{"id":194903,"date":"2026-09-07T09:37:57","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:37:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=194903"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"pachamama-nai-terra-dos-andes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/pachamama-nai-terra-dos-andes\/","title":{"rendered":"Pachamama \u2013 Nai Terra dos Andes"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"194903\" class=\"elementor elementor-194903 elementor-2575 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pachamama, Nai Terra e deusa da fertilidade do mundo andino<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama, a Nai Terra dos Andes, \u00e9 ata hoxe a figura relixiosa m\u00e1is importante na vida coti\u00e1 da poboaci\u00f3n quechua e aimara das terras altas. A diferenza do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de actos de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dedicados a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> estatal e imperial a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/inti-deus-solar-incas\/\">Inti<\/a>, a veneraci\u00f3n de Pachamama est\u00e1 profundamente arraigada nos ritmos agr\u00edcolas anuais e vitais, e sobreviviu \u00e1 colonizaci\u00f3n en forma sincr\u00e9tica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deusa da tradici\u00f3n andina \/ inca.\">Deusa<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/culturas-andinas-e-incas-inti-pachamama-viracocha\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitolox\u00eda da tradici\u00f3n andina \/ inca.\">Andes \/ Inca<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Nai Terra.\">Nai Terra<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachamama-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachamama-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachamama-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196842\" alt=\"Pachamama - Deuses da tradici\u00f3n andino-inca, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situaci\u00f3n no pante\u00f3n andino<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama (quechua: <em>pacha<\/em>, mundo, tempo, espazo; <em>mama<\/em>, nai) designa nas relixi\u00f3ns tradicionais das terras altas andinas aquela numinosidade feminina que act\u00faa na terra f\u00e9rtil, nos campos cultivados e na reproduci\u00f3n dos seres vivos.<\/p><p>Desde a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a crenza dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> da \u00e9poca inca, forma parte dos seres superiores centrais xunto a Inti, o deus do trono <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/illapa-deus-do-trono-inca\/\">Illapa<\/a>, a deusa da l\u00faa <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/mama-killa-deusa-lua-incas\/\">Mama Killa<\/a> e o creador <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/viracocha-deus-creador-andes\/\">Viracocha<\/a>.<\/p><p>O etn\u00f3logo da relixi\u00f3n Joseph Bastien (<em>Mountain of the Condor<\/em>, 1978) demostrou, para as terras altas aimaras de Bolivia, que Pachamama \u00e9 percibida localmente m\u00e1is como a substancia animada da propia terra que como unha deusa personalizada.<\/p><p>Este car\u00e1cter substancial difer\u00e9nciaa estruturalmente de moitas figuras cl\u00e1sicas de nai terra do Mediterr\u00e1neo (Dem\u00e9ter, Gaia), que est\u00e1n mitoloxicamente m\u00e1is personalizadas.<\/p><p>En relaci\u00f3n coa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a crenza dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> estatal <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/culturas-andinas-e-incas-inti-pachamama-viracocha\/\">inca<\/a>, Pachamama ocupaba unha posici\u00f3n peculiarmente subalterna: o culto oficial do imperio salientaba o Inti masculino, mentres que a maior\u00eda da poboaci\u00f3n rural ofrec\u00eda sacrificios a Pachamama.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen (<em>The Hold Life Has<\/em>, 2002) chama a este v\u00ednculo unha estratificaci\u00f3n por x\u00e9nero do sistema relixioso andino, no que a teolox\u00eda solar masculina se superp\u00f3n a unha teolox\u00eda terrestre feminina m\u00e1is antiga.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e etimolox\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O termo quechua <em>pacha<\/em> \u00e9 semanticamente moi complexo. Designa \u00e1 vez tempo (unha \u00e9poca concreta), espazo (o mundo como totalidade) e un estado do mundo.<\/p><p>Diego Gonzalez Holguin trad\u00faceo no seu <em>Vocabulario de la lengua general<\/em> (1608), segundo o contexto, como <em>mundo<\/em>, <em>tiempo<\/em> ou <em>suelo<\/em>. Pachamama ser\u00eda as\u00ed a <em>nai de toda a realidade-mundo<\/em>, non s\u00f3 do solo.<\/p><p>No aimara dos Andes bolivianos aparece igualmente o equivalente <em>Pachamama<\/em>, \u00e1s veces transformado en <em>Pachatata<\/em> (Pai Terra) como complemento masculino. No quechua de Cajamarca e na rexi\u00f3n de Ayacucho existe rexionalmente a forma <em>Mama Pacha<\/em>, coa orde dos elementos invertida, a\u00ednda que se refire \u00e1 mesma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span>.<\/p><p>Unha etimolox\u00eda alternativa relaciona <em>pacha<\/em> co concepto de orde cosmol\u00f3xica.<\/p><p>O historiador das relixi\u00f3ns Frank Salomon sinala en <em>Native Lords of Quito<\/em> (1986) que <em>pacha<\/em>, na lingua da \u00e9poca inca, tam\u00e9n designa a era do mundo por etapas hist\u00f3ricas (pre-inca, inca, pos-conquista), polo que Pachamama pode entenderse como a <em>nai de todas as eras do mundo<\/em>, unha idea que xoga un papel especial nos mitos do pachakuti (as transformaci\u00f3ns do mundo).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descrici\u00f3n e iconograf\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A diferenza de Inti, ao que se lle asignaba unha representaci\u00f3n cultual concreta (o Punchao), Pachamama apenas foi representada de forma antropomorfa na iconograf\u00eda da \u00e9poca inca. Manif\u00e9stase sobre todo en forma de lugares e obxectos rituais: no torr\u00f3n de terra cultivada, nos mont\u00f3ns de pedras <em>apacheta<\/em> nos altos dos montes, nos lugares de ofrenda <em>mesa<\/em> e nos foxos de sacrificio soterrados.<\/p><p>Na arte popular colonial e moderna repres\u00e9ntase cada vez m\u00e1is de forma antropomorfa como muller ind\u00edxena en vestido tradicional, con ampla saia de polleras, manto e sombreiro bomb\u00edn (no contexto aimara boliviano). \u00c1s veces leva un neno ou un fardel <em>aguayo<\/em> cheo de grans andinos.<\/p><p>Estas representaci\u00f3ns est\u00e1n influ\u00eddas maioritariamente por un sincretismo cristi\u00e1n a trav\u00e9s da iconograf\u00eda mariana, sobre todo a Virxe de Copacabana e a Virxe do Cerro (Potos\u00ed), nas que se fusionan a Nai Terra e a veneraci\u00f3n mariana.<\/p><p>En cer\u00e1micas prehisp\u00e1nicas conservadas das culturas Moche e Wari at\u00f3panse figuras femininas con marcados trazos sexuais primarios e secundarios, que arqueoloxicamente moitas veces se interpretan como <em>precursoras de Pachamama<\/em>. Esta identificaci\u00f3n \u00e9, con todo, especulativa, xa que carecemos da denominaci\u00f3n \u00e9mica. Christopher Donnan advertiu, en <em>Moche Art<\/em> (1978), da necesidade de prudencia neste tipo de identificaci\u00f3ns.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relatos mitol\u00f3xicos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e relatos a trav\u00e9s das xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span> mitol\u00f3xica sobre Pachamama \u00e9 sorprendentemente escasa nas cr\u00f3nicas m\u00e1is antigas, o que Pierre Duviols explicou como consecuencia da perspectiva predominantemente masculina e imperial dos cronistas espa\u00f1ois. O que resulta accesible son m\u00e1is ben fragmentos de constelaci\u00f3ns cosmog\u00f3nicas: Pachamama como esposa ou irm\u00e1 de Pachakamak na zona costeira, como filla de Viracocha nas terras altas, como esposa de Pachatata na \u00e1rea aimara.<\/p><p>Un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> central vincula a Pachamama co ciclo de sequ\u00eda e choiva. Crese que en marzo e abril, tras a colleita, est\u00e1 gorda e satisfeita, mentres que nos meses secos de maio a setembro se percibe como famenta e sedenta, raz\u00f3n pola cal nese per\u00edodo se lle levan especialmente moitas <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrenda a unha divindade para expresar gratitude, petici\u00f3n ou veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrendas<\/span>.<\/p><p>Nas rexi\u00f3ns monta\u00f1osas da pampa arxentina (Salta, Jujuy) cel\u00e9brase en agosto a festa principal de Pachamama: o 1 de agosto os campesi\u00f1os abren simbolicamente a terra, escavando un pequeno furado no que depositan a primeira ofrenda (chicha, follas de coca, pan, graxa).<\/p><p>Outro relato importante relaciona a Pachamama coa sa\u00edda das Pl\u00e9iades en xu\u00f1o. A presenza das Pl\u00e9iades no ceo matutino durante sete semanas ent\u00e9ndese como a s\u00faa atenci\u00f3n cara \u00e1s sementeiras humanas; se as Pl\u00e9iades aparecen brillantes, ag\u00e1rdase un ano de colleita abundante.<\/p><p>Tom Zuidema e Gary Urton describiron sistematicamente esta correlaci\u00f3n arqueoastron\u00f3mica andina en <em>At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky<\/em> (1981).<\/p><p>No sur do Per\u00fa, Pachamama tam\u00e9n se asocia coa figura mitol\u00f3xica de <em>Mama Pacha<\/em>, que, segundo a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e relatos a trav\u00e9s das xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span> de Pakaqtanpu, provoca desprendementos de terra e terremotos cando non recibe ofrendas suficientes.<\/p><p>Esta dimensi\u00f3n punitiva da Nai Terra tam\u00e9n aparece nos Andes arxentinos, onde agosto \u00e9 considerado <em>mes peligroso<\/em> (mes perigoso), pois a Nai Terra famenta require atenci\u00f3n especial e din que os cami\u00f1antes descoidados poden enfermar. Do punto de vista da etnolox\u00eda relixiosa, resulta interesante que esta dimensi\u00f3n punitiva sexa habitualmente ignorada pola recepci\u00f3n occidental de Pachamama propia do New Age.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culto e pr\u00e1ctica de ofrendas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das pr\u00e1cticas relixiosas de veneraci\u00f3n dunha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> a Pachamama segue sendo hoxe a pr\u00e1ctica relixiosa m\u00e1is viva nas aldeas das terras altas.<\/p><p>O seu centro constit\u00faeo o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha secuencia ordenada de acci\u00f3ns simb\u00f3licas con significado relixioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> do <em>despacho<\/em> ou <em>pago a la tierra<\/em> (pagamento \u00e1 terra), no que se dispo\u00f1en con coidado follas de coca, doces, graxa de lama, embri\u00f3ns de lama (<em>sullu<\/em>), pequenas figuri\u00f1as de barro e ofrendas de vi\u00f1o ou chicha nun paquete ritual que despois se enterra ou se queima.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen describe para a aldea de Sonqo (provincia de Paucartambo) o elemento recorrente do <em>kintu<\/em>: tres follas de coca perfectas superpostas, que se soplan cara aos catro puntos cardinais e despois se ofrecen \u00e1 terra, \u00e1s monta\u00f1as e aos devanceiros venerados. Joseph Bastien describiu a pr\u00e1ctica paralela aimara nas terras altas de La Paz.<\/p><p>Os especialistas rituais reciben distintos nomes segundo a rexi\u00f3n: <em>yatiri<\/em> (aimara), <em>paqo<\/em> (quechua) ou <em>altomisayoq<\/em>. Non son sacerdotes institucionalizados como os funcionarios do Coricancha na \u00e9poca inca, sen\u00f3n adivi\u00f1os e curandeiros vinculados \u00e1 aldea, que a mi\u00fado reciben a s\u00faa vocaci\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s dunha experiencia de raio (chamada de Illapa).<\/p><p>O antrop\u00f3logo peruano Juan N\u00fa\u00f1ez del Prado sistematizou nos seus traballos dos anos 1970 os niveis de iniciaci\u00f3n destes especialistas paqo.<\/p><p>A data m\u00e1is importante do calendario \u00e9 o 1 de agosto, considerado o d\u00eda de Pachamama; ademais, ofr\u00e9ceselle en todos os momentos clave do ano agr\u00edcola: na sementeira, na primeira arada, na primeira colleita. Tam\u00e9n na construci\u00f3n dunha casa, no matrimonio e no nacemento \u00e9 obrigatoria unha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrenda a unha divindade para expresar gratitude, petici\u00f3n ou veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenda<\/span> a Pachamama.<\/p><p>Nas rexi\u00f3ns mineiras dos Andes (Potos\u00ed, Oruro, Cerro de Pasco) desenvolveuse ademais un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das pr\u00e1cticas relixiosas de veneraci\u00f3n dunha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> propio a Pachamama entre os traballadores mineiros subterr\u00e1neos, no que se venera a Pachamama en relaci\u00f3n co esp\u00edrito das minas <em>T\u00edo<\/em>.<\/p><p>June Nash documentou etnograficamente en <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979) o culto dobre a Pachamama e T\u00edo nas minas de prata bolivianas, mostrando como se negocia nesta divindade dobre a relaci\u00f3n entre a explotaci\u00f3n capitalista e a reciprocidade ritual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e1ctica protectora e elementos apotropaicos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das pr\u00e1cticas relixiosas de veneraci\u00f3n dunha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> a Pachamama non \u00e9, no seu n\u00facleo, unha pr\u00e1ctica de protecci\u00f3n en sentido estrito, sen\u00f3n un coidado rec\u00edproco da relaci\u00f3n (<em>ayni<\/em>). Cando se lle atrib\u00faen funci\u00f3ns apotropaicas, isto sucede case sempre en conexi\u00f3n con outros seres: fronte a esp\u00edritos dani\u00f1os como <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/supay-espiritos-malignos-inframundo-andes\/\">Supay<\/a> ou fronte aos <em>condenados<\/em> (almas malditas), Pachamama s\u00f3 act\u00faa se se respectou a reciprocidade ritual.<\/p><p>As pr\u00e1cticas de protecci\u00f3n concretas no contexto de Pachamama incl\u00faen colocar follas de coca baixo o limiar da porta cando se constr\u00fae unha casa nova, enterrar unha botella chea de vi\u00f1o e chicha baixo a entrada da casa, ou erguer unha apacheta (mont\u00f3n de pedras) nun paso de monta\u00f1a, ao que cada cami\u00f1ante que pasa engade unha pedra, contribu\u00edndo as\u00ed \u00e1 seguridade com\u00fan do cami\u00f1o.<\/p><p>A etn\u00f3loga relixiosa Olivia Harris demostrou en <em>Of Bread and Blood<\/em> (2000) que esta pr\u00e1ctica dos mont\u00f3ns de pedras segue viva hoxe nos cami\u00f1os das terras altas bolivianas.<\/p><p>Do punto de vista da ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns, \u00e9 importante sinalar que estas pr\u00e1cticas non se entenden como maxia de efecto, sen\u00f3n como unha reafirmaci\u00f3n ritual dunha orde c\u00f3smica na que toda ofrenda espera un equivalente. A referencia de iWell Guard \u00e1 tradici\u00f3n de Pachamama \u00e9 aqu\u00ed explicitamente de car\u00e1cter observador da relixi\u00f3n, non promete efecto ning\u00fan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelismos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Estruturalmente p\u00f3dese comparar Pachamama con outras divindades da terra nai das relixi\u00f3ns do mundo, sen que sexa necesario postular unha conexi\u00f3n xen\u00e9tica. Desde o punto de vista da ciencia da relixi\u00f3n, \u00e9 especialmente reveladora a comparaci\u00f3n coa antiga india Prithivi, a grega Gaia, a romana Tellus Mater, a xerm\u00e1nica Nerthus (T\u00e1cito) e a norteamericana <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/changing-woman-ciclo-vital-navajo\/\">Changing Woman<\/a> dos navajo.<\/p><p>Mircea Eliade identificou en <em>Die Religion und das Heilige<\/em> un patr\u00f3n de terra nai presente en case todas as altas culturas agrarias: unha numinosidade feminina vinculada \u00e1 fertilidade, \u00e1 ciclicidade, \u00e1 sementeira e \u00e1 morte. Pachamama encaixa neste patr\u00f3n, pero presenta un horizonte sem\u00e1ntico m\u00e1is amplo grazas \u00e1 s\u00faa dimensionalidade pacha (tempo, era do mundo).<\/p><p>Espec\u00edfica do mundo andino \u00e9 a vinculaci\u00f3n de Pachamama cos esp\u00edritos locais das monta\u00f1as, os <em>apu<\/em> (v\u00e9xase <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/apu-ausangate-divindade-montanesa-andes\/\">Apu Ausangate<\/a>). Estes se\u00f1ores masculinos das monta\u00f1as e a nai terra feminina forman un sistema complementario de x\u00e9neros que na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concepci\u00f3n da estrutura e a orde do mundo dentro dunha cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmolox\u00eda<\/span> andina se expresa como <em>yanantin<\/em>, a tensi\u00f3n produtiva entre os pares opostos.<\/p><p>Outro paralelismo importante mostra a veneraci\u00f3n afroamericana do orisha <em>Yemay\u00e1<\/em> ou da loa vod\u00fa Erzulie, na que a numinosidade feminina se vincula coa auga, a fertilidade e a protecci\u00f3n. Tam\u00e9n aqu\u00ed se trata de estruturas converxentes da relixiosidade agraria, non dun parentesco hist\u00f3rico.<\/p><p>A categor\u00eda cient\u00edfica da <em>Magna Mater<\/em>, a gran nai, foi discutida repetidamente desde Johann Jakob Bachofen no s\u00e9culo XIX, a\u00ednda que hoxe se considera metodoloxicamente cuestionable a simple reduci\u00f3n de todas as divindades da terra nai a unha forma orixinaria arquet\u00edpica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cristianizaci\u00f3n e sincretismo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A misi\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola nunca conseguiu suprimir por completo o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de actos de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dedicados a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> a Pachamama. Pola contra, produciuse un dos sincretismos m\u00e1is notables da historia relixiosa americana: a vinculaci\u00f3n de Pachamama coa veneraci\u00f3n cat\u00f3lica da Virxe, especialmente coa Virxe de Copacabana (Bolivia) e a Virxe do Cerro (Potos\u00ed).<\/p><p>No c\u00e9lebre cadro <em>Virgen del Cerro<\/em> (an\u00f3nimo, cara a 1720, Potos\u00ed) a Virxe aparece como o propio Cerro Rico de Potos\u00ed: a s\u00faa vestimenta forma a silueta da monta\u00f1a, na cima senta a coroa, e no interior da monta\u00f1a vense os mineiros.<\/p><p>Teresa Gisbert interpretou esta imaxe como manifesto iconogr\u00e1fico do sincretismo entre Pachamama e a Virxe. Aqu\u00ed a Virxe non est\u00e1 por riba da monta\u00f1a, sen\u00f3n que \u00e9 a monta\u00f1a, e por tanto \u00e9 ao mesmo tempo a nai terra.<\/p><p>Tam\u00e9n o santuario central de Copacabana, \u00e1 beira do lago Titicaca, foi constru\u00eddo sobre un antigo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lugar sagrado dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuario<\/span> inca. A <em>Virgen Morena<\/em>, venerada al\u00ed, consid\u00e9rase hoxe tanto patroa cristi\u00e1 de Bolivia como manifestaci\u00f3n de Pachamama. Sabine MacCormack (<em>Religion in the Andes<\/em>, 1991) describiu con detalle o proceso desta dobre identidade.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3n actual e investigaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hoxe en d\u00eda, Pachamama \u00e9, moito m\u00e1is al\u00e1 do contexto relixioso estrito, unha figura de identificaci\u00f3n dos movementos pol\u00edticos ind\u00edxenas de Sudam\u00e9rica. En Bolivia, o presidente Evo Morales (2006, 2019) declarou o 1 de agosto como <em>D\u00eda de la Pachamama<\/em>, festivo nacional, e a Constituci\u00f3n de 2009 fai referencia expl\u00edcita \u00e1 crenza en Pachamama.<\/p><p>Tam\u00e9n en Ecuador, a <em>Pachamama<\/em> foi dotada de dereitos propios na Constituci\u00f3n de 2008, un paso de reco\u00f1ecemento internacional na historia do dereito.<\/p><p>No movemento ecoloxista e nos c\u00edrculos occidentais da Nova Era, Pachamama ga\u00f1ou nas \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas unha ampla repercusi\u00f3n. Esta recepci\u00f3n debe considerarse, non obstante, de forma cr\u00edtica: a mi\u00fado saca o concepto do seu contexto andino concreto e conv\u00edrteo nunha cifra global de nai terra.<\/p><p>Etn\u00f3logos da relixi\u00f3n como Marisol de la Cadena (<em>Earth Beings<\/em>, 2015) sinalaron que a Pachamama andina non \u00e9 id\u00e9ntica \u00e1 hip\u00f3tese occidental de Gaia e non se esgota nesa terminolox\u00eda.<\/p><p>No Vaticano, Pachamama pasou en 2019, durante o S\u00ednodo da Amazonia, a ser o centro dun debate controvertido, despois de que se colocasen figuras de madeira na igrexa de Santa Maria in Traspontina.<\/p><p>Este episodio mostra a persistente forza simb\u00f3lica da nai terra at\u00e9 o s\u00e9culo XXI. Na investigaci\u00f3n acad\u00e9mica, os traballos de Catherine Allen, Joseph Bastien, Frank Salomon e Marisol de la Cadena marcaron especialmente este campo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda e fontes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A seguinte selecci\u00f3n recolle obras centrais da etnolox\u00eda andina e da historia das relixi\u00f3ns que resultan fundamentais para a investigaci\u00f3n sobre Pachamama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21d1bd35 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp21d1bd35\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp261bfd72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp261bfd72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Pago a la Tierra e o costume da ofrenda \u00e1 terra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26889d35 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp26889d35\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ab2cdd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2ab2cdd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha pr\u00e1ctica transmitida, repetida regularmente nunha comunidade.\" tabindex=\"0\">costume<\/span> ben documentado e vivo at\u00e9 hoxe relacionado con Pachamama \u00e9 a ofrenda \u00e1 terra, co\u00f1ecida nos pa\u00edses andinos xeralmente como <em>pago a la tierra<\/em> ou <em>despacho<\/em>.<\/p><p>Nel prep\u00e1rase un feixe con distintas ofrendas que, segundo a rexi\u00f3n, pode conter follas de coca, grans de millo, graxa, dulces, pequenas figuras e outros compo\u00f1entes. O feixe \u00e9nterrase ou qu\u00e9imase, moitas veces en lugares determinados e en momentos concretos.<\/p><p>En moitas zonas dos Andes do sur do Per\u00fa e de Bolivia, agosto \u00e9 o mes en que estas ofrendas se realizan con m\u00e1is frecuencia, porque nese per\u00edodo se considera que a terra est\u00e1 aberta e receptiva. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha pr\u00e1ctica transmitida, repetida regularmente nunha comunidade.\" tabindex=\"0\">costume<\/span> adoita ser dirixido por especialistas rituais, denominados de xeito distinto segundo a rexi\u00f3n.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n etnogr\u00e1fica, como os traballos de Catherine Allen sobre unha comunidade quechua preto de Cusco, mostrou que a ofrenda a Pachamama forma parte da relaci\u00f3n coti\u00e1 coa contorna. Verter algo de l\u00edquido no chan antes de beber responde \u00e1s mesmas ideas.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n subli\u00f1a que este conxunto non \u00e9 nin unha simple continuaci\u00f3n da pr\u00e1ctica precolonial nin unha mera <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A cultura popular transmitida, con costumes, relatos e canci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">folclore<\/span>. Ao longo dos s\u00e9culos incorporou elementos cristi\u00e1ns sen perder o seu n\u00facleo. Pachamama \u00e9 venerada en moitos lugares xunto a santos cat\u00f3licos, e as mesmas persoas participan tanto na misa como na ofrenda \u00e1 terra.<\/p><p>A ofrenda non \u00e9 unha petici\u00f3n dun milagre, sen\u00f3n a expresi\u00f3n dunha relaci\u00f3n de reciprocidade: quen recibe da terra dev\u00f3lvelle algo. Esta l\u00f3xica de reciprocidade, nos Andes vinculada frecuentemente ao termo quechua <em>ayni<\/em>, \u00e9 para moitos investigadores a clave real para comprender o costume.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp25fcc55d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp25fcc55d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21ebc69e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp21ebc69e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pachamama no debate pol\u00edtico e eclesi\u00e1stico da actualidade<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23c41102 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23c41102\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2eb276f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2eb276f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No s\u00e9culo XXI, Pachamama converteuse, m\u00e1is al\u00e1 do \u00e1mbito relixioso, nun punto de referencia pol\u00edtico e ideol\u00f3xico. En Bolivia e Ecuador, o termo foi recollido na lexislaci\u00f3n constitucional dos anos 2000 e 2010.<\/p><p>Ecuador incorporou en 2008 os dereitos da natureza \u00e1 s\u00faa constituci\u00f3n, e Bolivia aprobou en 2010 unha lei co\u00f1ecida como <em>Ley de Derechos de la Madre Tierra<\/em>. Pachamama aparece aqu\u00ed como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha imaxe expresiva que representa unha idea abstracta.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> dunha ordenaci\u00f3n ambiental que outorga \u00e1 natureza un valor propio.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n discute de forma cr\u00edtica en que medida este uso pol\u00edtico coincide coas concepci\u00f3ns relixiosas locais. Alg\u00fans autores ven nisto unha conexi\u00f3n \u00fatil co pensamento andino, mentres outros o consideran unha apropiaci\u00f3n que xeneraliza e simplifica un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha pr\u00e1ctica transmitida, repetida regularmente nunha comunidade.\" tabindex=\"0\">costume<\/span> local diverso, convert\u00edndoo nun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signo que representa unha idea ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> nacional. A pr\u00e1ctica ritual real nas aldeas permanece en gran medida allea a esta simbolizaci\u00f3n estatal.<\/p><p>Xurdiu outra controversia propia en 2019 no \u00e1mbito eclesi\u00e1stico. Durante o chamado S\u00ednodo da Amazonia en Roma empreg\u00e1ronse figuras de madeira que no debate p\u00fablico se identificaron como representaci\u00f3ns de Pachamama. Varios sectores conservadores dentro da Igrexa cat\u00f3lica interpretaron isto como idolatr\u00eda, e as figuras foron retiradas por desco\u00f1ecidos dunha igrexa romana e lanzadas ao T\u00edber.<\/p><p>O incidente provocou un amplo debate sobre como debe tratar a Igrexa as formas de expresi\u00f3n relixiosa ind\u00edxena. Desde o punto de vista cient\u00edfico, mostra que Pachamama se converteu hoxe, moito m\u00e1is al\u00e1 da rexi\u00f3n andina, nun obxecto de disputa no que se negocian cuesti\u00f3ns de inculturaci\u00f3n, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusi\u00f3n de ideas ou divindades procedentes de distintas tradici\u00f3ns relixiosas.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretismo<\/span> e identidade relixiosa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda (selecci\u00f3n)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Catherine Allen: <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002)<\/li><li>Joseph Bastien: <em>Mountain of the Condor<\/em> (1978)<\/li><li>Sabine MacCormack: <em>Religion in the Andes<\/em> (1991)<\/li><li>Marisol de la Cadena: <em>Earth Beings<\/em> (2015)<\/li><li>Olivia Harris: <em>Of Bread and Blood<\/em> (2000)<\/li><li>Diego Gonzalez Holguin: <em>Vocabulario de la lengua general<\/em> (1608)<\/li><li>Frank Salomon: <em>The Cord Keepers<\/em> (2004)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pachamama e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pachamama\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pachamama-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pachamama-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Como <em>deusa da fertilidade<\/em> do mundo andino, Pachamama vincula a agricultura, a gander\u00eda e a veneraci\u00f3n das monta\u00f1as; as ofrendas de coca, millo e chicha acompa\u00f1an hoxe en d\u00eda a sementeira, a colleita e a construci\u00f3n de casas en Bolivia, Per\u00fa e o norte de Arxentina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termos clave relacionados: Pachamama Quechua Aymara Ayni Despacho Paqo Yatiri Apacheta Sullu.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-pachamama\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard e tradici\u00f3ns de protecci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard retoma a tradici\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-cultural dos obxectos de protecci\u00f3n port\u00e1tiles, na tradici\u00f3n dos <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/culturas-andinas-e-incas-inti-pachamama-viracocha\/\">Andes \/ Inca<\/a> e de moitas outras culturas de todo o mundo. 41 niveis, ouro real, platino, prata, fabricado en Alema\u00f1a. Dereito de devoluci\u00f3n de 30 d\u00edas.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e1is sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">M\u00e1is sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">As experiencias persoais poden variar. Non \u00e9 un produto sanitario. Non promete curaci\u00f3n.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>non \u00e9 un produto sanitario<\/strong> e non substit\u00fae ning\u00fan tratamento m\u00e9dico ou psicoterap\u00e9utico. Os contidos relixiosos e cient\u00edficos son unha clasificaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-cultural, non unha recomendaci\u00f3n de pr\u00e1ctica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2683,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Pachamama Nai Terra Andes","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Pachamama \u2013 Nai Terra andina e culto","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Pachamama, a Nai Terra dos Andes, \u00e9 ata hoxe a figura de referencia central da vida campesi\u00f1a andina. 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