{"id":194748,"date":"2026-09-07T09:37:28","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:37:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=194748"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"shiva","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/shiva\/","title":{"rendered":"Shiva"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"194748\" class=\"elementor elementor-194748 elementor-1994 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shiva, deus da tradici\u00f3n hind\u00fa<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva \u00e9 deus da tradici\u00f3n hind\u00fa.<\/p><p><strong>O destrutor e renovador, o deus danzante da meditaci\u00f3n.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00f3n dunha cultura, con competencias claras, forzas naturais, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado mediante cultos, ofrendas e instituci\u00f3ns templarias.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/hinduismo\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mundos de deuses, asuras e protecci\u00f3n hind\u00fas, dende o v\u00e9dico ao t\u00e1ntrico.\">Hindu\u00edsmo<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196956\" alt=\"Shiva \u2013 gran deus hind\u00fa da destruci\u00f3n e a renovaci\u00f3n\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva \u00e9 un dos tres deuses da Trimurti, a tr\u00edade c\u00f3smica que crea, mant\u00e9n e destr\u00fae o universo. Co seu terceiro ollo, que converte mundos en cinza, cun tridente na man e serpes ao redor do pescozo, Shiva danza o *Nataraja*, a Danza C\u00f3smica, que trastorna o tempo, o espazo e a materia.<\/p><p>Un deus de extremos: o asceta salvaxe na cova do Himalaia, e \u00e1 vez o esposo amoroso de Parvati e pai de Ganesha.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil breve: Shiva<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipo:<\/strong> Divindade principal hind\u00fa, aniquilador e transformador (Trimurti), patr\u00f3n dos ascetas<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de deuses dunha relixi\u00f3n ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00f3n<\/span>: Hindu\u00edsmo (especialmente o Shaivismo, unha das d\u00faas maiores confesi\u00f3ns hind\u00fas)<br>Funci\u00f3n: aniquilaci\u00f3n e reconstruci\u00f3n do universo, danza c\u00f3smica, ioga, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3n ritual-relixiosa do hindu\u00edsmo e o budismo baseada na doutrina das polaridades de enerx\u00eda.\">tantra<\/span><br>Atributos principais: Trishula (tridente), Damaru (tambor), terceiro ollo, serpes, media l\u00faa, taparrabo de pel de tigre<br>Principais centros de culto: Varanasi (Kashi-Vishwanath), monte Kailash (T\u00edbet), Kedarnath, Rameswaram, os 12 Jyotirlingas<br>Principais manifestaci\u00f3ns: Nataraja (danzar\u00edn c\u00f3smico), Bhairava (feroz), Ardhanarishvara (andr\u00f3xino), Lingam (s\u00edmbolo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signo que representa unha idea ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">simb\u00f3lico<\/span> sen forma)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contextualizaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva desenv\u00f3lvese a partir do deus v\u00e9dico da tormenta e a curaci\u00f3n <em>Rudra<\/em> (Rigveda, 1200&ndash;900 a. C.); nos himnos v\u00e9dicos, Rudra \u00e9 a\u00ednda unha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> perif\u00e9rica e temida. Ascende a divindade principal nos <em>Pur\u00e2\u1e47as<\/em> (especialmente o <em>\u015aiva Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em> e o <em>Linga Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em>, s\u00e9culos IV a X d. C.).<\/p><p>O gran florecemento das tradici\u00f3ns t\u00e1ntricas shaivas d\u00e1se a partir do s\u00e9culo VIII (K\u00e2p\u00e2lika, K\u00e2l\u00e2mukha, Shaiva-Siddh\u00e2nta, escola Trikasamb\u00e2ndha do Shaivismo de Caxemira con Abhinavagupta). Na terra tamil destaca o importante corpus bhakti dos <em>N\u00e2yan\u00e2rs<\/em> (s\u00e9culos VI a IX). Hoxe \u00e9 unha das tres principais divindades hind\u00fas, xunto con Vishnu e Devi; a tradici\u00f3n shaiva abrangue cerca dun terzo de todos os hind\u00fas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difusi\u00f3n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principais lugares de culto: <strong>Varanasi<\/strong> (Kashi, co templo Kashi-Vishwanath, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edificio dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> considerado un dos lugares m\u00e1is sagrados do hindu\u00edsmo, onde se di que morrer garante o acceso directo ao Mok&#7779;a), <strong>Mt. Kailash<\/strong> (no T\u00edbet occidental, a s\u00faa residencia m\u00edtica), <strong>Kedarnath<\/strong> (Uttarakhand, Himalaia), <strong>Rameswaram<\/strong> (Tamil Nadu, un dos catro lugares de peregrinaxe do Char Dham).<\/p><p>Os <em>Doce Jyotirlingas<\/em> forman unha cadea principal de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha persoa que emprende unha viaxe de motivaci\u00f3n relixiosa a un lugar sagrado.\" tabindex=\"0\">peregrinaci\u00f3n<\/span> que abrangue xeograficamente a India: Somnath, Mallikarjuna, Mahakaleshwar (Ujjain), Omkareshwar, Kedarnath, Bhimashankar, Kashi-Vishwanath, Trimbakeshwar, Vaidyanath, Nageshwar, Rameshwar, Ghushmeshwar. Na rexi\u00f3n tamil, <strong>Chidambaram<\/strong>, como centro de culto a Nataraja, \u00e9 o punto teol\u00f3xico central da tradici\u00f3n shaiva tamil. A nivel internacional, en calquera <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edificio dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> hind\u00fa con veneraci\u00f3n do lingam.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Fontes centrais: <em>Rigveda<\/em> (himnos de Rudra, especialmente Rg.V. 2.33), o <em>\u015aiva Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em>, <em>Linga Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em>, <em>Skanda Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em>, <em>K\u00fbrma Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em>. Textos t\u00e1ntricos: <em>Vij\u00f1\u00e2na Bhairava T\u00e2ntra<\/em>, <em>M\u00e2linivijayottara T\u00e2ntra<\/em>, <em>Svacchanda T\u00e2ntra<\/em>, <em>Netra T\u00e2ntra<\/em>. Bhakti tamil: <em>Tev\u00e2ram<\/em> dos tres N\u00e2yan\u00e2rs (Sambandar, Appar, Sundarar) e <em>Tiruv\u00e2cakam<\/em> de Manikkav\u00e2cakar.<\/p><p>Shaivismo de Caxemira: <em>Tantr\u00e2loka<\/em> de Abhinavagupta. Bibliograf\u00eda secundaria: Doniger, <em>Asceticism and Eroticism in the Mythology of \u015aiva<\/em> (cl\u00e1sica); Sanderson, <em>The \u015aaiva Age<\/em>; Kramrisch, <em>The Presence of \u015aiva<\/em>; Michaels, <em>Der Hinduismus<\/em>.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e variantes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva repres\u00e9ntase como un deus de pescozo azulado, moitas veces nu ou vestido con pel de tigre, o cabelo recollido nun n\u00f3 do que cae unha media l\u00faa e o r\u00edo Ganga. O seu terceiro ollo, vertical na fronte, conv\u00e9rtese en arma cando se enfurece.<\/p><p>No cabelo de Shiva habitan a l\u00faa e a propia Ganga. Leva un tridente (Trishula), un pequeno tambor (Damaru) e serpes como adorno. O lingam, unha forma abstracta e f\u00e1lica, \u00e9 o seu s\u00edmbolo de veneraci\u00f3n principal. A cinsa (Vibhuti) na s\u00faa pel remite \u00e1 renuncia e \u00e1 destruci\u00f3n c\u00f3smica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trazos caracter\u00edsticos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva representa a conciencia c\u00f3smica que destr\u00fae creativamente para renovar. A s\u00faa danza <em>Nataraja<\/em> non \u00e9 cruel, sen\u00f3n necesaria: sen destruci\u00f3n non hai renacemento. Na meditaci\u00f3n, iogues e ascetas identif\u00edcanse con Shiva; <em>Om Namah Shivaya<\/em> \u00e9 o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f3rmula ritual de s\u00edlabas ou palabras repetida con efecto transformador; central nas tradici\u00f3ns indias, adaptada en Occidente como pr\u00e1ctica de decreto.\">mantra<\/span> central do Shaivismo.<\/p><p>Shivaratri, a \u00abnoite de Shiva\u00bb, cel\u00e9brase anualmente con vixilias nocturnas, festas e a veneraci\u00f3n do lingam. Os lingams en templos como o de Varanasi son centros de intensa devoci\u00f3n e peregrinaxe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil: Shiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os aspectos m\u00e1is importantes de Shiva (\u015aiva) nunha ollada. Os seguintes apartados resumen orixe, funci\u00f3n, aparencia, veneraci\u00f3n, s\u00edmbolos e paralelismos culturais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexto cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva xurdiu nunha tradici\u00f3n do incriado <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo, o ser absoluto, sen forma nin atributos; nas Upanishads reflexionado como fundamento de todas as manifestaci\u00f3ns.\">Brahman<\/span> por si mesmo, e noutra tradici\u00f3n como fillo da creaci\u00f3n de Brahma. Esposo de <em>Parvati<\/em>, tam\u00e9n presente nos aspectos de <em>Sati<\/em> (primeira esposa), <em>Durga<\/em> (guerreira) e <em>Kali<\/em> (destrutora furiosa). Pai do deus con cabeza de elefante <em>Ganesha<\/em> e do deus da guerra <em>Skanda\/Murugan\/Kartikeya<\/em>. Residencia: o <em>monte Kailash<\/em>, no Himalaia.<\/p><p>Combinaci\u00f3n de trazos \u00fanica na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de relatos transmitidos sobre deuses dunha cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitolox\u00eda<\/span> mundial: ao mesmo tempo asc\u00e9tico (<em>Mah\u00e2yog\u00ee<\/em>, medita durante e\u00f3ns) e bailar\u00edn est\u00e1tico (<em>Nataraja<\/em>); ao mesmo tempo deus destrutor e feroz (aspecto Bhairava) e home de familia bondadoso e compasivo (con Parvati e os seus fillos).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obxecto de acci\u00f3n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Destrutor no concepto da Trimurti, pero a destruci\u00f3n ent\u00e9ndese como unha <em>recreaci\u00f3n necesaria<\/em>: ao final de cada Mah&acirc;-Yuga, Shiva destr\u00fae o universo mediante a s\u00faa danza c\u00f3smica (T&acirc;&#7751;&#7693;ava), e das cinzas xorde o mundo seguinte. Patr\u00f3n dos <em>ascetas<\/em> (<em>Sannyasi<\/em>, S&acirc;dhus, Aghoris), iogues e t\u00e1ntricos.<\/p><p>Na tradici\u00f3n bhakti \u00e9 destinatario do amor devocional persoal (os N&acirc;yan&acirc;rs tam\u00eds son os poetas bhakti shaivas m\u00e1is c\u00e9lebres). No <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de actos de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dedicados a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> ao lingam v\u00e9nerase como aspecto enerx\u00e9tico sen forma; o <em>lingam<\/em> (co <em>yoni<\/em> como base) simboliza a enerx\u00eda creadora non creada. No shaivismo de Cachemira representa a realidade suprema da consciencia (<em>Param&acirc;&scaron;iva<\/em>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aspecto<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antropomorfo, cunha figura masculina asc\u00e9tica de pel azulada-gris (na tradici\u00f3n t\u00e1ntrica: cuberto de cinza, \u00abbranco coma a neve do Kailash\u00bb). <em>Terceiro ollo<\/em> na fronte (o ollo da percepci\u00f3n superior, co que queima a Kama, o deus do amor). <em>Media l\u00faa<\/em> no cabelo enmara\u00f1ado (<em>jata<\/em>), que recolle a corrente do Ganges (o mito de Ganga-Avatara&#7751;a). <em>Serpes<\/em> arredor do pescozo e como ornamento sagrado.<\/p><p><em>Trishula<\/em> (tridente) e <em>Damaru<\/em> (tambor de reloxo de area, cuxo son crea o universo). <em>Taparrabo de pel de tigre<\/em>. Na forma de <strong>Nataraja<\/strong>, figura como bailar\u00edn c\u00f3smico dentro dun aro de lume (<em>prabh&acirc;ma&#7751;&#7693;ala<\/em>): a perna dereita \u00e9rguese, a esquerda esmaga o demo anano Apasm&acirc;ra (a ignorancia). Na forma de <strong>Ardhanarishvara<\/strong> \u00e9 andr\u00f3xino, unha metade Shiva e a outra Parvati. Na forma de <strong>Bhairava<\/strong> aparece feroz, adornado con cranios.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Actividade<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c1mbito de influencia:<\/strong> centos de mill\u00f3ns de hind\u00fas invocan a Shiva a diario. Principais festas: <em>Maha-Shivaratri<\/em> (\u00aba gran noite de Shiva\u00bb, febreiro\/marzo, unha das maiores festas hind\u00fas, celebrada en vixilia nos templos con rituais de Abhi&#7779;eka do lingam), <em>K&acirc;rttika Pur&#7751;im&acirc;<\/em>, <em>Pradosha Vrata<\/em> (xax\u00fan bimensual no d\u00e9cimo terceiro d\u00eda lunar).<\/p><p>En Varanasi crese que a morte garante o acceso directo ao Mok&#7779;a mediante a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O acto de dirixirse suplicando ou invocando a unha divindade ou poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3n<\/span> diaria a Shiva ao o\u00eddo da persoa moribunda. Pr\u00e1cticas t\u00e1ntricas nas tradici\u00f3ns Aghori e K&acirc;p&acirc;lika (ascetismo extremo, ritos en cemiterios).<\/p>Central en cada <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edificio dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> de Shiva \u00e9 a veneraci\u00f3n do lingam, que se lava con auga, leite, mel, leite de coco e ghee (Abhi&#7779;eka do <em>Pa&ntilde;c&acirc;m&#7771;ta<\/em>). En Chidambaram, os brahm\u00e1ns Dik&#7779;itar realizan o mesmo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha secuencia regrada de actos simb\u00f3licos con significado relixioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> de Nataraja desde hai m\u00e1is de 1000 anos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amuletos de protecci\u00f3n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trishula (tridente), Damaru (tambor en forma de reloxo de area), terceiro ollo, media l\u00faa no cabelo enmara\u00f1ado, colar de serpes (especialmente Vasuki), faldr\u00f3n de pel de tigre, o <em>lingam<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signo que representa unha idea ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> de enerx\u00eda sen forma, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signo que representa unha idea ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> m\u00e1is importante de Shiva en xeral), o touro <em>Nandi<\/em> (montura, situado sempre \u00e1 entrada dos templos de Shiva), <em>vibh\u016bti<\/em> (cinza sagrada, en tres li\u00f1as sobre a fronte), o rosario de <em>Rudr\u00e2ksha<\/em> (semellas do \u00e1rbore sagrado).<\/p><p>Plantas sagradas: o \u00e1rbore <em>Bilva<\/em> (Aegle marmelos, cuxas follas se consideran especialmente queridas por Shiva), Datura e o \u00e1rbore Banyan. Cinza sagrada procedente dos lugares de cremaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Equivalentes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Rudra<\/em> (precursor v\u00e9dico), <em>Bhairava<\/em> (aspecto feroz, con p\u00e1xina propia), <em>Mahakala<\/em> (budismo, adaptaci\u00f3n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Veh\u00edculo de diamante'; forma t\u00e1ntrica do budismo Mahayana, principalmente no T\u00edbet, centrada na pr\u00e1ctica do yidam e na t\u00e9cnica do mantra.\">vajrayana<\/span> como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> protectora feroz), <em>Pashupati<\/em> (posible precursor do val do Indo en selos prehist\u00f3ricos de Mohenjo-Daro), <em>Dionisos<\/em> (Grecia, aspecto est\u00e1tico-destrutor, danza, tradici\u00f3n do vino), <em>Hades-Plut\u00f3n<\/em> (Grecia, dobre aspecto <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente \u00e1 terra ou ao inframundo; na relixi\u00f3n antiga, os deuses e esp\u00edritos das profundidades (Hades, as Erinias, Dem\u00e9ter ctonia).\">ct\u00f3nico<\/span>-fecundo), <em>Wotan-Od\u00edn<\/em> (xerm\u00e1nico, rei yogui dun s\u00f3 ollo), <em>Cernunnos<\/em> (celta, deus asceta cornudo do bosque). Funcionalmente, todas as grandes divindades destrutoras-renovadoras e todas as divindades mestras asc\u00e9tico-t\u00e1ntricas comparten aspectos con Shiva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e1ctica de protecci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituais de veneraci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/p><p>Shiva \u00e9, xunto con Vishnu, un dos principais deuses do hindu\u00edsmo (Trimurti). A veneraci\u00f3n diaria incl\u00fae o <em>abhisheka<\/em> (verquido do linga con leite, mel, iogur, ghee e auga, o <em>panchamrita<\/em>) e a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e1diva a unha divindade para expresar agradecemento, petici\u00f3n ou veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenda<\/span> de follas de bilva sobre o linga.<\/p><p>Mahashivaratri (no mes de Phalguna, febreiro\/marzo) \u00e9 a s\u00faa festividade principal, con vixilia nocturna e xax\u00fan (cf. Doniger, <em>Hindu Myths<\/em>). O seu principal destino de peregrinaxe \u00e9 Varanasi (Kashi Vishvanath); os doce santuarios de Jyotirlinga (Somnath, Mahakaleshwar, Kedarnath etc.) marcan a pr\u00e1ctica devocional rexional.<\/p><p><strong>Mantras e invocaci\u00f3ns<\/strong><\/p><p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00edlaba ou f\u00f3rmula sagrada que se repite no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> Mahamrityunjaya (Rigveda 7.59.12), \u00abOm Tryambakam Yajamahe\u00bb, \u00e9 o mantra de curaci\u00f3n e protecci\u00f3n m\u00e1is famoso da India. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00edlaba ou f\u00f3rmula sagrada que se repite no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> Panchakshara \u00abOm Namah Shivaya\u00bb (Yajurveda) rec\u00edtase en repetici\u00f3n de <em>japa<\/em> cen oito veces cun rosario rudraksha. O Shiva-Stuti do Lingapurana \u00e9 o est\u00e1ndar lit\u00farxico.<\/p><p><strong>Amuletos e s\u00edmbolos de protecci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/p><p>Contas de rudraksha (semente do froito de Eleocarpus, \u00abb\u00e1goas de Shiva\u00bb) en rosarios de 27, 54 ou 108 contas. A vibhuti (cinsa sagrada) apl\u00edcase na fronte en tres franxas horizontais (<em>tripundra<\/em>). O trishula (tridente), o damaru (tambor de reloxo de area) e o propio linga son <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Plural de apotropaico: obxectos e signos destinados a repeler o mal.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaicos<\/span> ic\u00f3nicos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shiva, paralelismos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>O papel de Shiva como destrutor e renovador asem\u00e9llase ao Cronos grego ou ao Loki da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conxunto de relatos m\u00edticos transmitidos por unha cultura sobre os seus deuses.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitolox\u00eda<\/span> n\u00f3rdica, deuses da disoluci\u00f3n. A s\u00faa ascese recorda o Hermes Trismegisto da tradici\u00f3n alqu\u00edmica.<\/p><p>Nos movementos esot\u00e9ricos modernos, Shiva \u00e9 a mi\u00fado entendido como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Signo que representa unha idea ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> de transformaci\u00f3n interior e forza espiritual. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00edlaba ou f\u00f3rmula sagrada que se repite no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> <em>Om Namah Shivaya<\/em> est\u00e1 presente en todo o mundo nos c\u00edrculos de ioga.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4973181 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp4973181\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e313a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2e313a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shiva como Nataraja: a danza do mundo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa6fd70e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa6fd70e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfc5206b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfc5206b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Unha das formas m\u00e1is co\u00f1ecidas e teoloxicamente m\u00e1is densas de Shiva \u00e9 <em>Nataraja<\/em>, o rei da danza. Esta forma desenvolveuse especialmente no sur da India e alcanzou a s\u00faa forma cl\u00e1sica na arte do bronce da dinast\u00eda Chola, entre os s\u00e9culos IX e XIII. Os bronces de Nataraja est\u00e1n entre as obras m\u00e1is importantes da historia da arte india.<\/p><p>A representaci\u00f3n \u00e9 unha imaxe teol\u00f3xica coidadosamente composta. Shiva danza dentro dun c\u00edrculo de chamas que representa o universo. Baixo o seu p\u00e9 dereito esmaga un anano, que encarna a ignorancia. Unha das s\u00faas mans sost\u00e9n un pequeno tambor cuxo son marca o ritmo da creaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Outra man sost\u00e9n unha chama, sinal de disoluci\u00f3n e destruci\u00f3n. Outra man mostra o xesto da intrepidez, e unha cuarta sinala o p\u00e9 alzado, que promete a liberaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Nesta \u00fanica imaxe res\u00famense as cinco actividades que a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> hind\u00fa atrib\u00fae a Shiva: creaci\u00f3n, conservaci\u00f3n, disoluci\u00f3n, ocultamento e liberaci\u00f3n. A danza non \u00e9, polo tanto, un simple movemento, sen\u00f3n a expresi\u00f3n do proceso c\u00f3smico continuo no que devir e desaparecer est\u00e1n indisolublemente unidos.<\/p><p>O historiador da arte Ananda Coomaraswamy desenvolveu esta interpretaci\u00f3n en detalle nun ensaio moi comentado de principios do s\u00e9culo XX. O lugar de culto m\u00e1is importante desta forma \u00e9 o gran <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Edificio destinado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> de Chidambaram en Tamil Nadu, considerado o lugar onde Shiva executou esta danza.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpaeb46c1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpaeb46c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4f80a42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp4f80a42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O lingam: o principal s\u00edmbolo de culto de Shiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp746bbf0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp746bbf0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9e69fe3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9e69fe3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A diferenza de moitas outras divindades hind\u00fas, Shiva non \u00e9 venerado principalmente en forma antropomorfa no culto do templo, sen\u00f3n na forma do <em>Lingam<\/em>, unha pedra normalmente cil\u00edndrica e redondeada na parte superior.<\/p><p>O Lingam repousa xeralmente sobre unha base chamada <em>yoni<\/em>. Esta uni\u00f3n interpr\u00e9tase na tradici\u00f3n como a acci\u00f3n conxunta do principio masculino e do feminino, de Shiva e da Deusa.<\/p><p>A interpretaci\u00f3n do Lingam foi obxecto de moitas discusi\u00f3ns. A investigaci\u00f3n occidental m\u00e1is antiga entend\u00edao principalmente como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signo que representa unha idea ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> f\u00e1lico. A propia tradici\u00f3n hind\u00fa e parte da investigaci\u00f3n m\u00e1is recente salientan, en cambio, unha capa de significado adicional: a palabra <em>linga<\/em> significa tam\u00e9n en s\u00e1nscrito signo ou marca.<\/p><p>O Lingam ser\u00eda as\u00ed o signo de Shiva, unha forma deliberadamente non figurativa que expresa precisamente por iso o ilimitado e o que vai m\u00e1is al\u00e1 de toda forma da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span>. Un relato do <em>Lingapurana<\/em> conta que Shiva apareceu como unha columna de luz infinita, cuxo principio e fin nin Brahma nin Vishnu foron capaces de atopar. O Lingam evoca esa columna sen l\u00edmites.<\/p><p>Existen Lingams de moitas formas, desde os elaborados Lingams de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha construci\u00f3n dedicada \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span>, pasando polas pedras naturais non traballadas polo home consideradas especialmente <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente ao divino e por iso apartado do uso coti\u00e1n.\" tabindex=\"0\">sagradas<\/span>, at\u00e9 os doce <em>Jyotirlinga<\/em>, os Lingams de luz repartidos por toda a India, considerados os santuarios m\u00e1is importantes de Shiva.<\/p><p>No culto diario do templo, o Lingam \u00e9 venerado con auga, leite, follas da \u00e1rbore bilva e outras ofrendas. Non \u00e9, polo tanto, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signo que representa unha idea ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> abstracto, sen\u00f3n o centro concreto dunha pr\u00e1ctica ritual viva e coti\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpda063b5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpda063b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbaddc2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpbaddc2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O asc\u00e9tico no Kailash: os trazos da personalidade de Shiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8eba809 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp8eba809\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd7a7d91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd7a7d91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva re\u00fane na s\u00faa figura trazos que a primeira vista parecen incompatibles. \u00c9 o gran asc\u00e9tico, <em>Mahayogi<\/em>, que permanece inm\u00f3bil en meditaci\u00f3n no monte Kailash, no Himalaia, o corpo cuberto de cinsa e os cabelos amoreados en enmara\u00f1ados mech\u00f3ns.<\/p><p>Ao mesmo tempo \u00e9 pai de familia, casado coa deusa Parvati e pai dos fillos Ganesha e Skanda. \u00c9 o se\u00f1or dos animais salvaxes e dos lugares desolados, leva unha serpe como adorno e unha pel de tigre, pero tam\u00e9n vive no seo da s\u00faa familia.<\/p><p>Esta tensi\u00f3n non \u00e9 unha contradici\u00f3n da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecementos e relatos ao longo de xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span>, sen\u00f3n que forma parte do n\u00facleo teol\u00f3xico da figura. Shiva representa a superaci\u00f3n das oposici\u00f3ns com\u00fans.<\/p><p>\u00c9 quen bebe veleno e non morre por iso: no relato do batido do oc\u00e9ano de leite, Shiva enguliu o veleno do mundo, que ameazaba con destru\u00edr a creaci\u00f3n, e ret\u00edvoo na gorxa, que se lle volveu azul, de a\u00ed o seu ep\u00edteto <em>Nilakantha<\/em>, o de gorxa azul.<\/p><p>Entre os seus atributos fixos est\u00e1n o tridente, o crecente da l\u00faa entre os cabelos, o terceiro ollo na fronte, cuxa mirada pode consumir, e o sagrado r\u00edo Ganxes, que segundo a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecementos e relatos ao longo de xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span> descende sobre a s\u00faa cabeza at\u00e9 a terra, frenado polo seu cabelo, para que a forza da auga non destr\u00faa a terra.<\/p><p>A s\u00faa montura \u00e9 o touro Nandi. Nesta abundancia de trazos, Shiva m\u00f3strase como unha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> que re\u00fane en si mesma o perigoso e o protector, o salvaxe e o dominado, a morte e a liberaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3deafac e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3deafac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe0713c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe0713c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Shaivismo: Shiva como realidade suprema<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe3d59a0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe3d59a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9cacd33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9cacd33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dentro do hindu\u00edsmo existe unha ampla corrente relixiosa que non venera a Shiva como unha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> entre outras, sen\u00f3n como a realidade suprema: o Shaivismo. Esta corrente non \u00e9 unha unidade homox\u00e9nea, sen\u00f3n que abrangue numerosas escolas rexionais e filos\u00f3ficas distintas, desenvolvidas ao longo de s\u00e9culos.<\/p><p>Unha escola importante \u00e9 o Shaivismo de Caxemira, unha tradici\u00f3n filos\u00f3fica elaborada no norte da India entre os s\u00e9culos IX e XI, cuxo pensador m\u00e1is destacado foi Abhinavagupta. Entende toda a realidade como despregamento dunha \u00fanica conciencia, identificada con Shiva.<\/p><p>Outra corrente relevante \u00e9 o Shaiva Siddhanta, especialmente estendido no sur da India, que desenvolveu unha doutrina propia sobre a relaci\u00f3n entre Deus, a alma e o mundo. Ademais, existiron grupos asc\u00e9ticos e en parte socialmente apartados, os m\u00e1is antigos deles xa documentados nos primeiros s\u00e9culos da nosa era.<\/p><p>Un movemento importante dentro do Shaivismo do sur da India foi o dos Nayanar, un grupo de santos poetas da alta Idade Media, cuxos himnos en lingua tamil cantan a Shiva cun ton de devoci\u00f3n persoal.<\/p><p>Os seus cantos foron recompilados e forman parte, at\u00e9 hoxe, do repertorio lit\u00farxico dos <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha construci\u00f3n dedicada \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> de Shiva do sur da India. O Shaivismo mostra que Shiva non \u00e9 s\u00f3 unha figura mitol\u00f3xica, sen\u00f3n obxecto dunha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O ensino cient\u00edfico sobre Deus e a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> e filosof\u00eda moi elaboradas.<\/p><p>Para os seus seguidores, \u00e9 a orixe e o fin de todo, e a diversidade de escolas demostra o diverso que foi interpretada esta \u00fanica convicci\u00f3n ao longo da historia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4286f88 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp4286f88\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3aa6d6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3aa6d6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As fontes: do Rudra v\u00e9dico \u00e1 \u00e9poca dos Puranas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3b6167d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3b6167d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfade2ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfade2ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A figura de Shiva ten unha longa prehistoria que se pode seguir nas fontes. No escrito m\u00e1is antigo, os Vedas, o nome Shiva a\u00ednda non aparece como nome divino no sentido posterior. A palabra <em>shiva<\/em> significa primeiro propicio, ben\u00e9volo, e aparece como adxectivo.<\/p><p>Non obstante, unha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> v\u00e9dica presenta claramente trazos que m\u00e1is tarde ser\u00e1n caracter\u00edsticos de Shiva: o deus Rudra, unha figura terror\u00edfica ligada \u00e1 tormenta, \u00e1 enfermidade e \u00e1 natureza salvaxe, \u00e1 que se procuraba aplacar mediante a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O acto de dirixirse a unha divindade ou poder mediante s\u00faplica ou invocaci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3n<\/span>. Precisamente en tales invocaci\u00f3ns apaciguadoras, Rudra recib\u00eda o ep\u00edteto <em>shiva<\/em>.<\/p><p>A partir desta ra\u00edz v\u00e9dica, e probablemente doutras tradici\u00f3ns non v\u00e9dicas, a figura cl\u00e1sica de Shiva desenvolveuse ao longo de varios s\u00e9culos. Un estadio intermedio importante \u00e9 a <em>Shvetashvatara-Upanishad<\/em>, onde Rudra-Shiva aparece xa como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> suprema.<\/p><p>As narraci\u00f3ns mitol\u00f3xicas m\u00e1is completas at\u00f3panse despois nos \u00e9picos, sobre todo no <em>Mahabharata<\/em>, e nos Puranas, unha ampla literatura xurdida entre a alta e a baixa Idade Media. Textos como o <em>Shivapurana<\/em> e o <em>Lingapurana<\/em> re\u00fanen este material mitol\u00f3xico.<\/p><p>Alg\u00fans investigadores tam\u00e9n conxecturaron que existen ra\u00edces que remontan \u00e1 cultura do Indo, e sinalaron certos selos atopados que mostran unha figura sentada rodeada de animais. Esta interpretaci\u00f3n, por\u00e9n, \u00e9 moi controvertida e non se pode demostrar.<\/p><p>O que si \u00e9 seguro \u00e9 que a figura de Shiva \u00e9 o resultado dun longo proceso no que converxeron divindades m\u00e1is antigas, tradici\u00f3ns rexionais e reflexi\u00f3n teol\u00f3xica. Quen queira entender a Shiva historicamente debe ter en conta esta estratificaci\u00f3n e non pode proxectar sen m\u00e1is a figura xa plenamente formada dos Puranas cara aos tempos primitivos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ligaz\u00f3ns relacionadas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/ganesha\/\">Ganesha, fillo (cabeza de elefante)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/bhairava\/\">Bhairava, o seu propio aspecto col\u00e9rico<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/mahakala\/\">Mahakala, adaptaci\u00f3n t\u00e1ntrico-budista<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/kali\/\">Kali, paralelo feminino col\u00e9rico (aspecto de Parvati)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/durga\/\">Durga, paralelo feminino guerreiro (aspecto de Parvati)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/hinduismo\/\">Hindu\u00edsmo, visi\u00f3n xeral do pante\u00f3n<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/altas-divindades\/\">Divindades supremas, subcategor\u00eda<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/deuses\/\">Deuses, visi\u00f3n xeral das clases<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda de investigaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Doniger, Wendy: <em>Asceticism and Eroticism in the Mythology of \u015aiva<\/em>. London 1973 (obra de referencia).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sanderson, Alexis: <em>The \u015aaiva Age<\/em>. In: <em>Genesis and Development of Tantrism<\/em>. Tokyo 2009.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kramrisch, Stella: <em>The Presence of \u015aiva<\/em>. Princeton 1981.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lorenzen, David N.: <em>The K\u00e2palikas and K\u00e2l\u00e2mukhas<\/em>. Berkeley 1972.<\/span><\/li><li>Sambandar, Appar, Sundarar: <em>Tev\u00e2ram<\/em>; Manikkav\u00e2cakar: <em>Tiruv\u00e2cakam<\/em> (bhakti tamil, traduci\u00f3ns dispo\u00f1ibles).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (voz \u00ab\u015aiva\u00bb).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e1is obras de referencia na <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/literatura\/\">bibliograf\u00eda<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52a9727 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"52a9727\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ea6358 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ea6358\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Preguntas frecuentes sobre Shiva<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Quen \u00e9 o deus Shiva no hindu\u00edsmo?<\/h3><p>Shiva \u00e9 un dos tres deuses principais do hindu\u00edsmo, xunto con Brahma (creador) e Vishnu (conservador). Shiva \u00e9 o destrutor, pero na comprensi\u00f3n hind\u00fa a destruci\u00f3n \u00e9 necesaria para a renovaci\u00f3n: el disolve o universo ao final dunha era do mundo para que poida ser creado de novo.<\/p><p>Os principais atributos de Shiva: o tridente (Trishul), o tambor (Damaru), o terceiro ollo (o ollo do co\u00f1ecemento), a serpe arredor do pescozo (Vasuki) e a l\u00faa crecente no cabelo. Medita no monte Kailash.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Que \u00e9 a danza de Shiva (Nataraja)?<\/h3><p>Shiva Nataraja (Se\u00f1or da Danza) \u00e9 unha das formas m\u00e1is importantes de Shiva, o bailar\u00edn c\u00f3smico que, na s\u00faa danza Tandava, crea, mant\u00e9n e destr\u00fae o universo simultaneamente.<\/p><p>As famosas esculturas de bronce da \u00e9poca Chola (s\u00e9culos X-XII) mostrano con catro brazos dentro dun c\u00edrculo de chamas, bailando sobre o anano Apasmara (a ignorancia). Cada xesto ten un significado: o p\u00e9 levantado \u00e9 a liberaci\u00f3n, o anano esmagado \u00e9 a ignorancia destru\u00edda. A danza \u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha imaxe expresiva que representa unha idea abstracta.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> do ritmo c\u00f3smico.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Wer ist der Gott Shiva im Hinduismus?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Shiva ist einer der drei Hauptg\u00f6tter des Hinduismus, neben Brahma (Sch\u00f6pfer) und Vishnu (Erhalter). Shiva ist der Zerst\u00f6rer, aber im hinduistischen Verst\u00e4ndnis ist Zerst\u00f6rung notwendig f\u00fcr Erneuerung, er l\u00f6st das Universum am Ende eines Weltzeitalters auf, damit es neu erschaffen werden kann.Shivas Hauptattribute: Dreizack (Trishul), Trommel (Damaru), das dritte Auge (Wissens-Auge), die Schlange um den Hals (Vasuki) und der Mondsichel im Haar. Er meditiert auf dem Berg Kailash.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Was ist der Tanz des Shiva (Nataraja)?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Shiva Nataraja (Herr des Tanzes) ist eine der wichtigsten Shiva-Formen, der kosmische T\u00e4nzer, der in seinem Tandava-Tanz das Universum zugleich schafft, erh\u00e4lt und zerst\u00f6rt.Die ber\u00fchmten Bronze-Skulpturen aus der Chola-Zeit (10.-12. Jh.) zeigen ihn vierarmig im Flammenring, tanzend auf dem Zwerg Apasmara (Unwissenheit). Jede Geste hat Bedeutung: der erhobene Fu\u00df ist Befreiung, der niedergedr\u00fcckte Zwerg ist die zerst\u00f6rte Unwissenheit. Der Tanz ist Sinnbild des kosmischen Rhythmus.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1730,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Shiva","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Shiva \u2013 Destrutor e Renovador da Trimurti","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Shiva, destrutor e renovador da Trimurti hind\u00fa. 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