{"id":194792,"date":"2026-09-07T09:37:38","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:37:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=194792"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"shamash","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/shamash\/","title":{"rendered":"Shamash"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"194792\" class=\"elementor elementor-194792 elementor-2081 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash, deus da tradici\u00f3n mesopot\u00e1mica<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash \u00e9 un deus da tradici\u00f3n mesopot\u00e1mica.<\/p><p><strong>Deus solar, gardi\u00e1n da xustiza, luz sobre todas as cousas.<\/strong> Shamash (en sumerio Utu) \u00e9 un dos deuses m\u00e1is profundamente venerados de Mesopotamia, non como un lume salvaxe, sen\u00f3n como unha forza radiante e constante da orde. Cada d\u00eda percorre o ceo no seu carro, ve todo o que os humanos fan en segredo e leva todo diante do tribunal. Ning\u00fan segredo permanece oculto a Shamash, ningunha inxustiza queda sen castigo.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00f3n dunha cultura, con competencias claras, forzas da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado mediante cultos, ofrendas e instituci\u00f3ns de templo.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/mesopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Berce da relixi\u00f3n documentada, Sumer, Acad, Babilonia, Asiria (aprox. 3500 a.C. at\u00e9 330 a.C.).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-197047\" alt=\"Shamash - Deuses da tradici\u00f3n de Mesopotamia, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vista r\u00e1pida: Shamash<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipo:<\/strong> Divindade principal mesopot\u00e1mica, deus solar e Xu\u00edz Divino<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto dos deuses dunha relixi\u00f3n ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00f3n<\/span>: Sumer (como Utu), Acad\/Babilonia\/Asur (como Shamash)<br>Funci\u00f3n: Sol, luz do d\u00eda, dereito, xustiza, verdade<br>Atributos principais: disco solar alado, serra (corta o falso), b\u00e1culo e anel<br>Principais lugares de culto: Sippar (lugar de culto principal, templo de E-babbar), Larsa, Ur, N\u00ednive<br>Irm\u00e1ns: Sin (L\u00faa) como pai, Inanna\/Ishtar como irm\u00e1<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historische Einordnung<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Utu\/Shamash est\u00e1 documentado desde a \u00e9poca sumeria antiga (III milenio a. C.); o deus solar foi a divindade principal de Sippar e Larsa. \u00c9poca de m\u00e1ximo esplendor da tradici\u00f3n de Shamash: per\u00edodo paleobabil\u00f3nico (a estela de Hammurabi mostra a Shamash como Xu\u00edz Divino, entregando a Hammurabi o c\u00f3digo de leis).<\/p><p>Segue sendo central no Imperio neobabil\u00f3nico e asirio. Co declive do Imperio babil\u00f3nico (s\u00e9culo I d. C.) ext\u00ednguese o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das pr\u00e1cticas de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dunha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difusi\u00f3n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principais lugares de culto: <strong>Sippar<\/strong> (hoxe Tell Abu Habba, ao norte de Babilonia) co templo solar <em>E-babbar<\/em> (&#8220;Casa Branca&#8221;), <strong>Larsa<\/strong> (ao sur, tam\u00e9n con templo E-babbar), Babilonia, N\u00ednive, Mari. Ofrendas de cinzas en milleiros de tumbas babil\u00f3nico-asirias testemu\u00f1an o alcance do culto. Nos textos b\u00edblicos aparece mencionado como <em>Shemesh<\/em> (Bet-Shemesh = &#8220;Casa do Sol&#8221;).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Fontes centrais: a <em>estela de Hammurabi<\/em> (c. 1750 a. C., Shamash entrega a lei), o pr\u00f3logo do <em>Codex Hammurabi<\/em>, o gran <em>Himno a Shamash<\/em> (paleobabil\u00f3nico), a t\u00e1boa de Nabu-apla-iddina (s\u00e9culo IX a. C., disco solar de Shamash pintado), t\u00e1boas de conxuros. Bibliograf\u00eda secundaria: Schwemer, <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens<\/em>; Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denominaci\u00f3n e formas de escritura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash repres\u00e9ntase como un home soberano con diadema resplandecente ou coroa solar, a mi\u00fado cun sol en forma de disco sobre a cabeza. S\u00e9ntase nun trono ou vai de p\u00e9 no seu carro, tirado por dous cabalos incandescentes.<\/p><p>\u00c1s veces leva unha aura de chamas ou est\u00e1 rodeado de raios de luz. O disco estelar de oito puntas (o <em>s\u00edmbolo de \u0160ama\u0161<\/em>) \u00e9 o seu emblema distintivo. Pode acompa\u00f1alo un b\u00e1culo de xu\u00edz ou unha espada de xustiza.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descrici\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash \u00e9 o deus do sol e da xustiza, d\u00faas forzas estreitamente unidas. Os xu\u00edces oraban a el antes dos xu\u00edzos para pronunciar sentenzas xustas. Os enfermos invoc\u00e1bano para a curaci\u00f3n, xa que o sol cura e purifica. O deus dos r\u00edos (Ea\/Enki) est\u00e1 baixo a supervisi\u00f3n de Shamash, pois a auga necesita a luz do sol para ser f\u00e9rtil.<\/p><p>O seu templo principal era o <em>\u00c9-babbar<\/em> (Casa do Esplendor) en Sippar, un c\u00e9lebre centro de astronom\u00eda e co\u00f1ecemento xur\u00eddico. Cada d\u00eda os sacerdotes fac\u00edan ofrendas ao amencer e rezaban polo seu regreso. Shamash non s\u00f3 era venerado, sen\u00f3n amado, o m\u00e1is fiable de todos os deuses.<\/p><h3>Aparencia e simbolox\u00eda<\/h3><p><em>Shamash<\/em> repres\u00e9ntase como un home barbudo dentro dun disco solar ou rodeado de luz resplandecente. A mi\u00fado leva vestimenta real e unha coroa que representa o disco solar. Na man sost\u00e9n \u00e1s veces un cetro de xustiza ou chamas do sol.<\/p><p>O seu corpo \u00e9 dourado e luminoso. O touro ou o cabalo son \u00e1s veces os seus animais sagrados, xa que seguen o sol. <em>Shamash<\/em> repres\u00e9ntase con frecuencia con \u00e1s ou aureolas de luz. Os catro raios do sol son o seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signo que representa unha idea ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ficha: Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os aspectos m\u00e1is importantes de Shamash dun so golpe de vista. Os seguintes campos resumen orixe, funci\u00f3n, aparencia, veneraci\u00f3n, s\u00edmbolos e paralelismos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexto cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash \u00e9 fillo do deus lunar <em>Sin<\/em> (Nanna) e de <em>Ningal<\/em>, irm\u00e1n da deusa do amor e da guerra <em>Inanna\/Ishtar<\/em>. Consorte de <em>Aya<\/em> (deusa da alba). Na orde teog\u00f3nica pertence \u00e1 segunda xeraci\u00f3n do pante\u00f3n babil\u00f3nico. No Imperio neobabil\u00f3nico chegou a ser case do mesmo rango que Marduk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obxecto de acci\u00f3n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Deus solar e xu\u00edz divino. O seu ollo ve todo, por iso preside sobre o crime e a xustiza. Os xuramentos pr\u00e9stanse &#8220;ante Shamash&#8221;; as sentenzas xudiciais son <em>dinu \u0161a Shamash<\/em> (sentenzas de Shamash). Xunto con Adad (deus da tormenta), principal transmisor das mensaxes divinas (textos de agoiros). Patr\u00f3n dos viaxeiros (especialmente de d\u00eda) e da pr\u00e1ctica adivi\u00f1atoria. Protector dos desamparados: vi\u00favas, orfos, escravos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aspecto<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antropomorfo como figura masculina barbuda cun alto tocado en forma de diadema (a mi\u00fado cun disco solar), longa vestimenta en varias capas. Atributos caracter\u00edsticos: <em>raios de sol sa\u00edndo dos ombreiros<\/em> (ou dun disco solar sobreposto), <em>serra<\/em> (na man, coa que corta o falso), <em>bast\u00f3n e anel<\/em> (insignias da xustiza).<\/p><p>Frecuentemente sentado nun trono cos raios de sol. Na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha placa de pedra ou madeira, erguida, con inscrici\u00f3ns ou imaxes.\" tabindex=\"0\">estela<\/span> de Hammurabi aparece de fronte ao rei, entreg\u00e1ndolle o c\u00f3digo legal. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signo que representa unha idea ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u00edmbolo<\/span>: disco solar alado.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O influxo de Shamash<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c1mbito de acci\u00f3n:<\/strong> Shamash era invocado por xu\u00edces, viaxeiros, adivi\u00f1os e todos os que buscaban xustiza. Antes das vistas xudiciais fac\u00edanse ofrendas. Central na adivi\u00f1aci\u00f3n: a hepatoscopia (haruspicium) e a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A interpretaci\u00f3n de signos para descubrir o oculto ou o futuro.\" tabindex=\"0\">adivi\u00f1aci\u00f3n<\/span> por aceite sobre auga (lecanomancia) eran pr\u00e1cticas ligadas a Shamash. A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O acto de dirixirse ou invocar suplicando unha divindade ou poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3n<\/span> persoal fac\u00edase antes de decisi\u00f3ns importantes, en viaxes e en pleitos xudiciais. Sippar era o destino de peregrinaci\u00f3n dos que buscaban adivi\u00f1aci\u00f3n e xustiza.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amuletos de protecci\u00f3n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Raios de sol sa\u00edndo dos ombreiros, disco solar alado, serra (que corta o falso), bast\u00f3n e anel (insignias da xustiza), alto tocado en forma de diadema, longa vestimenta, touro (animal secundario). Plantas: tamargueira. N\u00famero sagrado: 20. Direcci\u00f3n sagrada: leste (o amencer).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Seres relacionados<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Utu<\/em> (sumerio, precursor), <em>Shemesh<\/em> (hebreo), <em>Re\/Ra<\/em> (Exipto, deus solar principal), <em>Helios<\/em> (Grecia), <em>Sol<\/em> (Roma), <em>Sol Invictus<\/em> (Roma tard\u00eda), <em>S\u00fbrya<\/em> (hindu\u00edsmo), <em>Amaterasu<\/em> (Xap\u00f3n, deusa solar feminina), <em>Mithra<\/em> (persa, deus solar da xustiza). A nivel funcional, todos os deuses xu\u00edces (Yama, Anubis, aspectos de Hades) comparten funci\u00f3ns con Shamash.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Defensa pr\u00e1ctica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Rituais de veneraci\u00f3n<\/h3><p>Shamash, deus do sol e da xustiza, ti\u00f1a o seu centro de culto principal no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edificio dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> de E-babbar en Sippar (e en Larsa). As ofrendas diarias ao amencer (&#8220;nu\u1e2batim&#8221;, pans cocidos, d\u00e1tiles, cervexa) eran obriga da clase sacerdotal <em>\u0161angu<\/em>.<\/p><p>A festa do solsticio de ver\u00e1n <em>b\u012bt sab\u012bti<\/em>, con <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un desfile relixioso solemne.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesi\u00f3n<\/span> da estatua do deus at\u00e9 a ribeira do \u00c9ufrates, est\u00e1 documentada desde a \u00e9poca de Hammurabi (s\u00e9culo XVIII a.C.); tam\u00e9n o propio C\u00f3digo de Hammurabi comeza cunha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O acto de dirixirse ou invocar suplicando unha divindade ou poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3n<\/span> a Shamash como garante da xustiza (cf. Bott\u00e9ro).<\/p><h3>Invocaci\u00f3ns e himnos<\/h3><p>O \u00abGran Himno a Shamash\u00bb (BWL 121-138, Lambert), de m\u00e1is de 200 versos, \u00e9 un dos textos h\u00edmnicos m\u00e1is centrais da relixi\u00f3n acadia. As invocaci\u00f3ns matinais diarias comezaban con \u00ab\u0160ama\u0161 mu\u0161t\u0113\u0161er kibr\u0101t\u00bb (Shamash, que gobernas as catro rexi\u00f3ns do mundo). Antes dos procesos xudiciais, Shamash era invocado como testemu\u00f1a ocular.<\/p><h3>Amuletos e s\u00edmbolos de protecci\u00f3n<\/h3><p>Os s\u00edmbolos solares (disco solar alado, estrela de catro puntas nun c\u00edrculo) aparecen en cilindros-selo babil\u00f3nicos (cf. Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>). As placas solares de cornalina ou cuarzo lev\u00e1banse como protecci\u00f3n contra a enfermidade e a inxustiza. O anel solar de doce raios (Babilonia, s\u00e9culo VII a.C.) simboliza a omnipresenza de Shamash.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash, paralelismos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash asemella ao exipcio Ra ou At\u00f3n, ambos deuses solares con visi\u00f3n total. Con Apolo, o deus grego, comparte aspectos de orde e curaci\u00f3n. Ao deus hebreo \u00e1laselle a veces con funci\u00f3ns propias de Shamash, o que todo o ve e xulga.<\/p><p>Nas culturas indias asemella a Surya, o deus solar, ou a Mitra, deus dos pactos e da xustiza. Shamash segue sendo en todas as culturas unha figura central da orde e da luz.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbf8fe6e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbf8fe6e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5b3c70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc5b3c70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O C\u00f3digo de Hammurabi e o sol como xu\u00edz<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcd489b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpcd489b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa50d0d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa50d0d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A relaci\u00f3n m\u00e1is co\u00f1ecida entre Shamash e a xustiza real m\u00f3strase no relevo da parte superior da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha placa de pedra ou madeira, erguida, con inscrici\u00f3ns ou imaxes.\" tabindex=\"0\">estela<\/span> do <em>C\u00f3digo de Hammurabi<\/em>, hoxe no Louvre. Repres\u00e9ntase ao rei babil\u00f3nico Hammurabi de p\u00e9 ante un deus entronizado.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n m\u00e1is antiga interpretou durante moito tempo a figura como Shamash, porque do deus xorden raios dos ombreiros e entrega un anel e un bast\u00f3n, insignias que na iconograf\u00eda mesopot\u00e1mica se asociaban \u00e1 transmisi\u00f3n da autoridade legal. Alg\u00fans investigadores propuxeron alternativamente a Marduk, pero os atributos radiantes apuntan a Shamash.<\/p><p>En canto ao contido, a escena encaixa co propio sentido do texto. No pr\u00f3logo e no ep\u00edlogo do C\u00f3digo, Hammurabi afirma repetidamente que estableceu o dereito no pa\u00eds, e Shamash aparece al\u00ed como o deus que garante o dereito e a xustiza.<\/p><p>O deus solar ve todo o que ocorre durante o d\u00eda, e esa omnividencia converteuno na representaci\u00f3n mesopot\u00e1mica no garante natural do xuramento, do contrato e da sentenza.<\/p><p>Este papel \u00e9 anterior a Hammurabi. Xa nos himnos sumerios a Utu, o precursor de Shamash, o deus \u00e9 invocado para descubrir a inxustiza e axudar ao oprimido. En documentos xudiciais e f\u00f3rmulas de xuramento do segundo e primeiro milenio, o seu nome aparece con regularidade. Quen quebraba un xuramento ante Shamash expo\u00f1\u00edase ao seu castigo.<\/p><p>A vinculaci\u00f3n entre a met\u00e1fora da luz e a idea de xustiza, a luz que sae o oculto \u00e1 luz do d\u00eda, aparece nas fontes de forma tan sistem\u00e1tica que pode considerarse un trazo fundamental da concepci\u00f3n divina mesopot\u00e1mica. Isto mostra tam\u00e9n at\u00e9 que punto estaban entrelazadas a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concepci\u00f3n, propia dunha cultura, sobre a estrutura e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmolox\u00eda<\/span> e a orde social nesta cultura.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2921025 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2921025\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a869b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a869b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sippar e Larsa: os grandes centros de culto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40bfd84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp40bfd84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb809579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb809579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash ti\u00f1a dous templos principais, ambos co nome <em>E-babbar<\/em>, a casa brillante ou branca. Un estaba en Sippar, no norte de Babilonia, e o outro en Larsa, no sur. Ambas as cidades foron consideradas durante milenios os lugares centrais do culto solar, e os seus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edificio dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> foron restaurados e dotados por numerosos gobernantes.<\/p><p>Para Sippar a documentaci\u00f3n \u00e9 especialmente boa. As escavaci\u00f3ns proporcionaron amplos arquivos do templo da \u00e9poca paleobabil\u00f3nica e neobabil\u00f3nica, que ofrecen unha visi\u00f3n da econom\u00eda, a administraci\u00f3n e o persoal do santuario. Un obxecto moi citado \u00e9 a chamada T\u00e1bola do Sol de Nabu-apla-iddina, unha placa de pedra do s\u00e9culo IX antes da nosa era.<\/p><p>Mostra en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha representaci\u00f3n esculpida en relevo sobre unha superficie.\" tabindex=\"0\">relevo<\/span> a Shamash entronizado e narra no texto como o rei, tras un longo per\u00edodo de abandono, mandou facer unha nova <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Representaci\u00f3n visual dunha divindade venerada no templo ou santuario.\" tabindex=\"0\">imaxe de culto<\/span> do deus, despois de que se atopase un antigo modelo de barro. O texto documenta as\u00ed a preocupaci\u00f3n pola correcta restauraci\u00f3n dunha imaxe de culto perdida.<\/p><p>En Larsa, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conxunto das pr\u00e1cticas relixiosas de veneraci\u00f3n dunha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> a Shamash co\u00f1eceu un auxe baixo reis como Rim-Sin. Tam\u00e9n aqu\u00ed os gobernantes fixeron renovar o E-babbar, e as inscrici\u00f3ns de construci\u00f3n rexistran as s\u00faas doaz\u00f3ns. A continuidade \u00e9 notable: mesmo o rei neobabil\u00f3nico Nabonido, co\u00f1ecido sobre todo polo seu fomento do deus lunar Sin, coidou dos templos solares de ambas as cidades.<\/p><p>A duplicaci\u00f3n dos centros de culto no norte e no sur reflicte a estrutura xeogr\u00e1fica de Babilonia e asegurou ao deus solar unha presenza en todo o territorio, que o elevou por riba dos v\u00ednculos locais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpda201f0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpda201f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3bb6221 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3bb6221\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash na adivi\u00f1aci\u00f3n e na Epopea de Gilgamesh<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp60b57ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp60b57ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3fcf874 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3fcf874\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Al\u00e9n do seu papel como xu\u00edz, Shamash era o deus da adivi\u00f1aci\u00f3n polas entra\u00f1as e da pr\u00e1ctica oracular. A adivi\u00f1aci\u00f3n mesopot\u00e1mica polo f\u00edgado, na que os sacerdotes l\u00edan sinais no f\u00edgado dos animais sacrificados, dirix\u00eda as s\u00faas consultas con frecuencia a Shamash xunto co deus da tormenta Adad.<\/p><p>As chamadas oraci\u00f3ns de consulta sacrificial, denominadas na investigaci\u00f3n textos <em>tamitu<\/em> ou consultas ao <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lugar ou instituci\u00f3n onde se obt\u00e9n unha resposta divina.\" tabindex=\"0\">or\u00e1culo<\/span>, formulaban preguntas concretas, por exemplo se unha campa\u00f1a militar ter\u00eda \u00e9xito, e ped\u00edan ao deus que escribise a s\u00faa resposta nas entra\u00f1as. As\u00ed, Shamash non era s\u00f3 quen desvelaba as inxustizas existentes, sen\u00f3n tam\u00e9n quen revelaba o oculto sobre o futuro.<\/p><p>Na <em>Epopea de Gilgamesh<\/em>, Shamash aparece como deus protector dos heroes. Antes da expedici\u00f3n contra Humbaba, o gardi\u00e1n do bosque de cedros, Gilgamesh dir\u00edxese ao deus solar e p\u00eddelle axuda. Shamash env\u00eda ent\u00f3n ventos que someten a Humbaba e dan ao heroe a vantaxe decisiva.<\/p><p>M\u00e1is tarde, cando Enkidu est\u00e1 a punto de morrer e pronuncia a s\u00faa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f3rmula verbal coa que se pretende causar dano a unha persoa ou cousa.\" tabindex=\"0\">maldici\u00f3n<\/span> contra a prostituta que o levou \u00e1 civilizaci\u00f3n, \u00e9 Shamash quen o reprende e lle lembra o ben que lle sucedeu. Enkidu retira ent\u00f3n a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f3rmula verbal coa que se pretende causar dano a unha persoa ou cousa.\" tabindex=\"0\">maldici\u00f3n<\/span>.<\/p><p>Estes episodios mostran a Shamash como unha instancia ordenadora e moderadora dentro do relato. Non interv\u00e9n de forma arbitraria, sen\u00f3n que sost\u00e9n a quen se dirixe a el e chama \u00e1 reflexi\u00f3n onde ameaza a desmesura. As\u00ed, o seu papel na epopea encaixa co retrato global que trazan os himnos e os textos xur\u00eddicos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66f75a0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp66f75a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp846bc1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp846bc1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De Utu a Shamash: etimolox\u00eda e ra\u00edces sumerias<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7fc2d21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7fc2d21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp61cd3cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp61cd3cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O nome Shamash \u00e9 a palabra acadia para sol e pertence a unha ra\u00edz com\u00fan sem\u00edtica, que aparece de forma relacionada tam\u00e9n en hebreo como <em>shemesh<\/em>, en \u00e1rabe como <em>shams<\/em> e noutras linguas sem\u00edticas. O deus e o astro celeste levan, as\u00ed, o mesmo nome, o que subli\u00f1a a estreita relaci\u00f3n entre o fen\u00f3meno natural e a figura divina.<\/p><p>O predecesor sumerio cham\u00e1base Utu. Coa fusi\u00f3n da relixi\u00f3n sumeria e acadia ao longo do terceiro e segundo milenio, Utu e Shamash foron amplamente equiparados, sen que a figura m\u00e1is antiga desaparecese por completo. En textos biling\u00fces, ambos os nomes aparecen xuntos.<\/p><p>Xa na \u00e9poca sumeria, Utu era considerado fillo do deus lunar Nanna e de Ningal, e irm\u00e1n de Inanna, a posterior Ishtar. Estas relaci\u00f3ns familiares foron asumidas nos textos acadios: Shamash \u00e9 fillo de Sin e irm\u00e1n de Ishtar.<\/p><p>Resulta notable a posici\u00f3n do sol como fillo da l\u00faa. En moitas outras mitolox\u00edas, ao contrario, o sol \u00e9 considerado o astro de maior rango ou m\u00e1is antigo. A disposici\u00f3n mesopot\u00e1mica expl\u00edcase a mi\u00fado polo feito de que o deus lunar posu\u00eda en Ur un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conxunto das pr\u00e1cticas relixiosas de veneraci\u00f3n dunha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> particularmente antigo e prestixioso.<\/p><p>A xenealox\u00eda reflicte, as\u00ed, m\u00e1is a historia dos centros de culto que unha astronom\u00eda sistem\u00e1tica. Tam\u00e9n a escrita do nome resulta esclarecedora: o signo do sol pod\u00eda lerse tanto como Utu en sumerio como Shamash en acadio, polo que os textos moitas veces deixan aberta a forma ling\u00fc\u00edstica que o escriba ti\u00f1a en mente.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75cc266 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp75cc266\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa19f12f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa19f12f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3n: o deus solar no estudo do Antigo Oriente<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa0bc082 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa0bc082\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp636a807 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp636a807\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash \u00e9 unha das divindades que se volveron a co\u00f1ecer axi\u00f1a coa desciframento da escritura cuneiforme no s\u00e9culo dezanove.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha placa de pedra ou madeira erguida, inscrita ou decorada con imaxes.\" tabindex=\"0\">estela<\/span> do <em>Codex Hammurapi<\/em>, atopada en 1901 e 1902 por unha expedici\u00f3n francesa en Susa, converteu a imaxe do deus entronizado con raios nos ombreiros nunha das representaci\u00f3ns m\u00e1is co\u00f1ecidas de todo o Antigo Oriente. Aparece reproducida en innumerables manuais e segue marcando hoxe en d\u00eda a idea popular da relixi\u00f3n mesopot\u00e1mica.<\/span><\/p><p>No debate cient\u00edfico predominou durante moito tempo a cuesti\u00f3n de canto se relacionaba o culto solar mesopot\u00e1mico coas concepci\u00f3ns xur\u00eddicas e se esa relaci\u00f3n se estend\u00eda a culturas veci\u00f1as.<\/p><p>Os historiadores das relixi\u00f3ns discutiron paralelismos con met\u00e1foras xur\u00eddicas da luz en textos sem\u00edticos occidentais e b\u00edblicos, por exemplo onde a xustiza e a salvaci\u00f3n se comparan co sa\u00edr do sol. Tales comparaci\u00f3ns deben facerse con cautela, xa que met\u00e1foras semellantes poden xurdir de forma independente, mais o testemu\u00f1o mesopot\u00e1mico est\u00e1 especialmente ben documentado dada a cantidade de fontes.<\/p><p>Para o co\u00f1ecemento moderno son fundamentais as edici\u00f3ns dos himnos e oraci\u00f3ns, entre elas o grande himno a Shamash, transmitido en varios testemu\u00f1os textuais, que loa extensamente ao deus como vixiante omnisciente da xustiza.<\/p><p>Foi traducido e comentado en repetidas ocasi\u00f3ns e consid\u00e9rase un dos textos relixiosos m\u00e1is impresionantes de Mesopotamia. Quen se interese polo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto dos deuses dunha relixi\u00f3n ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3n<\/span> mesopot\u00e1mico pode partir de Shamash para explorar figuras relacionadas, como o seu pai <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/sin-deus-lunar-de-ur-e-harran\/\">Sin<\/a> ou a s\u00faa irm\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/ishtar\/\">Ishtar<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ligaz\u00f3ns relacionadas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/ishtar\/\">Ishtar, irm\u00e1<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/marduk\/\">Marduk, superior no pante\u00f3n neobabil\u00f3nico<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/mesopotamia\/\">Mesopotamia, panorama do pante\u00f3n<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/altas-divindades\/\">Divindades supremas, subcategor\u00eda<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/deuses\/\">Deuses, panorama de clases<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda (selecci\u00f3n)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Schwemer, Daniel: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em>. Wiesbaden 2001.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Roth, Martha T.: <em>Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor<\/em>. Atlanta 1995 (Codex Hammurabi).<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (lema &bdquo;Shamash&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e1is obras de referencia na <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/literatura\/\">bibliograf\u00eda<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1637,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Shamash","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Shamash \u2013 deus solar e gardi\u00e1n da xustiza","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Shamash, deus solar mesopot\u00e1mico e gardi\u00e1n da xustiza. O seu papel no C\u00f3digo de Hammurabi, templos en Sippar e Larsa, viaxe diaria polo ceo.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-194792","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Shamash \u2013 deus solar e gardi\u00e1n da xustiza<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Shamash, deus solar mesopot\u00e1mico e gardi\u00e1n da xustiza. 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