{"id":194741,"date":"2026-09-07T09:37:28","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:37:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=194741"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"proserpina","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/proserpina\/","title":{"rendered":"Proserpina"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"194741\" class=\"elementor elementor-194741 elementor-1979 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proserpina, deusa da tradici\u00f3n romana<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina \u00e9 a deusa do inframundo e da renacencia na tradici\u00f3n romana. \u00c9 a esposa de Plut\u00f3n e se\u00f1ora do reino dos mortos, a\u00ednda que a s\u00faa volta anual \u00e1 superficie a mant\u00e9n ligada aos ciclos da natureza. Desde a perspectiva das ciencias da relixi\u00f3n, Proserpina encarna a transici\u00f3n entre a vida e a morte, entre o mundo de arriba e o de abaixo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00f3n dunha cultura, con competencias claras, forzas da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado mediante cultos, ofrendas e instituci\u00f3ns templarias.\">Deusa<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/roma\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Relixi\u00f3n romana desde a monarqu\u00eda at\u00e9 a Antig\u00fcidade tard\u00eda, sincr\u00e9tica con capas gregas e etruscas.\">Roma<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/divindades-da-morte\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deuses do inframundo e da morte, se\u00f1ores do m\u00e1is al\u00e1, xu\u00edces dos mortos, gu\u00edas de almas.\">Divindade da morte<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_proserpina-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196947\" alt=\"Proserpina - Deuses da tradici\u00f3n romana, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_proserpina-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_proserpina-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_proserpina-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_proserpina.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proserpina<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina encarna a dualidade entre a virxindade e o matrimonio, entre a inocencia e a autoridade real. \u00c9 filla de Ceres (o gran), esposa de Plut\u00f3n e se\u00f1ora dos mortos.<\/p><p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> do seu rapto por Plut\u00f3n explica o cambio estacional das plantas e a estrutura do ano. Os seus aspectos centrais son a fertilidade, a madurez, a transici\u00f3n e a sanci\u00f3n de novas vidas desde o reino dos mortos. Os Misterios de Eleusis celebraban o seu papel na rexeneraci\u00f3n c\u00f3smica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil breve: Proserpina<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fontes: as Metamorfoses 5 de Ovidio, as Xe\u00f3rgicas de Virxilio, De Natura Deorum de Cicer\u00f3n, as Metamorfoses de Apuleio, himnos a Proserpina, inscrici\u00f3ns latinas e epitafios funerarios. Bibliograf\u00eda secundaria: Georg Wissowa, Karl Latte, Walter Burkert (sobre a fusi\u00f3n con Pers\u00e9fone), Hubert Cancik. A veneraci\u00f3n de Proserpina foi intensa nos cultos de Eleusis, pero tam\u00e9n se estendeu \u00e1s casas privadas de Italia, a Galia e \u00c1frica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina seguiu presente despois do fin do culto antigo. O relato de Ovidio sobre o rapto nas Metamorfoses e o poema \u00e9pico tardoantigo De raptu Proserpinae de Claudiano mantiveron viva a materia, e pintores e escultores desde o Renacemento at\u00e9 Bernini e Rossetti recolleron o tema. Goethe escribiu un monodrama sobre ela. O n\u00facleo do mito, o ano repartido entre a superficie e o inframundo, segue sendo hoxe a interpretaci\u00f3n antiga m\u00e1is co\u00f1ecida das estaci\u00f3ns.<\/p><h3>Clasificaci\u00f3n mitol\u00f3xica<\/h3><p>Proserpina \u00e9 a deusa romana da primavera e do inframundo, filla de Ceres. O seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span>, o rapto por Plut\u00f3n e a s\u00faa volta, \u00e9 central para entender as estaci\u00f3ns. Non \u00e9 unha figura impotente, sen\u00f3n se\u00f1ora do inframundo xunto a Plut\u00f3n. \u00c9 unha figura ambivalente de transformaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difusi\u00f3n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina era co\u00f1ecida e venerada, ou temida con respecto, en todo o mundo romano, sen limitarse a rexi\u00f3ns ou lugares concretos. Xa fose en grandes centros urbanos ou en zonas rurais perif\u00e9ricas, entre a elite social ou entre o pobo sinxelo, o seu significado espiritual e cultural era reco\u00f1ecido de forma constante e universal.<\/p><p>A incorporaci\u00f3n de Proserpina a Roma foi unha decisi\u00f3n do Estado: por mandato dos Libros Sibilinos, o seu culto instaurouse en 249 a.C. xunto co de Dis Pater, para evitar desgrazas sobre a comunidade. O seu modelo grego, Pers\u00e9fone, chegou a Roma a trav\u00e9s das colonias do sur de Italia e Sicilia; o santuario de Locri e os lugares de culto sicilianos mostran como o comercio e a colonizaci\u00f3n estenderon e unificaron a s\u00faa veneraci\u00f3n no Mediterr\u00e1neo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fontes primarias: as Metamorfoses 5 de Ovidio (o rapto de Proserpina), as Xe\u00f3rgicas e a Eneida de Virxilio, o Himno hom\u00e9rico a Dem\u00e9ter (o seu equivalente grego), De Natura Deorum de Cicer\u00f3n, as traxedias de S\u00e9neca.<\/p><p>Per\u00edodo: do s\u00e9culo V a.C. ao s\u00e9culo VI d.C. Investigadores: Georg Wissowa, Karl Latte (historia da relixi\u00f3n romana), Walter Burkert (relixi\u00f3n grega), Manfred Clauss (cultos). Testemu\u00f1os arqueol\u00f3xicos: santuarios de Eleusis, monumentos funerarios da \u00e9poca romana, t\u00e1bulas de maldici\u00f3n co nome de Proserpina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denominaci\u00f3n e formas de escritura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina aparece representada nas distintas fontes e tradici\u00f3ns art\u00edsticas con certos elementos iconogr\u00e1ficos recorrentes, que permanecen relativamente estables a trav\u00e9s das d\u00e9cadas e dos distintos espazos xeogr\u00e1ficos. Estes elementos est\u00e1n profundamente codificados de forma simb\u00f3lica e te\u00f1en un gran significado; non se explican como simple decoraci\u00f3n ou elecci\u00f3n arbitraria.<\/p><p>Nas imaxes de Proserpina p\u00f3dese ler a s\u00faa dobre natureza. As espigas, as flores e a granada remiten \u00e1 fertilidade e \u00e1 vexetaci\u00f3n, e ao mesmo tempo \u00e1 froita cuxo consumo a ligou ao inframundo. A antorcha pertence \u00e1 busca da s\u00faa nai Ceres, e o trono ao lado de Plut\u00f3n mostra a s\u00faa condici\u00f3n de ra\u00ed\u00f1a do reino dos mortos. Quen co\u00f1ec\u00eda o mito reco\u00f1ec\u00eda en cada un destes signos unha etapa da s\u00faa historia: rapto, busca, granada, ano repartido. Os atributos narran de forma condensada o mito das estaci\u00f3ns.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descrici\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina foi central na pr\u00e1ctica relixiosa, nos rituais coti\u00e1ns e na comprensi\u00f3n diaria dos romanos. As persoas dirix\u00edanse a esta entidade en situaci\u00f3ns vitais cr\u00edticas ou determinadas ou en \u00e9pocas rituais espec\u00edficas do ano, con rituais estruturados e a mi\u00fado elaborados, oraci\u00f3ns ou ofrendas.<\/p><p>O culto a Proserpina estaba firmemente regulado en Roma. No ano 249 a. C. introduciuse oficialmente a s\u00faa veneraci\u00f3n xunto coa de Dis Pater; os sacrificios no altar subterr\u00e1neo do Tarentum, no Campo de Marte, segu\u00edan pautas rituais precisas. Nos misterios de raizame grego relacionados co seu modelo Persephone, funcionarios de culto especialmente designados dirix\u00edan as iniciaci\u00f3ns; a participaci\u00f3n e o desenvolvemento estaban sometidos a regras estritas.<\/p><p>Os ritos dedicados a Proserpina cumpriron tarefas concretas durante s\u00e9culos. Como deusa da vexetaci\u00f3n, invoc\u00e1base xunto con Ceres para asegurar o medre da colleita, \u00e9 dicir, a base alimentaria da comunidade. Como ra\u00ed\u00f1a do inframundo, recib\u00eda ofrendas destinadas a garantir unha acollida propicia aos defuntos. O seu mito do ascenso e descenso anual explicaba ademais o cambio das estaci\u00f3ns e daba forma tanxible \u00e1 transici\u00f3n entre a vida e a morte.<\/p><h3>Aparencia e simbolox\u00eda<\/h3><p>Proserpina repres\u00e9ntase en fases de transici\u00f3n, \u00e1s veces xove e primaveral, \u00e1s veces sombr\u00eda. Leva coroa e a mi\u00fado suxeita chaves. A granada \u00e9 o seu atributo (semente do retorno). Espigas de cebada e flores tam\u00e9n lle son propias. A s\u00faa ambivalencia \u00e9 a s\u00faa forza.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ficha: Proserpina<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A ficha explica a natureza de Proserpina a trav\u00e9s de seis dimensi\u00f3ns: a s\u00faa orixe m\u00edtica e difusi\u00f3n, as formas da s\u00faa veneraci\u00f3n na relixi\u00f3n e na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1cticas que pretenden intervir no curso das cousas mediante acci\u00f3ns ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">maxia<\/span>, a s\u00faa representaci\u00f3n caracter\u00edstica na arte e nos s\u00edmbolos, o significado da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O acto de dirixirse a unha divindade ou poder de forma suplicante ou conxuratoria.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3n<\/span> e o respecto, figuras af\u00edns en culturas veci\u00f1as e unha visi\u00f3n final da s\u00faa funci\u00f3n c\u00f3smica como deusa da transici\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A orixe de Proserpina<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina \u00e9 a forma romana da grega Persephone e procede de mitos indoeuropeos de deusas da fertilidade. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> do rapto (en lat\u00edn: raptus) foi orixinalmente unha explicaci\u00f3n dos ciclos vexetativos estacionais. En Roma, Proserpina era venerada como esposa de Plut\u00f3n, aut\u00f3noma e poderosa.<\/p><p>Os testemu\u00f1os m\u00e1is antigos rem\u00f3ntanse ao s\u00e9culo V a. C., pero intensific\u00e1ronse baixo a influencia grega (s\u00e9culos II-I a. C.). Os cultos misteriosos eleusinos difund\u00edronla por todo o mundo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente do 800 a. C. ao 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">antigo<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O p\u00fablico de Proserpina<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina era invocada polos labregos na sementeira e na colleita, polas mulleres embarazadas (como garante de novas vidas) e polos endoados (para apaciguar os mortos).<\/p><p>Os misterios eleusinos eran estritamente secretos, pero os seus participantes relataban o papel de Proserpina como portadora de esperanza despois da morte. Nas casas particulares rez\u00e1base a ela pola fertilidade e a protecci\u00f3n dos nenos. As Antesterias (festa das flores) eran unha festa anual celebrada na s\u00faa honra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Representaci\u00f3n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina era representada como muller xove ou como ra\u00ed\u00f1a madura, segundo a fase do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span>: xove no momento do rapto, madura e coroada como soberana do inframundo.<\/p><p>Os seus atributos son a cabeza de amapola (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signo que representa unha idea ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> do sono e da morte), a cornucopia (a abundancia), o cetro e a antorcha (que ilumina as tebras do inframundo). Nas moedas aparece sentada xunto a Plut\u00f3n ou coroada. Nas l\u00e1pidas simboliza a transici\u00f3n e a esperanza de vida despois da morte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Actividade<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c1mbito de acci\u00f3n:<\/strong> Proserpina (tam\u00e9n Persephone, en grego) \u00e9 a deusa do inframundo en Roma, filla de Ceres (Demeter) e esposa de Plut\u00f3n (Hades).<\/p><p>Simboliza a transici\u00f3n entre as estaci\u00f3ns, entre a vida e a morte. O seu rapto ao inframundo e o seu retorno anual \u00e1 s\u00faa nai explican o cambio entre o ver\u00e1n e o inverno. Non \u00e9 impotente nin pasiva; en moitos textos \u00e9 soberana do inframundo, esposa cun reino propio.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amuletos de protecci\u00f3n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina era obxecto de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O acto de dirixirse a unha divindade ou poder de forma suplicante ou conxuratoria.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3n<\/span> e veneraci\u00f3n protectora, como mediadora entre a vida e a morte, non como deusa mal\u00e9fica. As <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrenda a unha divindade para expresar agradecemento, s\u00faplica ou veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrendas<\/span> eran amapola, mel, froitos e animais negros.<\/p><p>Nos casos de d\u00f3 rez\u00e1base a ela para po\u00f1er aos defuntos baixo o seu dominio e darlles paz. As mulleres embarazadas levaban amuletos coa s\u00faa imaxe. A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1cticas que pretenden intervir no curso das cousas mediante acci\u00f3ns ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">maxia<\/span> invocaba a mi\u00fado o seu nome para <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ritual ling\u00fc\u00edstico destinado a invocar ou someter un poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">conxurar<\/span> ou protexer contra esp\u00edritos malignos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elementos comparables<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Persephone (en grego) \u00e9 o seu modelo directo e mantense estruturalmente id\u00e9ntica. Inanna\/Ishtar, no mundo mesopot\u00e1mico, as\u00e9llase a ela na viaxe ao inframundo, a\u00ednda que non na vinculaci\u00f3n estacional. No \u00e1mbito exipcio, Osiris (masculino) presenta funci\u00f3ns similares como xu\u00edz dos mortos e figura de esperanza. Hel, no mundo xerm\u00e1nico, \u00e9 unha soberana do inframundo menos ambivalente.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proserpina, paralelismos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina \u00e9 a adaptaci\u00f3n romana da grega Pers\u00e9fone; o seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> foi vinculado ao calendario agr\u00edcola romano e aos misterios eleusinos. Mentres Pers\u00e9fone segue sendo a figura central do loito no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> das catro estaci\u00f3ns, Proserpina asume na pr\u00e1ctica romana funci\u00f3ns adicionais de protecci\u00f3n do matrimonio e do fogar.<\/p>\n<p><p><strong>Tradici\u00f3n xud\u00eda:<\/strong> Na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto dos relatos transmitidos sobre os deuses dunha cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitolox\u00eda<\/span> xud\u00eda non existe unha deusa do inframundo. O Sheol \u00e9 un reino dos mortos pasivo, sen unha soberana personalizada. S\u00f3 na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Corrente da m\u00edstica xud\u00eda con obras principais como o Sefer Ietzir\u00e1 e o Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">cabala<\/span> e na apocal\u00edptica se mencionan seres ang\u00e9licos, pero non hai an\u00e1logos de Proserpina.<\/p><p><strong>Mundo greco-romano:<\/strong> Pers\u00e9fone \u00e9 o orixinal grego de Proserpina. Nos cultos compartidos (especialmente a partir do s\u00e9culo III a.C.) os nomes e as funci\u00f3ns fund\u00edronse, a\u00ednda que estruturalmente permaneceron iguais. Outras divindades do inframundo (H\u00e9cate) sum\u00e1ronse sen desprazar a Pers\u00e9fone.<\/p><p><strong>Mesopotamia:<\/strong> Inanna\/Ishtar emprende unha viaxe ao inframundo e queda al\u00ed retida temporalmente, pero regresa, de xeito estruturalmente similar ao ciclo estacional de Proserpina, a\u00ednda que m\u00e1is dram\u00e1tico e menos rexenerador.<\/p><p><strong>India\/Asia:<\/strong> No hindu\u00edsmo, Kali encarna a destruci\u00f3n e a rexeneraci\u00f3n, pero non comparte o rol concreto de Proserpina como esposa do deus dos mortos. No budismo primitivo falta unha figura as\u00ed; o inframundo est\u00e1 menos personalizado.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp96567ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp96567ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp39824e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp39824e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O rapto de Proserpina en detalle<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp625c136 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp625c136\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp57771b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp57771b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O relato central sobre Proserpina \u00e9 o seu rapto por Plut\u00f3n, se\u00f1or do inframundo. Ovidio descr\u00edbelo con detalle no quinto libro das <em>Metamorfoses<\/em>, e ofrece unha segunda versi\u00f3n, diferente, nos <em>Fasti<\/em>. Segundo Ovidio, Proserpina colle flores coas s\u00faas compa\u00f1eiras nun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un bosque sagrado que serv\u00eda como lugar de culto.\" tabindex=\"0\">bosque sagrado<\/span> preto do lago siciliano Pergus, cerca de Henna.<\/p><p>Plut\u00f3n, ferido por unha flecha de Amor, vela, apr\u00e9saa e l\u00e9vaa nun carro cara \u00e1s profundidades. O terreo \u00e1brese xunto ao lago Ciane, cuxa ninfa resiste en van.<\/p><p>Ceres, a nai, busca \u00e1 s\u00faa filla por toda a terra. Na s\u00faa ira, segundo Ovidio, torna Sicilia inf\u00e9rtil. S\u00f3 a ninfa Aretusa lle conta que viu a Proserpina como ra\u00ed\u00f1a do inframundo. Ceres dir\u00edxese ent\u00f3n a X\u00fapiter.<\/p><p>Por\u00e9n, a devoluci\u00f3n fracasa por unha condici\u00f3n das Parcas: quen probou alimento no inframundo non pode regresar. Proserpina comeu sete grans dunha granada, observada por Asc\u00e1lafo, a quen ela converte en curuxa por iso.<\/p><p>X\u00fapiter media un compromiso. Proserpina pasa unha parte do ano no mundo dos vivos coa nai e outra parte no inframundo con Plut\u00f3n. Ovidio menciona nos <em>Fasti<\/em> unha divisi\u00f3n \u00e1 metade, mentres que nas <em>Metamorfoses<\/em> fala dunha proporci\u00f3n de dous a un a favor do mundo superior.<\/p><p>Esta oscilaci\u00f3n nas propias fontes antigas mostra que o relato non ti\u00f1a unha forma can\u00f3nica fixa. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> est\u00e1 intimamente ligado ao material grego de Dem\u00e9ter e Pers\u00e9fone, cuxa versi\u00f3n m\u00e1is completa ofrece o <em>Himno hom\u00e9rico a Dem\u00e9ter<\/em>. A literatura romana adoptou en boa medida este material, pero situou preferentemente a acci\u00f3n en Sicilia, considerada centro do culto a Ceres.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5c9ee0b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5c9ee0b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4f63d12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp4f63d12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proserpina e o mito das estaci\u00f3ns<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp39c0a19 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp39c0a19\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp45c5234 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp45c5234\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O relato da estad\u00eda repartida de Proserpina xa se interpretaba na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre o 800 a.C. e o 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antig\u00fcidade<\/span> como explicaci\u00f3n do cambio de estaci\u00f3ns. A estad\u00eda no inframundo corresponder\u00eda \u00e1 \u00e9poca de escasa vexetaci\u00f3n, e o regreso \u00e1 nai ao crecemento.<\/p><p>Esta interpretaci\u00f3n xa est\u00e1 presente nos textos antigos, por exemplo cando Ovidio vincula a dor de Ceres coa infertilidade da terra. A investigaci\u00f3n relixiosa dos s\u00e9culos XIX e principios do XX, especialmente no entorno de James Frazer e dos chamados Cambridge Ritualists, constru\u00edu a partir de a\u00ed unha teor\u00eda ampla sobre as divindades vexetais que morren e retornan.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n m\u00e1is recente mostra maior reserva ante esta interpretaci\u00f3n. Sinala que Proserpina \u00e9 raptada e reina, en vez de morrer, e que o ciclo clim\u00e1tico mediterr\u00e1neo, cun ver\u00e1n seco e un inverno h\u00famido, non se axusta sen m\u00e1is a ese esquema.<\/p><p>Alg\u00fans investigadores len o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> m\u00e1is ben como un relato de iniciaci\u00f3n e matrimonio: Proserpina realiza a transici\u00f3n de rapaza a muller, da casa da nai \u00e1 do marido. A granada, moitas veces asociada \u00e1 fertilidade e ao matrimonio, apoia esta lectura.<\/p><p>Ambas as interpretaci\u00f3ns non son exclu\u00edntes. Os cultos da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre o 800 a.C. e o 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antig\u00fcidade<\/span> pod\u00edan entender o mesmo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> en varios niveis \u00e1 vez. Para a veneraci\u00f3n de Ceres e Proserpina en Roma, en todo caso, o v\u00ednculo agr\u00edcola era central, como mostra a festa das <em>Cerialia<\/em> en abril.<\/p><p>Xunto a isto, existiu unha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A actitude e pr\u00e1ctica relixiosa vivida por unha persoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">devoci\u00f3n<\/span> m\u00e1is persoal e centrada no m\u00e1is al\u00e1, que ti\u00f1a o seu lugar nos cultos mist\u00e9ricos e apuntaba \u00e1 esperanza individual m\u00e1is all\u00e1 da morte. At\u00e9 que punto estas li\u00f1as estaban entrelazadas no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto dos actos de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dedicados a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> romano s\u00f3 se pode reconstru\u00edr parcialmente a partir das fontes fragmentarias.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa45d7ca e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa45d7ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26d5ef9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp26d5ef9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culto e misterios de Ceres e Proserpina en Roma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp09178ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp09178ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp875fb57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp875fb57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En Roma, Proserpina raramente era obxecto de culto en solitario. Aparece case sempre xunto a Ceres. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edificio dedicado \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> m\u00e1is importante das d\u00faas deusas ergu\u00edase no Aventino, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entregado ao sagrado mediante un acto relixioso e as\u00ed separado do coti\u00e1n.\" tabindex=\"0\">consagrado<\/span>, segundo a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecementos e relatos ao longo de xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span>, a principios do s\u00e9culo V antes da nosa era, xunto co de Liber.<\/p><p>Este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das pr\u00e1cticas de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dunha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> aventino era considerado a contrapartida plebea da tr\u00edade patricia do Capitolio e posu\u00eda por tanto tam\u00e9n unha dimensi\u00f3n social e pol\u00edtica.<\/p><p>Unha forma propia era a dos <em>sacra Cereris<\/em>, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das pr\u00e1cticas de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dunha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> de impronta grega que, segundo Cicer\u00f3n, era atendido por sacerdotisas gregas procedentes do sur de Italia e estaba reservado exclusivamente \u00e1s mulleres. Este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha secuencia regrada de actos simb\u00f3licos con significado relixioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">rito<\/span> estaba relacionado coas concepci\u00f3ns eleusinas, pero traslad\u00e1baas ao solo romano.<\/p><p>Ademais, na Roma republicana celebr\u00e1base en tempos de crise un rito de d\u00f3 para Ceres e Proserpina que, segundo Livio, pod\u00eda suspenderse en situaci\u00f3ns graves de emerxencia p\u00fablica, xa que o d\u00f3 se consideraba impropio en tales momentos.<\/p><p>Da \u00e9poca imperial conservouse tam\u00e9n a memoria dunha festa nocturna, a <em>celebraci\u00f3n secular<\/em>, celebrada a intervalos irregulares, na que, entre outras cousas, ti\u00f1an un papel as <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrenda a unha divindade para expresar gratitude, petici\u00f3n ou veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrendas<\/span> a Proserpina como deusa do inframundo. As fontes sobre os detalles destes ritos son escasas, xa que os cultos mist\u00e9ricos evitaban conscientemente deixar constancia escrita dos seus contidos.<\/p><p>O que sabemos procede sobre todo de alusi\u00f3ns en Cicer\u00f3n, da pol\u00e9mica cristi\u00e1 e de testemu\u00f1os epigr\u00e1ficos e arqueol\u00f3xicos. A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A orde establecida do culto dunha comunidade relixiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturxia<\/span> exacta segue en boa medida desco\u00f1ecida. Estruturas comparables aparecen na deusa grega <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/persefone\/\">Pers\u00e9fone<\/a>, cuxo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das pr\u00e1cticas de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dunha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> eleusino est\u00e1 algo mellor documentado.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3f2b3a9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3f2b3a9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b5008f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2b5008f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proserpina nas artes pl\u00e1sticas e nos sarc\u00f3fagos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9688396 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9688396\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1c2e52e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp1c2e52e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O rapto de Proserpina \u00e9 un dos mitos representados con m\u00e1is frecuencia na arte romana. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> \u00e9 especialmente frecuente en sarc\u00f3fagos da \u00e9poca imperial media e tard\u00eda. A escena mostra normalmente a Plut\u00f3n arrebatando a Proserpina cara ao seu carro tirado por cabalos, acompa\u00f1ado de Minerva, Diana e a resistente C\u00edane.<\/p><p>A elecci\u00f3n precisamente deste motivo para o contexto funerario resulta significativa: o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre os deuses, as orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> do tr\u00e1nsito involuntario ao inframundo e do regreso parcial ofrec\u00eda unha linguaxe visual para a morte que, al\u00e9n da perda, expresaba tam\u00e9n esperanza.<\/p><p>Existen ademais pinturas murais, por exemplo en Pompeia, e mosaicos que mostran o rapto ou a Proserpina entronizada como soberana do inframundo. Como ra\u00ed\u00f1a do inframundo, leva a mi\u00fado diadema ou polos, e \u00e1s veces espigas ou a granada como atributo.<\/p><p>Na s\u00faa funci\u00f3n de soberana, aparece sentada xunto a Plut\u00f3n no trono, con frecuencia co can tric\u00e9falo Cerbero aos p\u00e9s.<\/p><p>A recepci\u00f3n contin\u00faa moito m\u00e1is al\u00e1 da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre 800 a.C. e 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antig\u00fcidade<\/span>. A obra moderna m\u00e1is c\u00e9lebre \u00e9 o grupo escult\u00f3rico en m\u00e1rmore <em>Ratto di Proserpina<\/em>, de Gianlorenzo Bernini, realizado cara aos anos 1621-1622, que capta o momento do arrebato con grande dramatismo.<\/p><p>Na pintura, entre outros, Rembrandt e m\u00e1is tarde os prerrafaelitas, como Dante Gabriel Rossetti coa s\u00faa <em>Proserpine<\/em>, retomaron o tema. Tam\u00e9n na m\u00fasica se empregou este asunto, por exemplo nas \u00f3peras barrocas. O conxunto de testemu\u00f1os arqueol\u00f3xicos e da historia da arte converte a Proserpina nunha das figuras mellor documentadas visualmente do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre os deuses, as orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> romano.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1d56957 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1d56957\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp521bb21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp521bb21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etimolox\u00eda e relaci\u00f3n con Pers\u00e9fone<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp47a25ab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp47a25ab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp88c9301 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp88c9301\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A orixe do nome Proserpina non est\u00e1 completamente esclarecida desde o punto de vista da historia da lingua. A etimolox\u00eda popular <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, entre aproximadamente 800 a. C. e 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiga<\/span> relacion\u00e1bao co verbo latino <em>proserpere<\/em>, brotar ou sa\u00edr arrastr\u00e1ndose, e interpret\u00e1bao como referencia ao xerminar das sementeiras. Esta explicaci\u00f3n aparece en Cicer\u00f3n e en Varr\u00f3n. A ling\u00fc\u00edstica moderna consid\u00e9rala unha interpretaci\u00f3n secundaria.<\/p><p>\u00c9 m\u00e1is probable que <em>Proserpina<\/em> sexa unha transformaci\u00f3n fon\u00e9tica do nome grego <em>Persephone<\/em>, posiblemente transmitida a trav\u00e9s dunha etapa intermedia etrusca. Nos espellos etruscos a figura aparece baixo o nome de <em>Phersipnai<\/em> ou formas semellantes, o que fai plausible unha mediaci\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s do etrusco.<\/p><p>O propio nome grego <em>Persephone<\/em> tam\u00e9n se considera de orixe pouco clara e probablemente procede de \u00e9poca pregrega. Xa os gregos co\u00f1ec\u00edan numerosas formas alternativas como <em>Persephatta<\/em> ou <em>Pherrephatta<\/em>, o que apunta a un nome antigo e dif\u00edcil de interpretar. As numerosas variantes mostran que a figura nunca quedou totalmente fixada desde o punto de vista ling\u00fc\u00edstico na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmisi\u00f3n de co\u00f1ecementos e relatos ao longo de xeraci\u00f3ns.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span>.<\/p><p>Na relixi\u00f3n romana, Proserpina fusionouse pronto coa concepci\u00f3n aut\u00f3ctona do m\u00e1is al\u00e1, pero tam\u00e9n se identificou coa deusa it\u00e1lica Libera, a correspondencia feminina de Liber. Esta identificaci\u00f3n non \u00e9 constante e mostra como diferentes li\u00f1as tradicionais converxeron na figura.<\/p><p>Para a an\u00e1lise cient\u00edfica, Proserpina \u00e9 por iso un bo exemplo de como un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relato transmitido sobre deuses, orixes e a orde do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> grego se incorporou ao sistema romano a trav\u00e9s de culturas mediadoras, combin\u00e1ndose con elementos aut\u00f3ctonos xa existentes. Nas fontes conservadas apenas \u00e9 posible separar por completo a figura romana da grega.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa0b2c61 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa0b2c61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1225fc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp1225fc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proserpina como soberana do m\u00e1is al\u00e1 e na pr\u00e1ctica das maldici\u00f3ns<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3d58d11 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3d58d11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a4fb59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9a4fb59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ademais do seu papel no mito estacional, Proserpina ti\u00f1a unha funci\u00f3n propia como soberana do reino dos mortos.<\/p><p>Neste papel aparece nun tipo de fonte especialmente revelador sobre a vida coti\u00e1 romana: as t\u00e1boas de maldici\u00f3n, en lat\u00edn <em>defixiones<\/em>. Estes textos, gravados na maior\u00eda das veces en pequenas l\u00e1minas de chumbo, deposit\u00e1banse en tumbas, pozos ou fontes e invocaban \u00e1s potencias do m\u00e1is al\u00e1 para prexudicar a un adversario, influ\u00edr nun proceso xudicial ou recuperar bens roubados.<\/p><p>En numerosas t\u00e1boas conservadas inv\u00f3case a Proserpina xunto con Plut\u00f3n ou Dis Pater. Al\u00ed aparece con distintos ep\u00edtetos, \u00e1s veces fusionada con outras figuras do m\u00e1is al\u00e1.<\/p><p>A linguaxe destes textos \u00e9 formularia e segue patr\u00f3ns reco\u00f1ecibles, o que suxire a existencia de modelos ou de redactores especializados. Para a investigaci\u00f3n, as <em>defixiones<\/em> son valiosas porque documentan unha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A actitude e pr\u00e1ctica relixiosa vivida por unha persoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">devoci\u00f3n<\/span> \u00e1 marxe dos cultos oficiais do Estado e mostran de que maneira concreta a xente se dirix\u00eda aos deuses.<\/p><p>Proserpina estaba tam\u00e9n relacionada coa recompensa e o castigo no m\u00e1is al\u00e1. Nas concepci\u00f3ns mist\u00e9ricas, patentes entre outras cousas nas chamadas l\u00e1minas de ouro orfico-b\u00e1quicas, unha ra\u00ed\u00f1a do m\u00e1is al\u00e1 desempe\u00f1a o papel de instancia ante a cal a alma do defunto se xustifica ou fracasa.<\/p><p>Se estas l\u00e1minas se refiren a Proserpina en sentido romano estrito ou a unha deusa do m\u00e1is al\u00e1 de car\u00e1cter m\u00e1is xeral e de raizame grega \u00e9 algo dif\u00edcil de decidir en cada caso concreto. En conxunto, este grupo de fontes mostra que Proserpina, m\u00e1is al\u00e1 da figura m\u00edtica literaria, foi destinataria dunha pr\u00e1ctica ritual real que abarcaba desde a maxia amorosa at\u00e9 a esperanza no m\u00e1is al\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ligaz\u00f3ns relacionadas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/roma\/\">Roma, cultura<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/pluto\/\">Plut\u00f3n, esposo e rei do m\u00e1is al\u00e1<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/persefone\/\">Persephone, forma de orixe grega<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda de investigaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Beard, Mary \/ North, John \/ Price, Simon: <em>Religions of Rome<\/em>. Cambridge University Press, 1998.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foley, Helene P. (Hrsg.): <em>The Homeric Hymn to Demeter: Translation and Commentary<\/em>. Princeton University Press, 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Caldwell, Richard S.: <em>The Psychology of Religion. A Jungian Perspective<\/em>. Routledge, 1991.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-proserpina e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-proserpina\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-proserpina-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-proserpina-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Como <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span><\/em> da tradici\u00f3n romana, Proserpina corresponde \u00e1 grega Persephone e comparte o seu ano entre o mundo superior e o m\u00e1is al\u00e1; o seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de actos de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dirixidos a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> marcou as festas das sementeiras e os <em>libri Sibyllini<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1738,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Proserpina","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Proserpina \u2013 deusa romana do inframundo","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Proserpina, deusa romana do inframundo: rapto por Plut\u00f3n, a granada e o mito das estaci\u00f3ns, historia do culto desde Roma at\u00e9 as t\u00e1boas de maldici\u00f3n.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"rom","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-194741","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Proserpina \u2013 deusa romana do inframundo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Proserpina, deusa romana do inframundo: rapto por Plut\u00f3n, a granada e o mito das estaci\u00f3ns, historia do culto desde Roma at\u00e9 as t\u00e1boas de maldici\u00f3n.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/proserpina\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"gl_ES\" 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