{"id":194846,"date":"2026-09-07T09:37:48","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:37:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=194846"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"golem","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/golem\/","title":{"rendered":"Golem"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"194846\" class=\"elementor elementor-194846 elementor-2191 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golem, esp\u00edrito da tradici\u00f3n xud\u00eda<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Golem \u00e9, na tradici\u00f3n xud\u00eda, un ser humanoide creado artificialmente a partir de barro ou terra, animado pola <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1cticas que pretenden intervir no curso das cousas mediante acci\u00f3ns ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">maxia<\/span> ou a palabra divina. Desde o punto de vista relixioso, representa a m\u00edstica xud\u00eda da creaci\u00f3n, a transgresi\u00f3n do l\u00edmite entre o ser humano e Deus, e o misticismo rab\u00ednico pr\u00e1ctico do final da Idade Media <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Corrente relixiosa centrada na experiencia directa de Deus; central nas tradici\u00f3ns xud\u00eda, cristi\u00e1 e isl\u00e1mica.\">m\u00edstica<\/span> (Cabala). O Golem consid\u00e9rase un esp\u00edrito da tradici\u00f3n xud\u00eda e representa a fronteira entre o ser humano e Deus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esp\u00edrito: entidade incorp\u00f3rea ou semicorp\u00f3rea, defuntos, seres da natureza, esp\u00edritos do fogar ou gardi\u00e1ns de limiares. Act\u00faa na vida coti\u00e1, a mi\u00fado ligado a lugares ou familias.\">Esp\u00edrito<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/xudaismo\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3n relixiosa xud\u00eda desde o Tanaj at\u00e9 a Cabala e o misticismo moderno.\">Xuda\u00edsmo<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3n m\u00edstica e cosmol\u00f3xica xud\u00eda.\">Cabala<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-197076\" alt=\"Golem - Esp\u00edrito da tradici\u00f3n xud\u00eda, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Golem \u00e9 unha figura de barro ou terra que se anima co nome de Deus ou mediante pr\u00e1cticas m\u00e1xico-ling\u00fc\u00edsticas. Na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato edificante, xeralmente sobre a vida de santos.\" tabindex=\"0\">lenda<\/span> m\u00e1is co\u00f1ecida, a do Maharal de Praga, o rab\u00ed Judah Loew creou un Golem para protexer a comunidade xud\u00eda.<\/p><p>O Golem \u00e9 obediente e dunha forza sobrehumana, pero tam\u00e9n perigoso e finalmente destru\u00eddo. Mitos centrais: a creaci\u00f3n b\u00edblica de Ad\u00e1n como modelo, os Golems medievais como seres protectores e interpretaci\u00f3ns simb\u00f3lico-psicol\u00f3xicas posteriores (Freud, Scholem).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil breve: Golem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>A narrativa do Golem xurdiu na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Misticismo xud\u00edo con obras principais como o Sefer Yetzirah, o Zohar e a escola luri\u00e1nica.\">Cabala<\/span> xud\u00eda medieval e da primeira Idade Moderna (aprox. s\u00e9culos XII-XVI). Fontes centrais: o Sefer Yetzirah (Libro da Creaci\u00f3n, s\u00e9culos III-VI, a\u00ednda que as referencias ao Golem son posteriores), as lendas do Maharal do final da Idade Media (s\u00e9culos XV-XVI), e a obra de Scholem sobre a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Misticismo xud\u00edo con obras principais como o Sefer Yetzirah, o Zohar e a escola luri\u00e1nica.\">Cabala<\/span> e a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de relatos m\u00edticos transmitidos por unha cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitolox\u00eda<\/span> (1941).<\/span><\/p><p>Difusi\u00f3n: Europa Central (Bohemia, Polonia, Alema\u00f1a), m\u00e1is tarde de forma literaria a nivel global. Estado da investigaci\u00f3n: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Historiador das relixi\u00f3ns israel\u00ed (1897\u20131982); fundador da investigaci\u00f3n moderna sobre a Cabala.\">Gershom Scholem<\/span> (Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism), Daniel Abrams (Kabbalah and Luria), Yehuda Liebes (The Sinai Revelation), Elliot Wolfson (Language, Eros, Being).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Desde o Sefer Yetzirah, pasando polos comentarios cabal\u00edsticos medievais, at\u00e9 a lenda do rab\u00ed L\u00f6w de Praga do s\u00e9culo XVI, o n\u00facleo do relato do Golem permaneceu constante: unha figura moldeada en barro, animada por letras sagradas. A\u00ednda hoxe a figura segue viva, a\u00ednda que transformada: aparece na literatura, no cine e no teatro, e en Praga o recordo segue ligado \u00e1 Sinagoga Vella-Nova, no faiado da cal, segundo a lenda, repousar\u00eda o Golem.<\/p><h3>Clasificaci\u00f3n mitol\u00f3xica<\/h3><p>O Golem \u00e9, na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Corrente relixiosa centrada na experiencia directa de Deus; central nas tradici\u00f3ns xud\u00eda, cristi\u00e1 e isl\u00e1mica.\">m\u00edstica<\/span> xud\u00eda e m\u00e1is tarde no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ocupaci\u00f3n con forzas e pr\u00e1cticas ocultas al\u00e9n da ciencia reco\u00f1ecida.\" tabindex=\"0\">ocultismo<\/span> europeo, un ser animado creado artificialmente a partir de barro. O m\u00e1is co\u00f1ecido \u00e9 o do rab\u00ed L\u00f6w de Praga. Non \u00e9 un ser natural, sen\u00f3n un construto m\u00e1xico, manifestaci\u00f3n do poder creador humano e advertencia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difusi\u00f3n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Golem non estaba limitado a unha rexi\u00f3n ou lugar concreto, sen\u00f3n que era co\u00f1ecido universalmente en todo o mundo xud\u00edo, obxecto de veneraci\u00f3n ou temor respectuoso. Tanto nos grandes centros urbanos como nas rexi\u00f3ns rurais perif\u00e9ricas, tanto entre a elite social como entre o pobo com\u00fan, o significado espiritual ou cultural desta entidade foi reco\u00f1ecido de forma constante e universal.<\/p><p>O relato do Golem viaxou coas comunidades xud\u00edas por toda Europa e mantivo os seus trazos esenciais: a figura de barro, a inscrici\u00f3n que a anima, o creador erudito. Que a versi\u00f3n m\u00e1is co\u00f1ecida se fixase precisamente en Praga e no rab\u00ed L\u00f6w mostra at\u00e9 que punto o relato estaba ligado \u00e1 identidade daquela comunidade, que v\u00eda no Golem un protector en tempos de opresi\u00f3n. A trav\u00e9s de obras impresas e da transmisi\u00f3n oral, a versi\u00f3n praguense estendeuse moito m\u00e1is al\u00e1 de Bohemia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As fontes primarias son o Sefer Yetzirah (texto antigo, con interpretaci\u00f3ns sobre o golem no s\u00e9culo 12 e 16), as lendas do Maharal (transmitidas oral e por escrito en Shevet Yehudah e no Tzemach David de David Gans, s\u00e9culos 16 e 17), e os escritos da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edstica xud\u00eda cuxas obras principais son o Sefer Yetzira, o Zohar e a escola luri\u00e1nica.\">Cabala<\/span> (Abulafia, Luria, Vital, s\u00e9culos 13 a 16). Per\u00edodo: s\u00e9culo 3 ao 17 (estratificaci\u00f3n conceptual).<\/p><p>\u00c1mbito ling\u00fc\u00edstico: hebreo, m\u00e1is tarde alem\u00e1n e \u00eddiche. Xeograficamente: Europa Central (Bohemia, Polonia), m\u00e1is tarde difusi\u00f3n literaria global. Investigadores: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Historiador das relixi\u00f3ns israel\u00ed (1897\u20131982); fundador da investigaci\u00f3n moderna sobre a Cabala.\">Gershom Scholem<\/span> (Major Trends), Moshe Idel (The Golem: Jewish Magical Traditions), Wolfram Brandes (m\u00edstica do golem en Europa Central), Yehuda Liebes, Elliot Wolfson.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denominaci\u00f3n e formas de escritura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Golem \u00e9 representado, nas diferentes fontes e tradici\u00f3ns art\u00edsticas, con determinados elementos iconogr\u00e1ficos recorrentes que se mantiveron relativamente constantes ao longo de d\u00e9cadas e en distintos espazos xeogr\u00e1ficos. Estes elementos non son meramente decorativos ou casuais, sen\u00f3n que est\u00e1n profundamente codificados de forma simb\u00f3lica e portan un gran significado.<\/p><p>No caso do Golem, cada elemento do relato ten un significado: o barro remite \u00e1 creaci\u00f3n de Ad\u00e1n a partir da terra, mentres que a inscrici\u00f3n na fronte emet (verdade) \u00e9 ao mesmo tempo o interruptor da s\u00faa existencia, xa que a eliminaci\u00f3n da primeira letra converte a palabra en met (morto) e pon fin \u00e1 s\u00faa animaci\u00f3n. Quen co\u00f1ec\u00eda as letras hebreas e a s\u00faa interpretaci\u00f3n cabal\u00edstica l\u00eda na historia do Golem unha ensinanza sobre o poder da linguaxe e os l\u00edmites da creaci\u00f3n humana. A mudez, a forza e a servidume da figura son tam\u00e9n trazos fixos e transmitidos pola tradici\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trazos caracter\u00edsticos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Golem foi central na pr\u00e1ctica relixiosa, nos rituais coti\u00e1ns e na comprensi\u00f3n diaria do xuda\u00edsmo. As persoas dirix\u00edanse a esta entidade en situaci\u00f3ns vitais cr\u00edticas ou determinadas, ou en \u00e9pocas rituais concretas, mediante rituais estruturados e a mi\u00fado complexos, oraci\u00f3ns ou ofrendas.<\/p><p>A creaci\u00f3n dun Golem nunca se considerou, na tradici\u00f3n xud\u00eda, unha actividade libre ou improvisada, sen\u00f3n unha pr\u00e1ctica erudita: esix\u00eda o estudo do Sefer Jezira e o co\u00f1ecemento das combinaci\u00f3ns cabal\u00edsticas de letras. Na lenda de Praga non \u00e9 por iso un artes\u00e1n calquera quen o crea, sen\u00f3n o rabino L\u00f6w, un reco\u00f1ecido erudito talm\u00fadico do s\u00e9culo XVI, quen anima a figura de barro seguindo as regras transmitidas pola tradici\u00f3n.<\/p><p>A idea do Golem pode seguirse desde o Sefer Jezira, a trav\u00e9s de comentarios medievais, at\u00e9 a lenda de Praga do s\u00e9culo XVI, o que demostra que a idea dunha figura animada pola arte das letras se transmitiu de forma continuada na literatura xud\u00eda. As funci\u00f3ns da figura foron cambiando: nos textos cabal\u00edsticos, a creaci\u00f3n do Golem serv\u00eda como proba de maestr\u00eda m\u00edstica; no relato de Praga, o Golem protexe a comunidade xud\u00eda das calumnias e das agresi\u00f3ns; e como servidor dom\u00e9stico, realiza tarefas sinxelas.<\/p><h3>Aparencia e simbolox\u00eda<\/h3><p>O Golem repres\u00e9ntase como unha figura maciza e desproporcionada, moldeada a partir de terra ou barro, humanoide pero imperfecta. \u00c1s veces leva inscrito o nome de Deus. O seu rostro carece de expresi\u00f3n. Ao borrar unha letra, Emet conv\u00e9rtese en Met (morte). A forza e a inmobilidade son as s\u00faas marcas distintivas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ficha: Golem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A ficha do Golem examina a s\u00faa orixe c\u00f3smica (a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Corrente relixiosa centrada na experiencia directa de Deus.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00edstica<\/span> da creaci\u00f3n), a s\u00faa funci\u00f3n como ser m\u00e1xico protector, a s\u00faa morfolox\u00eda (figura de barro, moitas veces muda), as pr\u00e1cticas da s\u00faa animaci\u00f3n (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1cticas que pretenden intervir no curso das cousas mediante acci\u00f3ns ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">maxia<\/span> das letras, Sefer Yetzirah), os grupos sociais que creaban golems e os paralelismos culturais co hom\u00fanculo e outras formas de vida artificial noutras tradici\u00f3ns.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradici\u00f3n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Golem xurdiu temporalmente na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Corrente relixiosa centrada na experiencia directa de Deus; central na tradici\u00f3n xud\u00eda, cristi\u00e1 e isl\u00e1mica.\">m\u00edstica<\/span> cabal\u00edstica dos s\u00e9culos XII e XIII, cun florecemento posterior nos s\u00e9culos XV e XVI (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato edificante, xeralmente sobre a vida de santos.\" tabindex=\"0\">lenda<\/span> do Maharal). Orixe xeogr\u00e1fica: Europa central, especialmente Bohemia (Praga), Polonia e as rexi\u00f3ns renanas alem\u00e1s.<\/p><p>Orixe cultural: a c\u00e1bala xud\u00eda, as ideas plat\u00f3nicas da creaci\u00f3n (o demiurgo), a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Corrente relixiosa centrada na experiencia directa de Deus.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00edstica<\/span> pr\u00e1ctica do Sefer Yetzirah, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1cticas que pretenden intervir no curso das cousas mediante acci\u00f3ns ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">maxia<\/span> pr\u00e1ctica rab\u00ednica. Primeiras referencias datables: o Sefer Hasidim (Libro dos P\u00edos, aprox. 1200), e despois as historias do Maharal (s\u00e9culos XVI-XVII, documentadas literariamente a partir do s\u00e9culo XIX). Evoluci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica: dunha abstracci\u00f3n (a c\u00e1bala primitiva: o Golem c\u00f3smico) a unha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato edificante, xeralmente sobre a vida de santos.\" tabindex=\"0\">lenda<\/span> (o Golem de Praga como figura concreta).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relacionado con<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A creaci\u00f3n do Golem era pr\u00e1ctica de rabinos, cabalistas e sabios versados en maxia, unha elite de magos, non de laicos. As ocasi\u00f3ns inclu\u00edan: a defensa da comunidade (segundo a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato edificante, xeralmente sobre a vida de santos.\" tabindex=\"0\">lenda<\/span>, fronte a pogromos antisemitas), a demostraci\u00f3n de milagres, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Admisi\u00f3n ritual nunha orde relixiosa ou esot\u00e9rica; a mi\u00fado asociada a unha morte e renacemento simb\u00f3licos.\">iniciaci\u00f3n<\/span> m\u00edstica (o estudo do Sefer Yetzirah como capacidade de animaci\u00f3n) e sinais de madureza espiritual. Contexto social: a persecuci\u00f3n e a busca de protecci\u00f3n, a cultura de lexitimaci\u00f3n rab\u00ednica, o sufrimento xudeu como enigma m\u00edstico (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Problema teol\u00f3xico sobre a compatibilidade entre a omnipotencia e a bondade de Deus e a existencia do mal.\">teodicea<\/span>). Desde o punto de vista psicol\u00f3xico, o Golem era unha fantas\u00eda de protecci\u00f3n sobrehumana nun mundo inxusto.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Golem descr\u00edbese como unha figura humanoide feita de barro ou terra, a mi\u00fado muda ou sen expresi\u00f3n, con ollos grandes e fixos ou coa fronte sen inscrici\u00f3n. Atributos: \u00e1s veces leva a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un texto gravado ou cinzelado nun soporte s\u00f3lido.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrici\u00f3n<\/span> \u00abEmet\u00bb (verdade) na fronte ou un selo co nome de Deus.<\/p><p>Segundo a lenda, o Golem de Praga \u00e9 de cor marr\u00f3n escuro, de tama\u00f1o enorme (sobrehumano), inm\u00f3bil at\u00e9 ser animado e, a partir de ent\u00f3n, obediente de forma autom\u00e1tica. Na arte moderna (K\u00e4the Kollwitz, E.T.A. Hoffmann) aparece m\u00e1is ben como unha figura tr\u00e1xica: unha criatura illada, non un monstro. Cor: marr\u00f3n, gris, terroso. Sen aura sobrenatural, m\u00e1is ben unha materialidade opaca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Actividade<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>\u00c1mbito de acci\u00f3n:<\/strong><p>O Golem act\u00faa principalmente como figura protectora e ferramenta m\u00e1xica. Historicamente est\u00e1 documentado o uso de golems como gardacostas na Praga do s\u00e9culo XVI, baixo o rabino Yehuda Loew ben Bezalel, especialmente para a defensa contra os pogromos.<\/p><p>A tradici\u00f3n do Sefer Yetzirah describe a creaci\u00f3n mediante letras e nomes divinos como un principio cosmog\u00f3nico: o Golem encarna a conformaci\u00f3n da materia a trav\u00e9s da linguaxe. En sistemas cabal\u00edsticos posteriores, o Golem simboliza o l\u00edmite entre o creador e a criatura: unha cousa consciente sen vontade libre, un aut\u00f3mata feito de barro e escritura.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amuletos de protecci\u00f3n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Golem non pode ser conxurado como os demos, xa que non \u00e9 un ser mal\u00e9volo, sen\u00f3n unha ferramenta. Protecci\u00f3n contra o mal uso do Golem: control rab\u00ednico e discernimento (intenci\u00f3n correcta, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1cticas que pretenden intervir no curso das cousas mediante acci\u00f3ns ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">maxia<\/span> verbal correcta), limitaci\u00f3n \u00e9tica (destruci\u00f3n do Golem no Shabat ou ao cumprirse a tarefa), conciencia do risco (o Golem conv\u00e9rtese en ferramenta do caos cando deixa de ser controlado).<\/p><p>Na pr\u00e1ctica: eliminaci\u00f3n da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un texto gravado ou cicelado nun soporte firme.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrici\u00f3n<\/span> ou disoluci\u00f3n da vinculaci\u00f3n de nomes. Teoloxicamente: respecto polo l\u00edmite da creaci\u00f3n (s\u00f3 Deus crea de verdade; o ser humano s\u00f3 imita).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Equivalentes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figuras comparables son o hom\u00fanculo da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Combinaci\u00f3n premoderna de filosof\u00eda natural e ciencia simb\u00f3lica; traballa coa transformaci\u00f3n da materia como transformaci\u00f3n interior.\">alquimia<\/span> europea (Paracelso, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato edificante, xeralmente sobre a vida de santos.\" tabindex=\"0\">lenda<\/span> de Fausto), os golems na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto dos relatos transmitidos sobre os deuses dunha cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitolox\u00eda<\/span> hind\u00fa (creaci\u00f3ns de Shakti), os guerreiros de barro chineses (terracota de Qin), o Ad\u00e1n b\u00edblico (barro + palabra divina), e os golems modernos de ciencia ficci\u00f3n (Frankenstein como sucesor literario do Golem). Todos comparten: animaci\u00f3n artificial, creaci\u00f3n m\u00e1xica ou cient\u00edfica, ambivalencia moral, forza sobrehumana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golem, paralelismos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Rituais de evocaci\u00f3n e vinculaci\u00f3n<\/h3><p>O m\u00e9todo do Sefer Yetzirah require combinaci\u00f3ns das 22 letras hebreas as\u00ed como meditaci\u00f3ns permutativas sobre os nomes divinos. O procedemento de Maharal empregaba combinaci\u00f3ns de letras e o Shem ha-Meforash (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1cticas que pretenden intervir no curso das cousas mediante acci\u00f3ns ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">maxia<\/span> dos 72 nomes). O borrado do aleph final de \u00abEmet\u00bb (verdade) para dar \u00abMet\u00bb (morte) consider\u00e1base o mecanismo de desactivaci\u00f3n. A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato edificante, xeralmente sobre a vida de santos.\" tabindex=\"0\">lenda<\/span> de Praga documenta f\u00f3rmulas transmitidas oralmente; os testemu\u00f1os escritos hist\u00f3ricos son fragmentarios.<\/p><h3>Maxia da escritura e do nome<\/h3><p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un texto gravado ou cicelado nun soporte firme.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrici\u00f3n<\/span> na fronte do Golem, habitualmente \u00abEmet\u00bb (verdade), bas\u00e9ase na m\u00edstica cabal\u00edstica das letras. As fontes rab\u00ednicas apuntan a t\u00e9cnicas permutativas que tam\u00e9n aparecen no Bahir e no Zohar. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha secuencia regrada de acci\u00f3ns simb\u00f3licas con significado relixioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> pertence \u00e1 cabala pr\u00e1ctica, documentada por Gedaliah ibn Yahya no s\u00e9culo XVI.<\/p><h3>S\u00edmbolos protectores e amuletos<\/h3><p>O propio Golem \u00e9 un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un obxecto portado ao que se lle atrib\u00fae un efecto protector contra o mal.\" tabindex=\"0\">amuleto<\/span> ambulante, o seu corpo leva o signo eficaz. Como obxecto de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1cticas que pretenden intervir no curso das cousas mediante acci\u00f3ns ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">maxia<\/span>, o Golem aparece nas colecci\u00f3ns de notas cabal\u00edsticas como modelo de manifestaci\u00f3n material. Pr\u00e1cticas protectoras paralelas son os serafim (f\u00f3rmulas de vinculaci\u00f3n) e o uso de yichudim (combinaci\u00f3ns de nomes) sobre pergami\u00f1os.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tradici\u00f3n xud\u00eda:<\/strong> o Golem \u00e9 totalmente xudeu; non existe ningunha outra tradici\u00f3n xud\u00eda sen el. Pero o Ad\u00e1n b\u00edblico \u00e9 o seu precursor directo: \u00abDeus formou a Ad\u00e1n do po e insuflou vida\u00bb (X\u00e9nese 2:7).<\/p><p>Os m\u00edsticos interpretaron isto como modelo de creaci\u00f3n para os golems. A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edstica xud\u00eda cuxas obras principais son o Sefer Yetzira, o Zohar e a escola luri\u00e1nica.\">c\u00e1bala<\/span> subli\u00f1a o poder das letras, especialmente as tres letras do nome de Deus, como principio vivificador. \u00c9tica rab\u00ednica: o Golem \u00e9 unha ferramenta, non unha persoa, pero implica fortes responsabilidades.<\/p><p><strong>Mundo grecorromano:<\/strong> o Demiurgo de Plat\u00f3n (deus artes\u00e1n) crea o mundo material, de forma an\u00e1loga \u00e1 creaci\u00f3n do Golem. Prometeo forma seres humanos de barro (un eco grego do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> da creaci\u00f3n a partir do barro). Hefesto crea seres humanos mec\u00e1nicos (aut\u00f3matas de ouro). Non hai continuidade directa, mais si semellanza estrutural: entidades creadas polo ser humano, imitaci\u00f3n do divino.<\/p><p><strong>Mesopotamia:<\/strong> no Enuma Elish, Marduk crea aos seres humanos a partir do sangue do demo derrotado, unha creaci\u00f3n m\u00e1xica a partir dunha materia orixinaria. Non hai golems de barro, pero si xeraci\u00f3n m\u00e1xica de vida artificial. Semellante <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span>: a vida humana como ferramenta m\u00e1xica dos deuses.<\/p><p><strong>India\/Asia:<\/strong> na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto dos relatos transmitidos sobre os deuses dunha cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitolox\u00eda<\/span> hind\u00fa, Durga ou Shiva crean manifestaci\u00f3ns de Shakti mediante a vontade ou a enerx\u00eda, algo semellante ao esperto do Golem. As figuras de Kali son autoanimadas, sen creaci\u00f3n externa. Os yidams budistas son divindades visualizadas, non materializadas fisicamente como os golems. Maxia tibetana: os tulpas (formas de pensamento mental, animadas pola concentraci\u00f3n) son quizais o paralelismo m\u00e1is pr\u00f3ximo, a\u00ednda que inmaterial en vez de barro.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpac49763 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpac49763\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcddfbc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcddfbc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A palabra Golem: da Biblia \u00e1 figura de barro<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb1b272e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb1b272e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb8526b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb8526b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A palabra hebrea <em>golem<\/em> aparece na Biblia hebrea unha soa vez, no libro dos Salmos, onde designa unha masa informe ou un estado inacabado, referido aqu\u00ed ao corpo a\u00ednda non formado. Desta acepci\u00f3n b\u00e1sica de algo inacabado, en bruto, a\u00ednda non plenamente conformado, desenvolveuse o uso posterior do termo.<\/p><p>Na literatura rab\u00ednica, <em>golem<\/em> empr\u00e9gase de diversas formas, por exemplo para designar unha persoa inculta ou intelectualmente inacabada, ou un obxecto que a\u00ednda non ten a s\u00faa forma definitiva.<\/p><p>Nunha pasaxe moi discutida do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obra principal do xuda\u00edsmo rab\u00ednico coa interpretaci\u00f3n da tradici\u00f3n relixiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span> babil\u00f3nico c\u00f3ntase que un erudito creou un ser humano e o enviou a outro erudito, que lle falou pero non recibiu resposta, tras o cal o fixo volver ao po.<\/p><p>Na mesma pasaxe menci\u00f3nase que dous eruditos se dedicaban regularmente \u00e1 creaci\u00f3n dun becerro. Estas breves notas son os testemu\u00f1os m\u00e1is antigos da idea de que homes sabios poden, a trav\u00e9s do seu co\u00f1ecemento, dar orixe a algo vivo.<\/p><p>O salto desta breve alusi\u00f3n talm\u00fadica \u00e1 idea elaborada dun ser feito de barro, animado por letras ou por un nome divino, s\u00f3 se produciu na Idade Media.<\/p><p>A idea, polo tanto, non existiu desde o principio como un relato pechado, sen\u00f3n que se foi formando ao longo dos s\u00e9culos a partir de pezas dispersas. Para comprender o Golem conv\u00e9n ter presente esta evoluci\u00f3n, en vez de supo\u00f1er unha tradici\u00f3n antiga e uniforme.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5c39f58 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5c39f58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa2f7236 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa2f7236\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Sefer Ietsir\u00e1 e a pr\u00e1ctica creadora medieval<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa34f4f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa34f4f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp05fc40e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp05fc40e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un papel clave na historia da idea do Golem corresponde ao <em>Sefer Ietsir\u00e1<\/em>, o Libro da Creaci\u00f3n, un texto breve e de dif\u00edcil dataci\u00f3n que relaciona a orixe do mundo coas letras do alfabeto hebreo e cos n\u00fameros.<\/p><p>Os sabios xudeus medievais, especialmente no \u00e1mbito asquenaz, l\u00edan esta obra tam\u00e9n como unha gu\u00eda pr\u00e1ctica. Quen dominase correctamente as combinaci\u00f3ns de letras poder\u00eda, segundo esta idea, participar da forza creadora que reside na linguaxe.<\/p><p>Deste \u00e1mbito proceden as primeiras descrici\u00f3ns m\u00e1is detalladas de como se fabricaba un Golem. F\u00e1lase da formaci\u00f3n dunha figura de aspecto humano a partir de terra, de circunvoluci\u00f3ns, e da pronunciaci\u00f3n ou escritura de combinaci\u00f3ns de letras e nomes.<\/p><p>Estas descrici\u00f3ns adoitan estar nunha relaci\u00f3n tensa: describen unha pr\u00e1ctica posible, pero \u00e1 vez subli\u00f1an o seu perigo ou a humildade que esixe tal acto. A persoa que crea un Golem imita o acto creador e ach\u00e9gase as\u00ed a un l\u00edmite.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n, e aqu\u00ed c\u00f3mpre citar sobre todo o estudo fundamental de Gershom Scholem sobre a idea do Golem, puxo de relevo que nestes textos o Golem era, inicialmente, menos un servente \u00fatil que un obxecto de co\u00f1ecemento e de contemplaci\u00f3n m\u00edstica.<\/p><p>A s\u00faa creaci\u00f3n serv\u00eda ao estudo m\u00edstico, \u00e1 reproduci\u00f3n da creaci\u00f3n, non a fins pr\u00e1cticos. O Golem como axudante traballador e protector dunha comunidade \u00e9 unha derivaci\u00f3n posterior do tema.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3db2ced e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3db2ced\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27f5120 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27f5120\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Golem de Praga e o rabino L\u00f6w: x\u00e9nese dunha lenda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa2cae17 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa2cae17\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0770e35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0770e35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O relato sobre o Golem m\u00e1is co\u00f1ecido hoxe \u00e9 o do Golem de Praga, que se di que foi creado polo erudito Iehud\u00e1 L\u00f6w ben Bezalel, o chamado Maharal de Praga, no s\u00e9culo dezaseis, para protexer a comunidade xud\u00eda.<\/p><p>\u00c9 salientable que esta ligaz\u00f3n entre o tema do Golem e a figura hist\u00f3rica do Maharal non se pode probar nas fontes dos s\u00e9culos dezaseis e dezasete. O Maharal foi un erudito de gran importancia, pero os testemu\u00f1os contempor\u00e1neos non o relacionan cun Golem.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n sit\u00faa a formaci\u00f3n da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato edificante, xeralmente sobre a vida de santos.\" tabindex=\"0\">lenda<\/span> praguense s\u00f3 a finais do s\u00e9culo dezaoito e, sobre todo, no s\u00e9culo dezanove.<\/p><p>Nesa \u00e9poca xurdiron colecci\u00f3ns e adaptaci\u00f3ns que vincularon firmemente o Golem con Praga e co rabino L\u00f6w, e que dotaron o relato de motivos como o papel animador na boca do Golem, a paralizaci\u00f3n semanal en Sabbat e a criatura que finalmente escapa ao control.<\/p><p>Unha colecci\u00f3n especialmente influente publicouse a principios do s\u00e9culo vinte e deu \u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato edificante, xeralmente sobre a vida de santos.\" tabindex=\"0\">lenda<\/span> a forma que a\u00ednda hoxe se co\u00f1ece.<\/p><p>As\u00ed, o Golem de Praga \u00e9 un exemplo dunha tradici\u00f3n m\u00e1is recente do que parece.<\/p><p>Combina un tema m\u00edstico medieval cunha figura hist\u00f3rica da primeira modernidade, pero a propia conexi\u00f3n pertence \u00e1 Idade Moderna. Isto non dimin\u00fae o seu impacto cultural, ao contrario: precisamente nesta forma tard\u00eda e literariamente elaborada, o Golem converteuse nunha parte fixa da cultura narrativa europea.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd4d3fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfd4d3fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40d9c26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp40d9c26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3n: da novela de terror ao s\u00edmbolo da tecnolox\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9000c67 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9000c67\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpadbf7af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpadbf7af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>No s\u00e9culo XX, o golem converteuse nun material moi traballado pola literatura, o cinema e a arte. A novela <em>Der Golem<\/em> de Gustav Meyrink, publicada en 1915, emprega a figura menos como ser actuante que como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> atmosf\u00e9rico e psicol\u00f3xico no barrio xudeu de Praga.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Poucos anos despois xurdiron varias pel\u00edculas mudas, das cales a adaptaci\u00f3n de Paul Wegener de 1920 \u00e9 a m\u00e1is co\u00f1ecida e a que fixou de forma duradeira a imaxe visual do golem como unha figura pesada, de cor de barro.<\/span><\/p><p>Al\u00e9n destas obras, o golem converteuse nun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha imaxe expresiva que representa unha idea abstracta.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> que vai moito m\u00e1is al\u00f3 da s\u00faa orixe relixiosa. A mi\u00fado interpr\u00e9tase como precursor das ideas modernas sobre o ser humano artificial, desde a figura mec\u00e1nica ata o monstro de <em>Frankenstein<\/em> de Mary Shelley, pasando polo robot e a intelixencia artificial.<\/p><p>Nesta lectura, o golem representa a pregunta sobre o que ocorre cando o ser humano crea algo vivo ou capaz de actuar que se lle escapa do control. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> da criatura que se torna perigosa por tomar a s\u00faa tarefa de forma demasiado literal ou por non poder ser detida xa \u00e9 central nesta interpretaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ciencia que estuda as relixi\u00f3ns de forma comparativa e sen v\u00ednculo de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns<\/span> chama aqu\u00ed \u00e1 distinci\u00f3n. O golem popular como figura de advertencia fronte \u00e1 tecnolox\u00eda \u00e9 unha interpretaci\u00f3n moderna que deixou en boa medida atr\u00e1s o sentido m\u00edstico m\u00e1is antigo, o de reproducir a creaci\u00f3n como acto de estudo e de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un breve recollemento relixioso, persoal ou comunitario.\" tabindex=\"0\">devoci\u00f3n<\/span>.<\/p><p>Ambas as capas forman parte da historia deste material, pero non deber\u00edan confundirse. Concepci\u00f3ns af\u00edns sobre o creado a trav\u00e9s do co\u00f1ecemento at\u00f3panse tam\u00e9n noutras tradici\u00f3ns do <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/xudaismo\/\">xuda\u00edsmo<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ligaz\u00f3ns relacionadas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda (selecci\u00f3n)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Historiador das relixi\u00f3ns israel\u00ed (1897\u20131982); fundador da investigaci\u00f3n moderna sobre a c\u00e1bala.\">Gershom Scholem<\/span>: <em>Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism<\/em>. Schocken Books, 1954.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Moshe Idel: <em>Golem: Jewish Magical and Mystical Traditions on the Artificial Anthropoid<\/em>. SUNY Press, 1990.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Elliot Wolfson: <em>Language, Eros, Being: Kabbalistic Hermeneutics and Poetic Imagination<\/em>. Fordham University Press, 2005.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Peter Cole (ed.): <em>The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from the Bible to the Present<\/em>. Princeton University Press, 2007.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1608,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Golem","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Golem - ser artificial creado a partir de barro ou terra","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Golem, transmitido desde hai s\u00e9culos na m\u00edstica xud\u00eda da creaci\u00f3n: figura de barro animada polo nome de Deus, lenda praguense do rab\u00ed Judah Loew.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"judentum","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-194846","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This 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