{"id":194736,"date":"2026-09-07T09:37:27","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:37:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=194736"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"pluto","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/pluto\/","title":{"rendered":"Pluto"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"194736\" class=\"elementor elementor-194736 elementor-1966 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pluto, deus da tradici\u00f3n romana<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto \u00e9 o deus do inframundo e da riqueza na tradici\u00f3n romana. O nome en si significa \u00abo rico\u00bb e remite aos tesouros minerais da terra. Desde o punto de vista da ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns, Pluto \u00e9 un exemplo da ambivalencia das divindades ct\u00f3nicas, \u00e1 vez temibles e xeradoras de vida, xu\u00edz dos mortos e gardi\u00e1n da terra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder m\u00e1ximo personificado no pante\u00f3n dunha cultura, con competencias claras, forzas da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado mediante cultos, ofrendas e instituci\u00f3ns templarias.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/roma\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Relixi\u00f3n romana desde a \u00e9poca mon\u00e1rquica ata a antig\u00fcidade tard\u00eda, sincr\u00e9tica con capas gregas e etruscas.\">Roma<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/divindades-da-morte\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deuses do inframundo e da morte, soberanos do m\u00e1is al\u00e1, xu\u00edces dos mortos, gu\u00edas de almas.\">Divindade da morte<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196948\" alt=\"Plut\u00f3n - Deuses da tradici\u00f3n romana, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pluto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto reina sobre o reino dos mortos, xunto coa s\u00faa esposa Proserpina. Non obstante, non \u00e9 malvado, sen\u00f3n fiel ao deber e \u00e1 orde, un severo se\u00f1or do inframundo. Os seus aspectos centrais son o dominio sobre a morte, a purificaci\u00f3n mediante a morte, os recursos ocultos e a fertilidade subterr\u00e1nea. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha construci\u00f3n destinada \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> de Tarracina (Volterra) e os cultos aos Chthonii (deuses subterr\u00e1neos) atestan a s\u00faa veneraci\u00f3n moi estendida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">En resumo: Pluto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As fontes son numerosas: a Eneida de Virxilio (libro 6, a viaxe ao inframundo), as Metamorfoses de Ovidio, De Natura Deorum de Cicer\u00f3n, S\u00e9neca, inscrici\u00f3ns funerarias latinas e defixiones (t\u00e1boas de maldici\u00f3n). Como fontes secundarias, Karl Latte, Georg Wissowa e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Historiador das relixi\u00f3ns alem\u00e1n (1931\u20132015); obra principal Griechische Religion (1977).\">Walter Burkert<\/span> analizaron as conexi\u00f3ns entre Pluto, Hades e as divindades subterr\u00e1neas. A s\u00faa difusi\u00f3n abarcou Italia, a Galia e \u00c1frica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historische Einordnung<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A figura de Pluto sobreviviu ao final da relixi\u00f3n antiga. Virxilio e Ovidio fixaron na literatura latina o rapto de Proserpina, que as\u00ed se transmitiu na Idade Media e no Renacemento.<\/p><p>Dante converteu a Pluto nunha figura do seu inferno, e Bernini creou co Rapto de Proserpina unha das esculturas m\u00e1is co\u00f1ecidas do barroco. En 1930, o corpo celeste recentemente descuberto na periferia do sistema solar recibiu por fin o nome do deus.<\/p><h3>Encadramento mitol\u00f3xico<\/h3><p>Pluto \u00e9 o deus romano do inframundo, da morte e da riqueza. A diferenza do Hades grego, est\u00e1 m\u00e1is vinculado ao Lacio. Consid\u00e9rase necesario e respectado, sen ningunha connotaci\u00f3n de maldade. O seu dominio sobre a riqueza subterr\u00e1nea vinc\u00falao coa prosperidade. Rexe os l\u00edmites.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difusi\u00f3n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto era co\u00f1ecido e venerado, ou respectuosamente temido, en todo o mundo romano, sen limitarse a rexi\u00f3ns ou lugares concretos. Xa fose en grandes centros urbanos ou en zonas rurais perif\u00e9ricas, entre a elite social ou entre o pobo com\u00fan, o significado espiritual e cultural desta entidade era reco\u00f1ecido de forma constante e universal.<\/p><p>A veneraci\u00f3n do se\u00f1or do inframundo era en Roma un asunto de Estado, non privado: os Xogos Seculares en honra de Dis Pater e Proserpina celebr\u00e1banse por encargo do Senado e afectaban \u00e1 comunidade no seu conxunto.<\/p><p>O Plut\u00f3n grego chegou a Roma a trav\u00e9s do sur de Italia e das s\u00faas colonias gregas, onde se fundiu co Dis Pater local; deste xeito difundiuse unha imaxe en gran medida unificada do deus por todo o territorio dominado por Roma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fontes primarias: Eneida de Virxilio, libro 6; Metamorfoses de Ovidio, libro 5 (o rapto de Proserpina); Odas de Horacio; Epigramas de Marcial; as traxedias de S\u00e9neca (Hercules Furens, Octavia); Cicer\u00f3n; Metamorfoses de Apuleio. Per\u00edodo: do s\u00e9culo IV a.C. ao s\u00e9culo VI d.C. Investigadores: Georg Wissowa, Karl Latte (R\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte), Walter Burkert, Hendrik Versnel, Filippo Coarelli (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ciencia que estuda as culturas pasadas a partir de restos materiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">arqueolox\u00eda<\/span>). Testemu\u00f1os: Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, monumentos de Volsinii e Tarracina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e variantes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto \u00e9 representado nas distintas fontes e tradici\u00f3ns art\u00edsticas con determinados elementos iconogr\u00e1ficos recorrentes, que permanecen relativamente constantes durante d\u00e9cadas e a trav\u00e9s de diversos espazos xeogr\u00e1ficos. Estes elementos est\u00e1n profundamente codificados en sentido simb\u00f3lico e te\u00f1en un gran significado; en absoluto foron escollidos de forma puramente decorativa ou casual.<\/p><p>As representaci\u00f3ns de Pluto permiten identificar o seu \u00e1mbito de dominio. O cetro sin\u00e1lao como soberano do inframundo, e o trono xunto a Proserpina, como rei do reino dos mortos. O corno da abundancia remite \u00e1 segunda capa de significado do nome: o grego Plut\u00f3n der\u00edvase de plutos, riqueza, e alude aos tesouros e froitos da terra que proceden das s\u00faas profundidades.<\/p><p>O can de tres cabezas Cerbero ao seu lado e o carro no que rapta a Proserpina forman tam\u00e9n parte do repertorio iconogr\u00e1fico fixo. Quen co\u00f1ec\u00eda a linguaxe visual antiga pod\u00eda ler nela a competencia e o rango do deus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edsticas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Plut\u00f3n era central na pr\u00e1ctica relixiosa, nos rituais coti\u00e1ns e na comprensi\u00f3n diaria dos romanos. As persoas dirix\u00edanse a esta entidade en situaci\u00f3ns vitais cr\u00edticas ou determinadas, ou en certas \u00e9pocas rituais do ano, mediante rituais estruturados e con frecuencia elaborados, oraci\u00f3ns ou ofrendas.<\/p><p>En Roma, Plut\u00f3n case non ti\u00f1a un culto propio con templo fixo e sacerdocio. Con todo, os ritos para os deuses do submundo segu\u00edan preceptos fixos do dereito sacro romano: as ofrendas \u00e1s divindades ct\u00f3nicas fac\u00edanse en fosas, con frecuencia de noite, e xeralmente en nome de Dis Pater, coa que Plut\u00f3n se fusionou en gran medida.<\/p><p>Que os romanos veneraran ao deus do submundo durante s\u00e9culos ti\u00f1a raz\u00f3ns pr\u00e1cticas.<\/p><p>Os ritos serv\u00edan a diversos prop\u00f3sitos: pretend\u00edan aplacar aos mortos e evitar a s\u00faa intrusi\u00f3n no mundo dos vivos, acompa\u00f1aban os enterros e a memoria dos defuntos, e nos Ludi Tarentini, m\u00e1is tarde os Xogos Seculares, invoc\u00e1base a Dis Pater e a Proserpina para afastar a desgraza da cidade e inaugurar unha nova era.<\/p><h3>Aparencia e simbolox\u00eda<\/h3><p>Plut\u00f3n repres\u00e9ntase como serio, maxestoso, con frecuencia vestido con t\u00fanica escura. Un cetro simboliza o seu dominio. O negro e o gris escuro son as s\u00faas cores. A papoula e o cipreste son <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente ao divino e, por iso, exclu\u00eddo do uso coti\u00e1n.\" tabindex=\"0\">sagrados<\/span>. \u00c1s veces leva coroa. O chan \u00e1brese baixo os seus p\u00e9s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ficha: Plut\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A ficha resume o dominio de Plut\u00f3n en seis \u00e1reas: a s\u00faa orixe m\u00edtico-hist\u00f3rica, as pr\u00e1cticas sacerdotais e m\u00e1xicas da s\u00faa veneraci\u00f3n, a s\u00faa representaci\u00f3n caracter\u00edstica na arte e a simbolox\u00eda, o significado da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O acto de dirixirse a unha divindade ou poder mediante s\u00faplica ou invocaci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3n<\/span> e do respecto cara \u00e1 divindade da morte, comparaci\u00f3ns con figuras af\u00edns doutras culturas e, finalmente, unha perspectiva global sobre o seu papel c\u00f3smico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexto cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Plut\u00f3n \u00e9 a forma romana do Hades grego e deriva de divindades indoeuropeas do submundo. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de actos de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dirixidos a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> estaba enraizado en Etruria e foi adoptado por Roma. Nos lugares de culto it\u00e1licos (especialmente<\/p><p>Tarracina e Volsinii) xa hab\u00eda santuarios de Plut\u00f3n establecidos no s\u00e9culo V a.C. O romano Plutus (deus da riqueza) era unha entidade distinta, pero con frecuencia mestur\u00e1base con Plut\u00f3n. O seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de actos de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dirixidos a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> era menos p\u00fablico, m\u00e1is ben devoci\u00f3n privada e pr\u00e1ctica m\u00e1xica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destinatarios<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Plut\u00f3n era invocado por todos os mortais, en casos de d\u00f3, en xuramentos xudiciais (para reforzalos coa autoridade do submundo), por labregos en maldici\u00f3ns de campo (defixio) e por magos na necromancia.<\/p><p>Especialmente os haruspices etruscos (adivi\u00f1os das entra\u00f1as) e os sacerdotes romanos dos Chthonii (sacerdotes subterr\u00e1neos) manti\u00f1an o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de actos de veneraci\u00f3n relixiosa dirixidos a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span>. Nas casas privadas coloc\u00e1banse figuras de Plut\u00f3n para vixiar as tumbas. A celebraci\u00f3n das Lemuria (9, 11 e 13 de maio) era un rito dom\u00e9stico para aplacar os esp\u00edritos subterr\u00e1neos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Representaci\u00f3n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Plut\u00f3n represent\u00e1base como un home barbudo e serio, con frecuencia entronizado en rochas ou covas, \u00e1s veces con cetro ou serpe.<\/p><p>Os seus atributos son a cornucopia (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signo que representa unha idea ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> da riqueza subterr\u00e1nea), a cabeza de papoula (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signo que representa unha idea ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> do sono e da morte), a serpe, moedas ou tesouros. Nas moedas aparece entronizado xunto a Proserpina. As l\u00e1pidas mostrano como xu\u00edz dos defuntos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1mbito de acci\u00f3n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c1mbito de acci\u00f3n:<\/strong> Plut\u00f3n (ou Dis Pater) \u00e9 o gobernante do submundo romano, irm\u00e1n de X\u00fapiter e Neptuno. Consid\u00e9rase o administrador xusto do m\u00e1is al\u00e1, e a tradici\u00f3n non lle atrib\u00fae rasgos malignos. En Roma inv\u00f3case sen contacto visual, ap\u00e1rtase a mirada e f\u00e1laselle as\u00ed.<\/p><p>A riqueza (*ploutus*, abundancia) as\u00f3ciase con el, porque todos os minerais e froitos da terra proceden do seu reino. \u00c9 o deus silencioso, que o cont\u00e9n todo dentro de si.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formas de defensa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Plut\u00f3n era obxecto dunha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O acto de dirixirse a unha divindade ou poder mediante s\u00faplica ou invocaci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3n<\/span> reverente, sustentada polo respecto cara ao poder natural m\u00e1is que polo medo ao castigo. As <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrenda a unha divindade para expresar gratitude, s\u00faplica ou veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrendas<\/span> eran animais de pelaxe negra (carneiros, touros), mel e sacrificios de sangue.<\/p><p>As defixiones (t\u00e1boas de maldici\u00f3n con nomes gravados) deix\u00e1banse en tumbas e templos para pedirlle xustiza ou vinganza a Plut\u00f3n. As promesas feitas a Plut\u00f3n consider\u00e1banse m\u00e1is vinculantes que un xuramento terreal, unha excepci\u00f3n na pr\u00e1ctica relixiosa romana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelismos de Plut\u00f3n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hades (grego) \u00e9 o paralelo m\u00e1is directo, con roles e atributos similares. O etrusco Aitn\/Aita \u00e9 un proto-Plut\u00f3n. No \u00e1mbito mesopot\u00e1mico, Nergal corresponde ao deus do submundo con funci\u00f3ns similares. No \u00e1mbito exipcio, Osiris encarna o dominio do submundo e o renacemento. Estas divindades comparten a ambivalencia entre o terror e a orde c\u00f3smica necesaria.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Plut\u00f3n, paralelismos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Plut\u00f3n romano corresponde funcionalmente ao Hades grego, pero integrado na pr\u00e1ctica relixiosa romana engade referencias ct\u00f3nicas e agr\u00edcolas adicionais. O seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das acci\u00f3ns relixiosas de veneraci\u00f3n a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> superp\u00f3nse ao de Dis Pater e Orcus, pero no Imperio orientouse m\u00e1is cara \u00e1 riqueza e \u00e1 fertilidade do solo que o modelo grego.<\/p>\n<p><p><strong>Tradici\u00f3n xud\u00eda:<\/strong> O Seol xudeu non \u00e9 un reino con deus personificado, sen\u00f3n simplemente o reino dos mortos. M\u00e1is tarde (na apocal\u00edptica) mencionanse <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nas relixi\u00f3ns abrah\u00e1micas, un ser mensaxeiro celestial de Deus.\" tabindex=\"0\">anxos<\/span> como xu\u00edces, pero non hai un equivalente a Plut\u00f3n. Est\u00e1 documentado un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusi\u00f3n de ideas ou divindades procedentes de diferentes tradici\u00f3ns relixiosas.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretismo<\/span> Hades-Plut\u00f3n no xuda\u00edsmo helen\u00edstico, mais non \u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Que pertence a un corpus fixado de escrituras sagradas dunha relixi\u00f3n; os textos non can\u00f3nicos consid\u00e9ranse ap\u00f3crifos.\">can\u00f3nico<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Mundo grecorromano:<\/strong> Hades \u00e9 o antecesor e paralelo de Plut\u00f3n. Os romanos constru\u00edron sobre as ideas gregas, pero puxeron m\u00e1is \u00e9nfase na xustiza e na orde. Hermes Psicopompo (gu\u00eda dos mortos) \u00e9 un complemento, non un rival.<\/p><p><strong>Mesopotamia:<\/strong> Nergal e Ereshkigal (deusa do inframundo) gobernan xuntos o reino dos mortos. Nergal comparte con Plut\u00f3n o poder guerreiro e ct\u00f3nico. Ereshkigal \u00e9 unha xu\u00edza m\u00e1is severa que Proserpina.<\/p><p><strong>India\/Asia:<\/strong> Yama \u00e9 o deus v\u00e9dico dos mortos, que ordena o reino dos defuntos. Non \u00e9 un paralelo directo, pero \u00e9 estruturalmente semellante: ordenador do inframundo, estritamente xusto. No budismo o inframundo est\u00e1 menos personalizado, sen un equivalente a Plut\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp63e7126 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp63e7126\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9bbe5a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9bbe5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dis Pater, Orcus e os nomes romanos do deus dos mortos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcb0d808 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpcb0d808\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75de8e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp75de8e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O deus romano do inframundo aparec\u00eda baixo varios nomes, e a relaci\u00f3n entre eles resulta esclarecedora para a historia das relixi\u00f3ns. <em>Plut\u00f3n<\/em> \u00e9 a forma latinizada do ep\u00edteto grego <em>Plouton<\/em>, o Rico, e chegou a Roma coa adopci\u00f3n das ideas gregas. Xunto a el exist\u00edan denominaci\u00f3ns aut\u00f3ctonas m\u00e1is antigas.<\/p><p>A m\u00e1is importante \u00e9 <em>Dis Pater<\/em>, o Pai Rico. Consid\u00e9rase que o nome <em>Dis<\/em> \u00e9 unha contracci\u00f3n de <em>dives<\/em>, rico, polo que constit\u00fae unha correspondencia latina exacta do grego Plouton. Tam\u00e9n aqu\u00ed a riqueza remite ao que se atopa baixo a terra, ao grao e aos tesouros do subsolo.<\/p><p>Un terceiro nome \u00e9 <em>Orcus<\/em>, de orixe discutida; Orcus pod\u00eda designar tanto o deus como o inframundo mesmo e unha forza punitiva e atemorizante. De Orcus der\u00edvase, por cami\u00f1os indirectos, o italiano <em>orco<\/em> e finalmente a palabra ogro.<\/p><p>Esta variedade de nomes mostra que a idea romana do deus dos mortos se nutr\u00eda de varias fontes: dunha tradici\u00f3n aut\u00f3ctona ligada a Dis Pater e Orcus, e da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a fe dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolox\u00eda<\/span> grega, que co nome de Plut\u00f3n trouxo consigo a elaborada <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das narraci\u00f3ns m\u00edticas transmitidas sobre os deuses dunha cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitolox\u00eda<\/span> de Hades.<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n asume que as ideas romanas aut\u00f3ctonas eran orixinariamente menos personalizadas e menos ricas en mitos que as gregas. S\u00f3 coa identificaci\u00f3n con Hades-Plouton o deus romano do inframundo adquiriu a s\u00faa forma elaborada e as s\u00faas narraci\u00f3ns, sobre todo o rapto de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/proserpina\/\">Proserpina<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc860d54 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc860d54\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpabb6594 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpabb6594\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os Ludi Tarentini e o altar do Campo de Marte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9b61d10 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9b61d10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf79ffd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf79ffd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto das acci\u00f3ns relixiosas de veneraci\u00f3n a unha divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> romano propio de Dis Pater e Proserpina ti\u00f1a o seu centro no Campo de Marte, nun lugar chamado <em>Tarentum<\/em> ou <em>Terentum<\/em>. Al\u00ed hab\u00eda un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Lugar elevado ou mesa para ofrendas e actos relixiosos.\" tabindex=\"0\">altar<\/span> subterr\u00e1neo, que s\u00f3 se descubr\u00eda e utilizaba en determinadas ocasi\u00f3ns.<\/p><p>Segundo a lenda fundacional, un sabino chamado Valesio cavou naquel lugar e atopou o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Lugar elevado ou mesa para ofrendas e actos relixiosos.\" tabindex=\"0\">altar<\/span> mentres buscaba cura para os seus fillos.<\/p><p>Neste lugar celebr\u00e1banse os <em>Ludi Tarentini<\/em>, xogos nocturnos e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrenda a unha divindade para expresar gratitude, s\u00faplica ou veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrendas<\/span> \u00e1s divindades subterr\u00e1neas.<\/p><p>Desta tradici\u00f3n desenvolv\u00e9ronse os <em>Ludi Saeculares<\/em>, os xogos seculares, que s\u00f3 se celebraban unha vez por <em>saeculum<\/em>, un per\u00edodo de aproximadamente cen ou cento dez anos, coa xustificaci\u00f3n de que ningunha persoa deb\u00eda vivilos d\u00faas veces. Os xogos marcaban a transici\u00f3n dunha \u00e9poca \u00e1 seguinte.<\/p><p>Especialmente ben documentados est\u00e1n os xogos seculares que o emperador Augusto fixo celebrar no ano 17 a.C.<\/p><p>Para esa ocasi\u00f3n, Horacio compuxo o <em>Carmen Saeculare<\/em>, cantado por coros de rapaces e rapazas. Conservouse unha inscrici\u00f3n que documenta o programa da festa e que se considera unha fonte importante.<\/p><p>Desde o punto de vista da historia das relixi\u00f3ns, este achado \u00e9 significativo: mostra que Dis Pater, no culto estatal romano, \u00eda m\u00e1is al\u00e1 do papel de receptor de ritos funerarios privados. Aparece a\u00ed como unha forza vinculada ao curso das grandes \u00e9pocas e \u00e1 renovaci\u00f3n ritual da comunidade. As ofrendas nocturnas e escuras \u00e1s divindades do inframundo formaban as\u00ed parte fixa da orde festiva romana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp303ceab e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp303ceab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40a75b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp40a75b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Riqueza das profundidades: Plut\u00f3n, a minar\u00eda e a fertilidade<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd3c2a83 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpd3c2a83\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4cdbc79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4cdbc79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O trazo m\u00e1is salientable de Plut\u00f3n \u00e9 o seu propio nome, o Rico. Esta relaci\u00f3n entre o deus dos mortos e a riqueza non \u00e9 casual, sen\u00f3n expresi\u00f3n dunha concepci\u00f3n coherente.<\/p><p>A terra \u00e1 que descenden os mortos \u00e9 ao mesmo tempo a terra da que brota o gran e na que se ocultan os metais e as pedras preciosas. Quen goberna o inframundo goberna tam\u00e9n estes tesouros.<\/p><p>Na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, entre aproximadamente 800 a. C. e 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antig\u00fcidade<\/span> Plut\u00f3n estaba por iso asociado \u00e1 riqueza do solo, tanto \u00e1 agricultura como \u00e1 minar\u00eda. O deus grego <em>Plutos<\/em>, unha personificaci\u00f3n da riqueza en sentido estrito, d\u00e9bese distinguir de Plouton, a\u00ednda que os dous nomes son tan pr\u00f3ximos que xa na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, entre aproximadamente 800 a. C. e 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antig\u00fcidade<\/span> se confund\u00edan.<\/p><p>O estreito v\u00ednculo do deus do inframundo con Proserpina, que ela mesma se presenta como deusa da vexetaci\u00f3n, reforza este aspecto: o seu ascenso e descenso anuais est\u00e1n ligados ao nacer e morrer dos froitos do campo.<\/p><p>Desde o punto de vista cient\u00edfico, este dato mostra que romanos e gregos non pensaban a morte e a fertilidade como puros opostos. A mesma terra que devora tam\u00e9n produce. O deus dos mortos \u00e9 por iso m\u00e1is que unha figura temible: \u00e9 ao mesmo tempo o garante dun ciclo do que dependen os vivos.<\/p><p>Na arte pl\u00e1stica, Plut\u00f3n foi representado ocasionalmente cun corno da abundancia, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signo que representa unha idea ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> da opulencia, o que fai visible esta faceta positiva. Nos sacrificios que se lle ofrec\u00edan, empreg\u00e1banse por\u00e9n as formas habituais para as divindades ct\u00f3nicas: animais escuros, sangue vertido no solo, unha actitude ritual grave, orientada cara \u00e1s profundidades.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7308312 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7308312\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3e9d09b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3e9d09b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Do deus ao planeta enano: a historia moderna do nome<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp72760ea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp72760ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp64c91ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp64c91ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>O nome Plut\u00f3n fixo unha segunda carreira no s\u00e9culo XX, moi lonxe da relixi\u00f3n antiga. Cando en 1930 se descubriu no Observatorio Lowell de Arizona un novo corpo celeste m\u00e1is al\u00e1 de Neptuno, buscouse un nome para el.<\/span><\/p><p>A proposta veu de Venetia Burney, unha nena de once anos de Oxford interesada na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, entre aproximadamente 800 a. C. e 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitolox\u00eda<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conxunto de relatos sobre deuses transmitidos por unha cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiga<\/span>. O nome dun deus do inframundo escuro e afastado parec\u00eda axeitado para aquel corpo celeste distante e fr\u00edo.<\/p><p>A proposta imp\u00faxose tam\u00e9n porque as d\u00faas primeiras letras do nome, P e L, eran ao mesmo tempo as iniciais de Percival Lowell, o fundador do observatorio, que levaba tempo buscando ese planeta.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signo que representa unha idea ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> astron\u00f3mico do corpo celeste combina estas d\u00faas letras. Plut\u00f3n foi considerado inicialmente o noveno planeta do sistema solar. En 2006 a Uni\u00f3n Astron\u00f3mica Internacional reclasificouno como planeta enano, unha decisi\u00f3n que provocou reacci\u00f3ns inusualmente intensas na opini\u00f3n p\u00fablica.<\/span><\/p><p>Desde o punto de vista cient\u00edfico, este episodio \u00e9 un exemplo da pervivencia dos nomes divinos antigos na linguaxe cient\u00edfica moderna.<\/p><p>Como os planetas X\u00fapiter, Marte, Venus e Neptuno, tam\u00e9n este corpo celeste leva o nome dun deus romano, e con el viaxou todo un campo de conceptos: a l\u00faa maior de Plut\u00f3n ch\u00e1mase Caronte, polo barqueiro do inframundo, e outras l\u00faas levan nomes como Estix e C\u00e9rbero.<\/p><p>A xeograf\u00eda do m\u00e1is al\u00e1 da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, entre aproximadamente 800 a. C. e 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antig\u00fcidade<\/span> converteuse as\u00ed, despoxada do seu contido relixioso, nunha reserva para a nomenclatura astron\u00f3mica. O deus dos mortos dos romanos \u00e9 hoxe co\u00f1ecido pola maior\u00eda das persoas sobre todo como un corpo xeado afastado, nos conf\u00edns do sistema solar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ligaz\u00f3ns relacionadas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/roma\/\">Roma, cultura<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/proserpina\/\">Proserpina, esposa, ra\u00ed\u00f1a do inframundo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/hades\/\">Hades, equivalente grego<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes e bibliograf\u00eda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Beard, Mary \/ North, John \/ Price, Simon: <em>Religions of Rome<\/em>. Cambridge University Press, 1998.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Burkert, Walter: <em>Greek Religion<\/em>. Harvard University Press, 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Turcan, Robert: <em>The Cults of the Roman Empire<\/em>. Blackwell Publishers, 1996.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pluto e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pluto\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pluto-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pluto-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Como <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span><\/em> da tradici\u00f3n romana, Plut\u00f3n funde o Hades grego con concepci\u00f3ns italianas antigas sobre a riqueza da terra e goberna o reino dos mortos, os recursos do subsolo e as capas subterr\u00e1neas do mundo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1737,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Pluto","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Pluto \u2013 deus romano do inframundo","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Pluto, deus romano do inframundo e da riqueza, transmitido durante s\u00e9culos: esposo de Proserpina, xu\u00edz dos mortos, templo en Tarracina.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"rom","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-194736","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - 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