{"id":194817,"date":"2026-09-07T09:37:47","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:37:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=194817"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"marte","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/marte\/","title":{"rendered":"Marte"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"194817\" class=\"elementor elementor-194817 elementor-2128 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marte, deus da tradici\u00f3n romana<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marte \u00e9 o deus da guerra e da forza combativa na tradici\u00f3n romana. Como pai de R\u00f3mulo, consid\u00e9rase o protector patr\u00f3n da dinast\u00eda e do propio Imperio Romano, raz\u00f3n pola que recib\u00eda especial veneraci\u00f3n. Desde o punto de vista das ciencias das relixi\u00f3ns, Marte \u00e9 un exemplo da transformaci\u00f3n dun deus da protecci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola en deus do Estado, e polo tanto da reformulaci\u00f3n pol\u00edtica dos cultos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00f3n dunha cultura, con competencias claras, forzas da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado mediante cultos, ofrendas e instituci\u00f3ns de templo.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/roma\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Relixi\u00f3n romana desde a monarqu\u00eda at\u00e9 a Antig\u00fcidade Tard\u00eda, sincr\u00e9tica con capas gregas e etruscas.\">Roma<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_mars-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-197038\" alt=\"Marte - Deuses da tradici\u00f3n romana, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_mars-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_mars-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_mars-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_mars.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marte non encarna s\u00f3 a agresi\u00f3n e a destruci\u00f3n, sen\u00f3n tam\u00e9n a orde na guerra e a protecci\u00f3n da comunidade. Os seus aspectos centrais son a valent\u00eda, a estratexia militar e a sanci\u00f3n da violencia por parte da comunidade pol\u00edtica.<\/p><p>No <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> aparece en distintos papeis: como amante de Venus, como pai de R\u00f3mulo e como protector fronte \u00e1 peste e \u00e1 desgraza. As Lupercais e as Equirrias eran festas centrais nas que se <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entregado ao sagrado mediante un acto relixioso e as\u00ed elevado por riba do coti\u00e1n.\" tabindex=\"0\">consagraban<\/span> cabalos e armas ao deus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Visi\u00f3n r\u00e1pida: Marte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As fontes primarias son numerosas: Ovidio, Virxilio, Horacio, os Acta Arvalium e inscrici\u00f3ns latinas. Entre as secundarias, Karl Latte, Georg Wissowa e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Historiador das relixi\u00f3ns alem\u00e1n (1931\u20132015); obra principal Griechische Religion (1977).\">Walter Burkert<\/span> investigaron as orixes e a transformaci\u00f3n de deus da guerra en deus do Estado. A difusi\u00f3n do culto a Marte estendeuse por todo o Imperio Romano e fundiuse con deuses guerreiros galos, xerm\u00e1nicos e britanos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contextualizaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O culto a Marte en Roma rem\u00f3ntase aos tempos m\u00e1is antigos, cando se invocaba tanto como protector das terras de labranza como deus da guerra; a s\u00faa festa ca\u00eda no mes que leva o seu nome, marzo. Tras o fin da relixi\u00f3n antiga, a figura perviv\u00edu na astronom\u00eda como nome do planeta, na arte pl\u00e1stica da Idade Moderna en representaci\u00f3ns de Marte e Venus, e ling\u00fcisticamente no adxectivo \u00abmarcial\u00bb.<\/p><h3>Clasificaci\u00f3n mitol\u00f3xica<\/h3><p>Marte \u00e9 o deus romano da guerra, pero \u00e9 m\u00e1is complexo que a mera belicosidade. Marte \u00e9 tam\u00e9n deus da orde, do valor e da masculinidade. A diferenza de Ares (grego), \u00e9 disciplinado e estrat\u00e9xico, en absoluto salvaxe. \u00c9 pai de Roma. O seu papel une violencia e civilizaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difusi\u00f3n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marte non estaba limitado a unha rexi\u00f3n nin vinculado a lugares concretos: era universalmente co\u00f1ecido e venerado ou temido en todo o mundo romano. Tanto en centros urbanos como en rexi\u00f3ns rurais perif\u00e9ricas, entre a elite ou o pobo com\u00fan, o significado espiritual e cultural desta entidade era reco\u00f1ecido de forma constante e universal.<\/p><p>Marte ocupaba o rango inmediatamente posterior a X\u00fapiter e era considerado antepasado do pobo romano, xa que na lenda fundacional aparece como pai de R\u00f3mulo e Remo. O seu culto abrangu\u00eda desde o Campo de Marte, lugar de reuni\u00f3n e adestramento do ex\u00e9rcito, at\u00e9 as procesi\u00f3ns rurais polos campos, e m\u00e1is al\u00e1 das alianzas latinas foi tam\u00e9n invocado por outros pobos it\u00e1licos con nomes emparentados, como o osco Mamers.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fontes primarias: as Metamorfoses e os Fasti de Ovidio, a Eneida de Virxilio (Libro 8), as Odas de Horacio, De Natura Deorum de Cicer\u00f3n, as Saturnais de Macrobio.<\/p><p>Os testemu\u00f1os abranguen desde a Rep\u00fablica temper\u00e1 (s\u00e9culo VI a.C.) at\u00e9 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca de transici\u00f3n entre a Antig\u00fcidade e a Idade Media, aproximadamente do s\u00e9culo III ao VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antig\u00fcidade Tard\u00eda<\/span>. Investigadores: Georg Wissowa, Karl Latte (R\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Historiador das relixi\u00f3ns alem\u00e1n (1931\u20132015); obra principal Griechische Religion (1977).\">Walter Burkert<\/span> (Griechische Religion), Hubert Cancik. Inscrici\u00f3ns e restos arqueol\u00f3xicos documentan a construci\u00f3n de templos e rituais en Roma, Campania, a Galia e ao longo das fronteiras do Rin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e variantes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marte repres\u00e9ntase nas distintas tradici\u00f3ns e fontes con determinados elementos iconogr\u00e1ficos que se mante\u00f1en relativamente constantes a trav\u00e9s de d\u00e9cadas e lugares. Estes elementos est\u00e1n codificados simbolicamente e portan un significado profundo; non son en absoluto decorativos nin casuais.<\/p><p>Na arte romana, Marte identif\u00edcase polo casco, a lanza e o escudo, e repres\u00e9ntase case sempre como un guerreiro armado. As\u00f3cianse a el animais como o lobo e o pico verde, que te\u00f1en un papel na lenda fundacional de Roma, as\u00ed como os escudos sagrados, os Ancilia, portados en solemnes procesi\u00f3ns polo colexio sacerdotal dos Salios. Estes atributos fac\u00edan reco\u00f1ecible de inmediato a s\u00faa competencia sobre a guerra e a protecci\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edsticas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marte era central na pr\u00e1ctica relixiosa e na comprensi\u00f3n coti\u00e1 de Roma. As persoas dirix\u00edanse a esta entidade en determinadas situaci\u00f3ns cr\u00edticas da vida ou en certas \u00e9pocas do ano, mediante rituais estruturados, oraci\u00f3ns ou ofrendas. A pr\u00e1ctica transmit\u00edase con precisi\u00f3n e era dirixida por sacerdotes ou especialistas; nada nela era arbitrario ou improvisado.<\/p><p>A veneraci\u00f3n de Marte manifest\u00e1base en ritos antes e despois das campa\u00f1as militares: antes da partida, o xeneral tocaba as lanzas e escudos sagrados no santuario da Regia; o sacrificio da suovetaurilia, composto por porco, ovella e touro, serv\u00eda para purificar a terra e o ex\u00e9rcito; e o sacrificio do Cabalo de Outubro pechaba a tempada b\u00e9lica. Ademais, a festa das Ambarvalia asegurraba a protecci\u00f3n dos campos mediante procesi\u00f3ns polas leiras.<\/p><h3>Aparencia e simbolox\u00eda<\/h3><p>Marte repres\u00e9ntase como un guerreiro musculoso con armadura completa, a mi\u00fado con casco, escudo e lanza. O vermello \u00e9 a s\u00faa cor. A lanza e a espada, a aguia e o lobo son os seus s\u00edmbolos. O mes de marzo leva o seu nome. A forza e a honra guerreira def\u00edneno.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ficha: Marte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A seguinte ficha explica os seis aspectos de Marte: a s\u00faa orixe hist\u00f3rica e cultural, a pr\u00e1ctica de veneraci\u00f3n, a representaci\u00f3n iconogr\u00e1fica, o significado para a protecci\u00f3n e a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O acto de dirixirse a unha divindade ou poder, suplicando ou invocando.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3n<\/span>, os paralelismos con outras culturas e unha visi\u00f3n de conxunto final sobre figuras divinas relacionadas en tradici\u00f3ns veci\u00f1as.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Orixe de Marte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marte \u00e9 unha das divindades romanas m\u00e1is antigas. As s\u00faas pegadas conducen a deuses guerreiros indoeuropeos e a unha forma it\u00e1lica primitiva de demo da fertilidade. No Latium foi orixinalmente protector dos raba\u00f1os e dos campos, pero co crecente peso militar transformouse en deus da guerra.<\/p><p>A primeira menci\u00f3n documentada aparece nos Fasti Praenestini, datada no s\u00e9culo IV a.C., a\u00ednda que os cultos exist\u00edan dende moito antes. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edificio destinado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> de Marte na praza de Ares en Roma foi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entregado ao sagrado mediante un acto relixioso e, as\u00ed, apartado do coti\u00e1n.\" tabindex=\"0\">consagrado<\/span> de novo por Augusto no ano 20 a.C.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Devotos de Marte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marte era invocado por guerreiros, xefes militares, soldados, agricultores e cidad\u00e1ns, sobre todo antes das campa\u00f1as militares e en tempos de guerra. O sacerdocio romano dos Salios celebr\u00e1bao coas Equirria (carreiras de cabalos).<\/p><p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha pr\u00e1ctica transmitida e repetida regularmente nunha comunidade.\" tabindex=\"0\">costume<\/span> das Lupercales (febreiro) significaba purificaci\u00f3n e bendici\u00f3n de fertilidade para o campo e a familia. Augusto empregou os cultos a Marte con fins pol\u00edticos: como pai de R\u00f3mulo, o deus lexitimaba a dinast\u00eda. Os estrategas militares rezaban antes das batallas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aparencia de Marte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marte represent\u00e1base como un guerreiro barbado e completamente armado, con casco, escudo e lanza. Iconograficamente levaba a armadura dun soldado romano, a mi\u00fado con mirada dram\u00e1tica.<\/p><p>Os seus atributos eran o cabalo, a lanza (hasta), os escudos sagrados (ancile) e, \u00e1s veces, tam\u00e9n a serpe (aspecto ct\u00f3nico). Nas moedas aparece de p\u00e9 ou a cabalo. Nos altares mostr\u00e1base xunto a Venus, xa que a s\u00faa uni\u00f3n simbolizaba harmon\u00eda mitol\u00f3xica e c\u00f3smica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Efecto de Marte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c1mbito de acci\u00f3n:<\/strong> Marte \u00e9 deus da guerra e, ao mesmo tempo, deus da vexetaci\u00f3n e das colleitas. As s\u00faas festas, as Lupercales e a festa de marzo, marcan rituais de fertilidade e purificaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>En Roma, Marte era venerado sobre todo como protector da cidade e da agricultura, o guerreiro que defende o pobo e fai f\u00e9rtil a terra. Os seus fillos con Venus (R\u00f3mulo e Remo) mostran a s\u00faa vinculaci\u00f3n coa fundaci\u00f3n e co Estado.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protecci\u00f3n de Marte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marte era obxecto de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O acto de dirixirse a unha divindade ou poder, suplicando ou invocando.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3n<\/span> e de respecto reverente, non un simple deus protector, sen\u00f3n unha forza moral. Antes de empresas importantes sacrific\u00e1banse touros, ovellas e cabalos.<\/p><p>Os ritos para conxurar as desgrazas buscaban apaciguar a Marte e canalizar a s\u00faa forza agresiva por v\u00edas ordenadas. Nas casas particulares coloc\u00e1banse pequenas figuras de Marte (sigilla) para protexer o fogar e a familia de todo dano.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelismos de Marte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na tradici\u00f3n grega, Ares corresp\u00f3ndese cun deus similar pero menos respectado, ca\u00f3tico e sanguinario. As figuras etruscas de Tinia mostran paralelismos coa divindade guerreira. No \u00e1mbito xerm\u00e1nico, Tiwaz\/Tyr e Wodan asumen papeis similares. Os deuses mesopot\u00e1micos Nergal e Erra encarnan a peste e a guerra. Estas divindades comparten con Marte a transformaci\u00f3n desde a protecci\u00f3n agraria cara \u00e1 divindade guerreira.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marte, paralelismos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marte combina as funci\u00f3ns do grego Ares coas dun deus da vexetaci\u00f3n e da agricultura, un conxunto de papeis que non ten correspondencia directa en Grecia. Mentres Ares aparece na maior\u00eda dos casos como un puro fan\u00e1tico guerreiro, Marte xa est\u00e1 vinculado no calendario romano, no mes de marzo, a ritos de sementeira.<\/p>\n<p><p><strong>Tradici\u00f3n xud\u00eda:<\/strong> Na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> xud\u00eda non existe un paralelismo directo con Marte. A idea da guerra como funci\u00f3n divina tr\u00e1tase doutro xeito: YHWH \u00e9 o Deus dos ex\u00e9rcitos (Sabaot), pero non como deus especializado da guerra. O per\u00edodo helen\u00edstico trouxo contacto, pero non fusi\u00f3n cos cultos a Marte.<\/p><p><strong>Mundo greco-romano:<\/strong> Ares \u00e9 o equivalente grego, pero \u00e9 menospreciado e secundario fronte a Atenea, que encarna a estratexia. Marte, en cambio, gozaba de gran estima, o que subli\u00f1a o distinto papel pol\u00edtico de Roma. Con todo, a fusi\u00f3n baixo emperadores posteriores (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusi\u00f3n de ideas ou divindades procedentes de diferentes tradici\u00f3ns relixiosas.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretismo<\/span> Ares-Marte) mostra unha adaptaci\u00f3n mutua.<\/p><p><strong>Mesopotamia:<\/strong> Nergal, deus da guerra e se\u00f1or dos mortos, comparte con Marte a dualidade de destruci\u00f3n e protecci\u00f3n. Erra \u00e9 unha figura guerreira agresiva, pero menos integrada na estrutura estatal. Os guerreiros mesopot\u00e1micos ped\u00edan a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concesi\u00f3n de benestar e protecci\u00f3n, a mi\u00fado nunha f\u00f3rmula ling\u00fc\u00edstica fixa.\" tabindex=\"0\">bendici\u00f3n<\/span> de Nergal do mesmo xeito que os lexionarios romanos ped\u00edan a de Marte.<\/p><p><strong>India\/Asia:<\/strong> Skanda\/Murugan no hindu\u00edsmo \u00e9 deus da guerra, pero est\u00e1 subordinado na xerarqu\u00eda c\u00f3smica. No budismo primitivo non existe unha divindade guerreira. China co\u00f1ec\u00eda a Guan Yu, deus da guerra da honra e da xustiza, canonizado m\u00e1is tarde, un paralelismo estrutural coa politizaci\u00f3n de Marte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd8eb093 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd8eb093\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9f1bcac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9f1bcac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marte como deus antigo it\u00e1lico antes da identificaci\u00f3n con Ares<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22eefc3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp22eefc3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa573e59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa573e59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na percepci\u00f3n popular, Marte \u00e9 considerado o equivalente romano do deus grego da guerra Ares. Esta equiparaci\u00f3n \u00e9 correcta desde o punto de vista literario, pero oculta que Marte foi orixinalmente un deus it\u00e1lico independente cun \u00e1mbito de acci\u00f3n moito m\u00e1is amplo.<\/p><p>Os testemu\u00f1os m\u00e1is antigos, sobre todo o arcaico Canto dos Arvais e as referencias en Cato o Vello, mostran un deus tan responsable da protecci\u00f3n dos campos, do gando e das lindes como da guerra.<\/p><p>Cato transmite na s\u00faa obra <em>De agri cultura<\/em> unha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A direcci\u00f3n ling\u00fc\u00edstica do ser humano cara a unha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">oraci\u00f3n<\/span> que encarga a un labrego que pida a Marte a protecci\u00f3n da s\u00faa granxa, da s\u00faa familia e do seu gando, e que lle ofreza a cambio un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrenda a unha divindade para expresar agradecemento, petici\u00f3n ou veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrificio<\/span> triple, a chamada <em>suovetaurilia<\/em>, composta por un porco, unha ovella e un touro.<\/p><p>Nesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A direcci\u00f3n ling\u00fc\u00edstica do ser humano cara a unha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">oraci\u00f3n<\/span>, Marte aparece como forza protectora contra a enfermidade, a infertilidade e as tormentas. Esta faceta agr\u00edcola forma parte do n\u00facleo do antigo culto a Marte e non \u00e9 en absoluto un aspecto marxinal.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n explica de diversas maneiras este amplo \u00e1mbito de competencias. Unha interpretaci\u00f3n considera que Marte foi orixinalmente un deus protector xeral da comunidade, cuxa funci\u00f3n defensiva se manifestaba cara ao exterior como acci\u00f3n b\u00e9lica e cara ao interior como protecci\u00f3n dos campos e do gando.<\/p><p>O Marte it\u00e1lico estaba, as\u00ed, menos especializado que o Ares grego, quen no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de deuses dunha relixi\u00f3n ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3n<\/span> grego seguiu sendo unha figura marxinal, puramente guerreira e pouco apreciada.<\/p><p>Foi s\u00f3 a equiparaci\u00f3n literaria da \u00e9poca helen\u00edstica e imperial a que relegou a un segundo plano as antigas funci\u00f3ns de Marte. Para comprender o Marte romano \u00e9, por tanto, importante non tomar o modelo grego como referencia do conxunto.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbe049f5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbe049f5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2341e5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2341e5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marte como pai fundador de Roma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp384072b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp384072b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp928dcb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp928dcb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marte ocupa unha posici\u00f3n xeneal\u00f3xica especial na autopercepci\u00f3n romana. \u00c9 considerado o pai dos xemelgos R\u00f3mulo e Remo e, por tanto, o antepasado do pobo romano.<\/p><p>Segundo a lenda fundacional transmitida por Tito Livio e outros autores, a vestal Rea Silvia deu a luz aos xemelgos, froito de Marte. As criaturas foron abandonadas, amamantadas por unha loba, animal sagrado de Marte, e criadas por un pastor. R\u00f3mulo fundou m\u00e1is tarde a cidade.<\/p><p>Esta ascendencia converteu a Marte nun deus din\u00e1stico e pol\u00edtico, non s\u00f3 nunha forza natural. A <em>gens Iulia<\/em>, a familia de C\u00e9sar e, polo tanto, tam\u00e9n de Augusto, remontaba a s\u00faa orixe a Venus a trav\u00e9s de Eneas, pero o v\u00ednculo de Roma con Marte no seu conxunto seguiu sendo un elemento fixo da ideolox\u00eda do Estado.<\/p><p>Augusto ampliou esta li\u00f1a ao constru\u00edr o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edificio destinado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> de <em>Mars Ultor<\/em>, o Vengador, convert\u00e9ndoo no centro do seu novo foro. O sobrenome <em>Ultor<\/em> estaba ligado \u00e1 vinganza polo asasinato de C\u00e9sar e \u00e1 recuperaci\u00f3n dos estandartes militares capturados polos partos.<\/p><p>O paxaro pico sagrado de Marte, o <em>picus Martius<\/em>, e o lobo figuraban entre os animais a trav\u00e9s dos cales o deus actuou na lenda fundacional. Tam\u00e9n o mes de marzo, en lat\u00edn <em>Martius<\/em>, leva o seu nome e era considerado no antigo calendario romano o comezo do ano e da tempada de campa\u00f1as militares.<\/p><p>Esta imbricaci\u00f3n entre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span>, calendario e historia pol\u00edtica fai de Marte un deus cuxo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de pr\u00e1cticas relixiosas de veneraci\u00f3n cara a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> estaba estreitamente ligado \u00e1 identidade da cidade. A diferenza de moitas outras divindades, no seu caso a veneraci\u00f3n \u00eda m\u00e1is al\u00e1 e inclu\u00eda o propio relato de orixe da comunidade.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb74b0a2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpb74b0a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1d5d03e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp1d5d03e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os Salios e o culto aos escudos sagrados<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe517ad6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe517ad6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9594cbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9594cbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Entre as instituci\u00f3ns m\u00e1is singulares do culto romano a Marte estaban os Salios, un colexio sacerdotal de doce membros, reservado exclusivamente aos patricios. O seu nome der\u00edvase do lat\u00edn <em>salire<\/em>, saltar ou bailar, xa que o seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha secuencia regrada de acci\u00f3ns simb\u00f3licas con significado relixioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> consist\u00eda basicamente nunha danza armada polas r\u00faas da cidade.<\/p><p>Os Salios desfilaban sobre todo en marzo, o mes de Marte, con vestimenta arcaica, con casco de bronce, unha espada curta, un manto pintado e un escudo sagrado no brazo.<\/p><p>Estes escudos, os <em>ancilia<\/em>, eran o centro do ritual. Segundo a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecementos e relatos a trav\u00e9s das xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span>, un deles caera do ceo, como garant\u00eda da pervivencia de Roma. Para que non puidese ser roubado, o lendario rei Numa Pompilio mandou fabricar once r\u00e9plicas id\u00e9nticas.<\/p><p>Os Salios custodiaban os doce escudos e port\u00e1banos nas s\u00faas procesi\u00f3ns. A danza \u00eda acompa\u00f1ada do canto do <em>carmen Saliare<\/em>, emparentado co Canto dos Arvais, un texto tan arcaico que xa os propios romanos da \u00e9poca cl\u00e1sica case non o entend\u00edan.<\/p><p>Os Salios marcaban o comezo e o final da tempada de campa\u00f1as militares. Os seus ritos de marzo abr\u00edan o per\u00edodo no que se pod\u00eda facer a guerra, e outro <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha secuencia regrada de acci\u00f3ns simb\u00f3licas con significado relixioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> en outubro pechaba ese per\u00edodo. Esta integraci\u00f3n no ciclo anual mostra unha vez m\u00e1is como Marte se situaba entre a esfera guerreira e a agr\u00edcola.<\/p><p>Para a investigaci\u00f3n, os Salios son valiosos porque conservaron unha peza moi antiga da relixi\u00f3n romana, preservada tanto na lingua como na forma. Boa parte do seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha secuencia regrada de acci\u00f3ns simb\u00f3licas con significado relixioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> permaneceu escura mesmo para os autores da Antig\u00fcidade, o que fai que as fontes conservadas sexan, en consecuencia, fragmentarias.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd54e62c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd54e62c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6a874e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6a874e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Santuarios, o Campo de Marte e as festas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp556b925 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp556b925\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp06323e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp06323e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A vinculaci\u00f3n topogr\u00e1fica de Marte en Roma era pouco habitual. Segundo a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e relatos ao longo de xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span>, o seu lugar de culto m\u00e1is antigo situ\u00e1base f\u00f3ra do territorio propiamente urbano, no <em>Campus Martius<\/em>, o campo de Marte na volta do T\u00edber. Esta localizaci\u00f3n ti\u00f1a unha raz\u00f3n de dereito sacro: os homes armados e o ex\u00e9rcito non pod\u00edan atravesar o pomerio, a fronteira sagrada da cidade.<\/p><p>Por iso o campo de Marte era o lugar destinado ao recrutamento, aos exercicios militares, \u00e1 asemblea popular na s\u00faa forma armada e ao censo. Foi Augusto quen, co <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edificio destinado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> de <em>Mars Ultor<\/em> no seu foro, situou demostrativamente ao deus no centro da cidade.<\/p><p>O calendario festivo de Marte concentr\u00e1base en marzo e outubro. En marzo celebr\u00e1banse varias festas, entre elas carreiras de cabalos e a festa das <em>Quinquatrus<\/em>, na que, entre outras cousas, se limpaban as armas sagradas.<\/p><p>Outubro remataba co <em>October equus<\/em>, un sacrificio de cabalo no que o cabalo dereito da parella vencedora era ofrecido a Marte. O seu rabo era levado con rapidez \u00e1 Regia, un edificio de antiga veneraci\u00f3n no foro, onde o sangue deb\u00eda caer gota a gota sobre o lume. Sobre a interpretaci\u00f3n exacta deste <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha acci\u00f3n relixiosa fixa e repetida.\" tabindex=\"0\">rito<\/span> xa discut\u00edan os eruditos antigos.<\/p><p>Na Regia gard\u00e1banse tam\u00e9n as <em>hastae Martiae<\/em>, lanzas sagradas de Marte. Segundo a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecemento e relatos ao longo de xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span>, un xeneral toc\u00e1baas antes de sa\u00edr \u00e1 campa\u00f1a pronunciando as palabras que ped\u00edan ao deus que velase por eles.<\/p><p>Se as lanzas se mov\u00edan por si mesmas, consider\u00e1base un presaxio ameazante. Esta vinculaci\u00f3n entre obxecto de culto, lugar e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha acci\u00f3n relixiosa fixa e repetida.\" tabindex=\"0\">rito<\/span> mostra que o culto a Marte en Roma non era un sistema de crenzas abstracto, sen\u00f3n que estaba firmemente ligado a lugares e obxectos que condicionaban a vida p\u00fablica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf5ff2a6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf5ff2a6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8a78867 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp8a78867\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marte nas provincias e a fusi\u00f3n con deuses locais<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0c42560 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0c42560\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0be426b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0be426b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Coa expansi\u00f3n do imperio romano, tam\u00e9n se estendeu o culto a Marte, a\u00ednda que raramente permaneceu inalterado. Nas provincias, especialmente na Galia, Britania e ao longo do Rin, Marte fundiuse en moitos casos con divindades locais.<\/p><p>Este procedemento, denominado pola investigaci\u00f3n <em>interpretatio Romana<\/em>, deu lugar a un gran n\u00famero de ep\u00edtetos de Marte que aparecen en inscrici\u00f3ns votivas. Cabe citar, por exemplo, <em>Mars Lenus<\/em> en Trier, <em>Mars Camulus<\/em> na \u00e1rea celta ou <em>Mars Thingsus<\/em> en Britania, vinculado a unha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> xerm\u00e1nica.<\/p><p>Chama a atenci\u00f3n que o Marte provincial se presenta con frecuencia m\u00e1is como deus curador e protector que como deus da guerra. <em>Mars Lenus<\/em>, por exemplo, era unha importante divindade curadora cun grande recinto de templo.<\/p><p>Este desprazamento de \u00e9nfase expl\u00edcase en parte polas caracter\u00edsticas dos deuses locais cos que se identificaba a Marte, e en parte pola ampla funci\u00f3n protectora do Marte antiguo it\u00e1lico xa mencionada. O deus ofrec\u00eda un punto de conexi\u00f3n precisamente porque non estaba definido dun modo puramente guerreiro.<\/p><p>Os cultos provinciais son importantes para a investigaci\u00f3n porque mostran como funcionaba a relixi\u00f3n romana no encontro con tradici\u00f3ns locais. Non era un sistema r\u00edxido que simplemente se impuxese, sen\u00f3n que permit\u00eda dirixirse a divindades xa existentes en forma romana.<\/p><p>Os numerosos altares votivos, inscrici\u00f3ns e recintos de templo que os arque\u00f3logos desenterraron sobre todo no noroeste de Europa constit\u00faen unha ampla base documental. Po\u00f1en de manifesto que un \u00fanico nome, Marte, pod\u00eda abarcar na pr\u00e1ctica todo un conxunto de concepci\u00f3ns divinas rexionalmente diferentes. Non \u00e9 posible deducir de a\u00ed unha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> unificada do Marte provincial.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6b1a899 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6b1a899\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9c89b19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9c89b19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pervivencia: Marte na astrolox\u00eda, na arte e na cultura moderna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfe0e252 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpfe0e252\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp92dc409 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp92dc409\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>M\u00e1is all\u00e1 da relixi\u00f3n da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre o 800 a.C. e o 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antig\u00fcidade<\/span>, Marte perviviu sobre todo como deus planetario. O planeta avermellado leva o seu nome desde a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre o 800 a.C. e o 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antig\u00fcidade<\/span>, e na tradici\u00f3n astrol\u00f3xica que, a trav\u00e9s de intermediarios da Antig\u00fcidade tard\u00eda e do mundo \u00e1rabe, chegou \u00e1 Europa medieval, Marte era considerado o astro da guerra, da agresividade e do ferro.<\/p><p>Nesta funci\u00f3n aparece en numerosas representaci\u00f3ns medievais e da primeira Idade Moderna, como as imaxes dos \u00abfillos dos planetas\u00bb, que mostraban que tipo de persoas e actividades se asociaban a Marte, entre elas soldados, ferreiros e carniceiros.<\/p><p>Na arte do Renacemento e do Barroco, Marte represent\u00e1base xeralmente segundo o modelo do grego Ares, con frecuencia en compa\u00f1\u00eda de Venus.<\/p><p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> <em>Marte e Venus<\/em>, que representa a doma da guerra pola forza do amor, aparece entre outros en Botticelli, Veronese e Rubens. Esta tradici\u00f3n ic\u00f3nica remite menos ao antigo deus protector it\u00e1lico que \u00e1 fusi\u00f3n literaria co <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> grego.<\/p><p>Tam\u00e9n na lingua Marte segue presente hoxe en d\u00eda. O adxectivo marcial der\u00edvase do seu nome, as\u00ed como o nome do mes de marzo en moitas linguas europeas. Na cultura popular moderna, Marte aparece como planeta e como personaxe na literatura, no cine e nos xogos, moitas veces reducido ao aspecto guerreiro.<\/p><p>Esta simplificaci\u00f3n corresponde m\u00e1is ao Ares grego que ao orixinal romano. Quen queira comprender o Marte hist\u00f3rico debe, por tanto, ir m\u00e1is al\u00f3 da recepci\u00f3n posterior e examinar ao deus no seu contexto antigo it\u00e1lico, no que a guerra e a protecci\u00f3n do campo eran d\u00faas caras do mesmo poder de defensa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ligaz\u00f3ns relacionadas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/roma\/\">Roma, Cultura<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda (selecci\u00f3n)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatura\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Beard, Mary \/ North, John \/ Price, Simon: <em>Religions of Rome. A History<\/em>. Cambridge University Press, 1998.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Scheid, John: <em>An Introduction to Roman Religion<\/em>. Edinburgh University Press, 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Dum\u00e9zil, Georges: <em>Archaic Roman Religion. Volume One<\/em>. University of Chicago Press, 1970.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kajanto, Iiro: <em>The God Mars in Connection with War and Death<\/em>. En: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Na relixi\u00f3n romana, o poder divino actuante nun lugar ou obxecto.\" tabindex=\"0\">Numen<\/span> 14, 1967.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1646,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Marte","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Marte \u2013 deus romano da guerra","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"A tradici\u00f3n escrita sobre Marte rem\u00f3ntase varios s\u00e9culos no pasado, con moita 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