de discurso<\/em> (dobre nivel discursivo) da relixi\u00f3n andina: por riba, a tradici\u00f3n cristi\u00e1 dos santos; por baixo, a divindade ind\u00edxena do trono, fusionadas de forma indisoluble na pr\u00e1ctica ritual concreta. Sabine MacCormack describiu sistematicamente esta dobre capa en <em>Religion in the Andes<\/em> (1991).<\/span><\/p><p>Na investigaci\u00f3n acad\u00e9mica de astronom\u00eda s\u00e9guese estudando a vinculaci\u00f3n de Illapa coa constelaci\u00f3n da lama Yacana como elemento importante do ceo estelar inca. Gary Urton, Tom Zuidema e traballos m\u00e1is recentes de disc\u00edpulos de R. Tom Zuidema mostraron como a astronom\u00eda centroandina estruturaba a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> do clima. Desde o punto de vista cient\u00edfico, Illapa segue sendo un caso clave para comprender o entrelazamento, na \u00e9poca inca, entre o alto culto e a relixi\u00f3n campesi\u00f1a.<\/p><p>Nas \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas, o <em>movimiento andino<\/em> de Bolivia e Per\u00fa incorporou a Illapa ao discurso sobre a resiliencia clim\u00e1tica ind\u00edxena. Cando os patr\u00f3ns de precipitaci\u00f3n dos Andes cambian a causa do cambio clim\u00e1tico, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> de Illapa nas aldeas funciona como unha caixa de resonancia cultural na que se negocian relixiosamente eses cambios.<\/p><p>A antrop\u00f3loga Karsten Paerregaard describiu en <em>Pilgrims of the Andes<\/em> (2017) as adaptaci\u00f3ns rituais dos campesi\u00f1os do altiplano ao cambio clim\u00e1tico e mostrou o papel que xoga nelas a referencia a Illapa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda e fontes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A seguinte selecci\u00f3n recolle obras centrais da etnolox\u00eda andina e da investigaci\u00f3n arqueoastron\u00f3mica que resultan fundamentais para comprender a figura de Illapa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2827b8ba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2827b8ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp276778f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp276778f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Illapa no culto estatal inca e o seu santuario en Cusco<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fb4d10f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2fb4d10f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27cc43ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27cc43ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa, deus do trono, do raio e da choiva, pertenc\u00eda dentro do culto estatal do Imperio inca \u00e1s divindades m\u00e1is elevadas e ocupaba na xerarqu\u00eda relixiosa un lugar pr\u00f3ximo \u00e1 divindade solar <em>Inti<\/em> e ao deus creador <em>Viracocha<\/em>.<\/p><p>Os cronistas espa\u00f1ois do s\u00e9culo XVI e principios do XVII relatan que Illapa posu\u00eda en Cusco un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lugar sagrado dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuario<\/span> propio e que no gran templo do Sol, o <em>Coricancha<\/em>, se lle asignara un espazo propio.<\/p><p>A especial importancia de Illapa expl\u00edcase pola dependencia da agricultura andina respecto da choiva. Como se\u00f1or do tempo atmosf\u00e9rico, decid\u00eda sobre a seca e a fertilidade, e nos per\u00edodos de seca dirix\u00edanselle procesi\u00f3ns de rogativa e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrenda a unha divindade para expresar gratitude, petici\u00f3n ou veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrendas<\/span>.<\/p><p>O cronista Bernab\u00e9 Cobo describe con detalle esta divindade meteorol\u00f3xica na s\u00faa <em>Historia del Nuevo Mundo<\/em> (rematada en 1653) e menciona as ideas asociadas a ela sobre o raio como proxectil e o trono como o son dunha fonda celestial.<\/p><p>No culto estatal, Illapa era ademais un deus ao que en tempos de crise se lle ofrec\u00edan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrenda a unha divindade para expresar gratitude, petici\u00f3n ou veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrendas<\/span> especialmente importantes, entre elas as realizadas no marco da <em>capacocha<\/em>, a cerimonia sacrificial m\u00e1is relevante dos incas. Desde o punto de vista cient\u00edfico, Illapa non \u00e9, polo tanto, un mero demo da natureza, sen\u00f3n unha alta divindade integrada no centro pol\u00edtico e ritual do imperio. A s\u00faa veneraci\u00f3n un\u00eda a preocupaci\u00f3n pola choiva coa lexitimaci\u00f3n do goberno inca, xa que o gobernante actuaba como mediador entre os seres humanos e os grandes poderes celestiais. A estreita relaci\u00f3n con Inti e Viracocha amosa que os incas concib\u00edan as s\u00faas divindades supremas como un conxunto interrelacionado.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23b404c1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23b404c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2418c76c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2418c76c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os cronistas como fonte e o problema do lente cristi\u00e1n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ccce282 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2ccce282\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ac73122 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2ac73122\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Todo o que se sabe sobre Illapa procede de fontes xurdidas despois da conquista espa\u00f1ola, e esta situaci\u00f3n da tradici\u00f3n debe terse en conta en cada afirmaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Os incas non co\u00f1ec\u00edan a escritura no sentido europeo; a s\u00faa administraci\u00f3n e en parte tam\u00e9n o seu co\u00f1ecemento almacen\u00e1banse nos <em>quipu<\/em>, as cordas de n\u00f3s, que para contidos relixiosos son s\u00f3 limitadamente reveladoras. Os informes escritos foron redactados por eclesi\u00e1sticos e funcionarios espa\u00f1ois e por alg\u00fans autores de orixe ind\u00edxena ou mestiza.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Entre os cronistas m\u00e1is importantes figuran Pedro de Cieza de Le\u00f3n, Juan de Betanzos, que casara cunha muller inca e por iso ti\u00f1a un acceso especial, o xesu\u00edta Bernab\u00e9 Cobo e o mestizo Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, cuxos <em>Comentarios Reales<\/em> (1609) describen o mundo inca desde dentro, pero con distancia temporal e tendencia apolox\u00e9tica.<\/span><\/p><p>Un grupo de fontes propio constit\u00faeno os informes sobre a <em>extirpaci\u00f3n de idolatr\u00edas<\/em>, a persecuci\u00f3n eclesi\u00e1stica da relixi\u00f3n ind\u00edxena, por exemplo de Francisco de \u00c1vila e Pablo Jos\u00e9 de Arriaga.<\/p><p>Estas fontes son imprescindibles, pero contemplan a Illapa a trav\u00e9s dun prisma cristi\u00e1n. Alg\u00fans cronistas identific\u00e1rono co ap\u00f3stolo Santiago, porque este na tradici\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola estaba asociado ao trono e ao estrondo das batallas, o que provocou unha mestura que perdurou ata a \u00e9poca colonial. Outros encaixaron o pante\u00f3n andino en esquemas europeos ou omitiron o que lles parec\u00eda escandaloso. Por iso, no plano cient\u00edfico consid\u00e9rase que a imaxe transmitida de Illapa \u00e9 sempre unha imaxe filtrada. A investigaci\u00f3n moderna, por exemplo en Pierre Duviols e nos traballos sobre a historia relixiosa colonial dos Andes, traballa para indagar m\u00e1is al\u00e1 deste filtro, pero s\u00f3 pode reconstru\u00edr parcialmente a concepci\u00f3n orixinal.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda (selecci\u00f3n)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Gary Urton: <em>At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky<\/em> (1981)<\/li><li>Sabine MacCormack: <em>Religion in the Andes<\/em> (1991)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Frank Salomon, George Urioste: <em>The Huarochiri Manuscript<\/em> (1991)<\/span><\/li><li>Inge Bolin: <em>Rituals of Respect<\/em> (1998)<\/li><li>Cristobal de Molina: <em>Relacion de las fabulas y ritos de los Incas<\/em> (1575)<\/li><li>Pierre Duviols: <em>Cultura andina y represion<\/em> (1986)<\/li><li>Brian Bauer: <em>The Sacred Landscape of the Inca<\/em> (1998)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-illapa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-illapa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-illapa-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-illapa-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na orde relixiosa do Imperio inca, Illapa era considerado o supremo <strong>se\u00f1or do tempo<\/strong>, a quen campesi\u00f1os e pastores dirix\u00edan as s\u00faas s\u00faplicas por chuvias oportunas e protecci\u00f3n fronte \u00e1s granizadas devastadoras.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termos clave relacionados: Illapa Yllapa deus do trono raio Yacana Santiago Pucamarca Capac Raymi paqo.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-illapa\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard e tradici\u00f3ns de protecci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard retoma a tradici\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-cultural dos obxectos de protecci\u00f3n port\u00e1tiles, na tradici\u00f3n dos <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/culturas-andinas-e-incas-inti-pachamama-viracocha\/\">Andes \/ Inca<\/a> e de moitas outras culturas de todo o mundo. 41 niveis, ouro real, platino, prata, fabricado en Alema\u00f1a. Dereito de devoluci\u00f3n de 30 d\u00edas.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e1is sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e1is sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">As experiencias persoais poden variar. 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Os contidos relixiosos e cient\u00edficos son unha clasificaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-cultural, non unha recomendaci\u00f3n de pr\u00e1ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2677,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Illapa deus do trono inca","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Illapa \u2013 deus incaico do trono e se\u00f1or do tempo","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Illapa, deus do trono, do raio e da chuvia dos incas, era tan importante para a agricultura andina como Inti para o Estado. 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