{"id":194656,"date":"2026-09-07T09:37:08","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:37:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=194656"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"tsen","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/tsen\/","title":{"rendered":"Tsen"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"194656\" class=\"elementor elementor-194656 elementor-1336\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsen, esp\u00edrito da tradici\u00f3n tibetana<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsen \u00e9 un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser incorp\u00f3reo ao que se lle atrib\u00fae influencia no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> da tradici\u00f3n tibetana.<\/p><p>Esp\u00edritos guerreiros vermellos das monta\u00f1as tibetanas, se\u00f1ores das rochas e os pasos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esp\u00edrito: Entidade incorp\u00f3rea ou semicorp\u00f3rea, defuntos, seres da natureza, esp\u00edritos do fogar ou gardi\u00e1ns de limiares. Act\u00faa na vida coti\u00e1, moitas veces ligado a lugares ou familias.\">Esp\u00edrito<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/tibet\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3n tibetano-budista e b\u00f6n, Yidam, Dharmap\u0101la, mundo dos Naga.\">Tibet<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-196968\" alt=\"Tsen - Esp\u00edritos da tradici\u00f3n tibetana, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsen (btsan)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os Tsen (tib. <em>btsan<\/em>) constit\u00faen unha clase propia de seres espirituais tibetanos: esp\u00edritos guerreiros das rochas, os pasos e as ladeiras escarpadas. Descr\u00edbense sistematicamente como figuras guerreiras masculinas vestidas de vermello, que cabalgan cabalos vermellos, portan arco e espada e poden aparecer de s\u00fapeto desde as fendas das rochas.<\/p><p>Os Tsen non son mal\u00e9volos por natureza, pero son perigosos e imprevisibles. Castigan de inmediato a falta de respecto; os seus territorios est\u00e1n rodeados de normas de comportamento estritas.<\/p><p>Moitos Tsen foron obrigados por xuramento durante a penetraci\u00f3n budista do T\u00edbet e nomeados esp\u00edritos protectores (Dharmapalas) de determinados mosteiros. Un representante destacado \u00e9 Pehar, levado a Samye no s\u00e9culo VIII e convertido en or\u00e1culo do Estado.<\/p><div><h3>A prehistoria b\u00f6n e a xerarqu\u00eda de esp\u00edritos<\/h3><p>A relixi\u00f3n b\u00f6n, a tradici\u00f3n relixiosa prebudista do T\u00edbet, divid\u00eda o mundo sobrenatural nunha xerarqu\u00eda complexa de seres non humanos. Os <em>Tsen<\/em> pertenc\u00edan a esta clasificaci\u00f3n como esp\u00edritos especializados das monta\u00f1as e da guerra. Segundo fontes b\u00f6n, os Tsen xurdiron nunha fase c\u00f3smica anterior, antes de que as divindades ou as naturezas b\u00fadicas ordenasen o mundo.<\/p><p>Son, polo tanto, anteriores ao budismo e est\u00e1n m\u00e1is profundamente arraigados no solo tibetano. O sacerdocio b\u00f6n (<em>drangpo<\/em>) especializouse en apaciguar aos Tsen mediante <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrenda a unha divindade para expresar gratitude, petici\u00f3n ou veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrendas<\/span> e pactos. Entre os s\u00e9culos VII e XI, durante a viraxe budista do T\u00edbet, moitos destes esp\u00edritos non foron destru\u00eddos, sen\u00f3n integrados no budismo.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil breve: Tsen<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipo:<\/strong> esp\u00edrito guerreiro, demo da monta\u00f1a<br>Orixe: tradici\u00f3n b\u00f6n prebudista; a mi\u00fado guerreiros ca\u00eddos ou pr\u00edncipes desterrados<br>Textos: ciclos de Padmasambhava, epopea de Gesar, libros rituais locais<br>Efecto: enfermidades s\u00fabitas, accidentes nos pasos de monta\u00f1a, posesi\u00f3n<br>Defensa: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrenda a unha divindade para expresar gratitude, petici\u00f3n ou veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrendas<\/span> de sang, torma de Tsen, evitar momentos inoportunos<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historische Einordnung<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A figura do Tsen procede da relixi\u00f3n b\u00f6n prebudista. Constit\u00faen unha das tres clases orixinais de seres (lha, klu, btsan). Coa viraxe budista dos s\u00e9culos VII e VIII, numerosos Tsen int\u00e9granse no novo sistema relixioso; alg\u00fans establ\u00e9cense como esp\u00edritos protectores, outros permanecen como temidos se\u00f1ores das monta\u00f1as.<\/p><p>A epopea de Gesar, unha das maiores epopeas orais do mundo, co\u00f1ece numerosas figuras de Tsen como inimigos e aliados. A\u00ednda hoxe se mante\u00f1en santuarios de Tsen en moitos pasos de monta\u00f1a.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difusi\u00f3n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os Tsen est\u00e1n ligados a certas formaci\u00f3ns rochosas, pasos de monta\u00f1a, ladeiras escarpadas e rochas illadas e chamativas. Cada paso importante das terras altas ten o seu propio Tsen, moitas veces cun nome propio e rituais espec\u00edficos.<\/p><p>Lugares t\u00edpicos: cumios de pasos con bandeiras de oraci\u00f3n (<em>lung ta<\/em>), bloques de rocha illados, paredes rochosas vermellas ou chamativas, fontes ao p\u00e9 destas formaci\u00f3ns. Alg\u00fans Tsen tam\u00e9n habitan ru\u00ednas e fortalezas antigas, especialmente se est\u00e1n ligadas a batallas hist\u00f3ricas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fontes principais: ciclos de Padmasambhava, especialmente os relatos de sometemento; a epopea de Gesar nas s\u00faas versi\u00f3ns orais e escritas; libros rituais locais conservados para santuarios individuais. Obras de referencia: Nebesky-Wojkowitz (1956); Samuel (1993); Blondeau (1998).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Sobre Pehar en particular: Gibson, Todd (1991) \u00abFrom btsan rgod to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nas relixi\u00f3ns indias, a doutrina e a orde correcta da acci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>-p\u0101la\u00bb; ademais a literatura sobre o or\u00e1culo do Estado de Nechung.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e variantes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tibetano <em>btsan<\/em>, pronunciado Tsen ou Ts\u00e4n.<\/p><ul><li><strong>Btsan rgyal<\/strong>, \u00abrei dos Tsen\u00bb.<\/li><li>Yul lha dang btsan, esp\u00edritos protectores locais e Tsen xuntos.<\/li><li>Pehar, o Tsen m\u00e1is destacado, convertido en se\u00f1or protector do or\u00e1culo de Nechung.<\/li><li>Dorje Legpa, orixinariamente un ser de tipo Tsen, sometido por Padmasambhava.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edsticas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aparencia.<\/strong> Guerreiro masculino de vermello intenso, con armadura completa, manto vermello, casco vermello, arco e espada, sobre un cabalo vermello con gualdrapas vermellas. Nas representaci\u00f3ns thangka, moitas veces con atributos de escorpi\u00f3n ou ave rapaz.<\/p><p>Comportamento. Aparecen ao anoitecer e pola noite, de s\u00fapeto desde as fendas das rochas. Perseguen aos que faltan ao respecto, cabalgan por pasos solitarios e poden aparecer en grupos. O encontro pode vivirse como unha debilidade f\u00edsica s\u00fabita, vertixe, febre ou dificultade para respirar.<\/p><p>Funci\u00f3n protectora. Os Tsen sometidos por xuramento son gardi\u00e1ns leais dos seus mosteiros e lugares. Nesta funci\u00f3n pertencen \u00e1 clase dos <em>srung ma<\/em>, divindades protectoras.<\/p><div><h3>Clasificaci\u00f3n Tsen, Nyen, Lu, D\u00fc dentro do b\u00f6n<\/h3><p>No sistema b\u00f6n existe unha clasificaci\u00f3n estrita dos seres sobrenaturais segundo a esfera e o elemento: os <em>Tsen<\/em> son seres da monta\u00f1a e do ceo; os <em>Nyen<\/em> son esp\u00edritos da monta\u00f1a e habitantes do bosque; os <em>Lu<\/em> son habitantes acu\u00e1ticos semellantes aos Naga; os <em>D\u00fc<\/em> son esp\u00edritos ligados \u00e1 terra. Dentro desta clasificaci\u00f3n, os Tsen son os m\u00e1is elevados e, \u00e1 vez, os m\u00e1is salvaxes.<\/p><p>A diferenza doutros esp\u00edritos da monta\u00f1a, os Tsen te\u00f1en unha forte orientaci\u00f3n guerreira: protexen os l\u00edmites territoriais e a honra familiar. Est\u00e1n menos interesados na fertilidade que na valent\u00eda e a gloria. Esta diferenza explica por que os Tsen eran invocados sobre todo por guerreiros e reis, mentres que os esp\u00edritos Lu eran solicitados polos labregos para obter bendici\u00f3ns das augas.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ficha: Tsen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os aspectos m\u00e1is importantes dos Tsen dun s\u00f3 vistazo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Orixe dos Tsen<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tradici\u00f3n b\u00f6n prebudista; a mi\u00fado guerreiros ca\u00eddos ou pr\u00edncipes destronados que regresaron como esp\u00edritos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destinatarios<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Viaxeiros nos pasos de alta monta\u00f1a, cazadores, pastores, comerciantes con caravanas; traballadores da construci\u00f3n en terreos non bendicidos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aparencia dos Tsen<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura guerreira de cor vermella intensa en armadura completa, sobre un cabalo vermello, con arco e espada; \u00e1s veces cun atributo de escorpi\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1mbito de acci\u00f3n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Doenza de altura s\u00fabita, febre, dificultade respiratoria, accidentes en pasos de monta\u00f1a, posesi\u00f3n pola ira; en positivo: protecci\u00f3n decidida como gardi\u00e1n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protecci\u00f3n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ofrenda de fume (sang) en pasos de monta\u00f1a, tsen-torma, recitaci\u00f3n de textos rituais espec\u00edficos, colocaci\u00f3n de bandeiras de oraci\u00f3n vermellas; normas de comportamento estritas en lugares tsen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Equivalentes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Esp\u00edritos guerreiros de monta\u00f1a mongoles; seres de monta\u00f1a norteib\u00e9ricos e xerm\u00e1nicos; os <em>yaksha<\/em> indios como gardi\u00e1ns das monta\u00f1as.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e1ctica de protecci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ofrendas de incenso nos pasos de monta\u00f1a.<\/strong> Os viaxeiros paran nos altos pasos, acenden pequenos lumes de ramas de xenebro e esparexen fari\u00f1a; a chamada <em>lha sol lo<\/em> (&#8220;que sexa ofrecido \u00e1s divindades&#8221;) e as banderas de oraci\u00f3n (<em>lung ta<\/em>) acompa\u00f1an a pasaxe.<\/p><p>Tsen-torma. Nas cerimonias mon\u00e1sticas prep\u00e1ranse figuras torma especialmente para a clase dos tsen, a mi\u00fado composici\u00f3ns vermellas de tsampa con colorantes vermellos.<\/p><p>Santuarios e mont\u00f3ns de pedras. Ao p\u00e9 das rochas tsen e nos altos dos pasos hai pequenos mont\u00f3ns de pedras (<em>la btsas<\/em>), nos que os viaxeiros colocan unha pedra m\u00e1is.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lugar ou instituci\u00f3n onde se solicita un vaticinio divino.\" tabindex=\"0\">Or\u00e1culo<\/span>. Alg\u00fans tsen est\u00e1n institucionalizados como soberanos de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lugar ou instituci\u00f3n onde se solicita un vaticinio divino.\" tabindex=\"0\">or\u00e1culos<\/span>; Pehar fala a trav\u00e9s do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lugar ou instituci\u00f3n onde se solicita un vaticinio divino.\" tabindex=\"0\">or\u00e1culo<\/span> de Nechung ata hoxe no goberno tibetano no exilio.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsen, paralelismos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mongolia.<\/strong> Tras a penetraci\u00f3n budista en Mongolia entre os s\u00e9culos XIII e XVI, figuras semellantes aos tsen int\u00e9granse no sistema mongol de esp\u00edritos protectores.<\/p><p>India\/budismo. Os <em>yaksha<\/em>, como figuras gardi\u00e1s, comparten o perfil b\u00e1sico do esp\u00edrito local de car\u00e1cter militar.<\/p><p>Europa. Esp\u00edritos guerreiros vermellos ligados a monta\u00f1as e pasos aparecen en lendas norteib\u00e9ricas e alpinas; non existe unha conexi\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica.<\/p><p>Tradici\u00f3ns cham\u00e1nicas. As concepci\u00f3ns siberianas e centroasi\u00e1ticas dos se\u00f1ores das monta\u00f1as compartillan numerosos trazos b\u00e1sicos.<\/p><div><h3>Pr\u00e1ctica relixiosa local e o sistema de pactos cos tsen<\/h3><p>No plano relixioso local, os tsen funcionan como aliados c\u00f3smicos das comunidades locais. Unha monta\u00f1a est\u00e1 habitada e gobernada por un tsen espec\u00edfico. Os cami\u00f1antes deben presentarse e pedir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concesi\u00f3n de benestar e protecci\u00f3n, moitas veces en forma ling\u00fc\u00edstica fixa.\" tabindex=\"0\">bendici\u00f3n<\/span>.<\/p><p>Os guerreiros pactaban con tsen locais para obter a vitoria. O sistema de pactos cos tsen (<em>damtsig<\/em>) mostra unha relaci\u00f3n reciproca: a persoa promete veneraci\u00f3n, o tsen concede protecci\u00f3n e \u00e9xito.<\/p><p>Estes pactos entend\u00edanse como serios e vinculantes; as infracci\u00f3ns dos acordos cos tsen castig\u00e1banse con mala fortuna durante varias xeraci\u00f3ns. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un elemento de contido recorrente na arte ou na narraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> do pacto con esp\u00edritos de monta\u00f1a est\u00e1 presente en moitas culturas prebudistas, pero o T\u00edbet conservouno nunha forma \u00fanica de integraci\u00f3n nun gran sistema relixioso.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43d8871 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp43d8871\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp71c4f68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp71c4f68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situaci\u00f3n no sistema tibetano dos esp\u00edritos locais<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa9845f9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa9845f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc8de689 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc8de689\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os <em>btsan<\/em> (pronunciado tsen) pertencen \u00e1s clases de esp\u00edritos aut\u00f3ctonos do T\u00edbet que estruturan a visi\u00f3n do mundo tibetana xa antes e a car\u00f3n do budismo.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A literatura relixiosa, sobre todo a obra fundamental <em>Oracles and Demons of Tibet<\/em> de Ren\u00e9 de Nebesky-Wojkowitz (1956), sit\u00faaos nun sistema denso que incl\u00fae, entre outros, os <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/lu\/\">klu<\/a> das augas e do inframundo, os <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/nyen\/\">gnyan<\/a> da esfera media e os <em>lha<\/em> do ceo.<\/span><\/p><p>Dentro deste esquema, os <em>btsan<\/em> son os esp\u00edritos da rexi\u00f3n media e superior, ligados con frecuencia a rocas, pasos de monta\u00f1a, ladeiras vermellas e \u00e1rbores singulares.<\/p><p>\u00c9 caracter\u00edstica a s\u00faa cor vermella. Os <em>btsan<\/em> son representados como xinetes vermellos sobre cabalos vermellos, en armadura e armados con arco ou lanza.<\/p><p>Esta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Estudo dos contidos das imaxes e o seu significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconograf\u00eda<\/span> vinc\u00falaos co combate, a caza e a morte s\u00fabita. As doenzas que aparecen sen aviso previo, sobre todo as febr\u00eds ou as que provocan paralizaci\u00f3n, interpret\u00e1banse tradicionalmente como ataques dun <em>btsan<\/em>. O termo <em>btsan<\/em> \u00e9 en tibetano tam\u00e9n un adxectivo que significa poderoso e violento, o que designa directamente o car\u00e1cter desta clase de seres.<\/p><p>Resulta notable a profundidade hist\u00f3rica do termo. <em>Btsan<\/em> forma parte do t\u00edtulo real <em>btsan po<\/em>, co que se designaba aos gobernantes do imperio tibetano (s\u00e9culos VII a IX).<\/p><p>A investigaci\u00f3n ve nisto un indicio dunha conexi\u00f3n orixinariamente estreita entre a realeza, o culto \u00e1 monta\u00f1a e a idea dunha clase de esp\u00edritos poderosa e guerreira. Coa consolidaci\u00f3n do budismo, os <em>btsan<\/em>, como os demais esp\u00edritos prebudistas, non foron abolidos, sen\u00f3n integrados no sistema budista e, en parte, vinculados como divindades protectoras.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpae6c1a0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpae6c1a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp69837bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp69837bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vinculaci\u00f3n co budismo e o papel de protectores<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9536992 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9536992\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc34bf98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc34bf98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A tradici\u00f3n tibetana co\u00f1ece o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> segundo o cal grandes mestres como Padmasambhava, no s\u00e9culo VIII, somet\u00edan os esp\u00edritos aut\u00f3ctonos e os vinculaban por xuramento \u00e1 protecci\u00f3n da doutrina budista. Para os <em>btsan<\/em>, isto supuxo unha dobre existencia.<\/p><p>Por unha banda, seguiron sendo esp\u00edritos salvaxes e libres, \u00e1 espreita nos seus cumios e pasos de monta\u00f1a. Por outra, alg\u00fans <em>btsan<\/em> especialmente poderosos puideron ser elevados a <em>srung ma<\/em>, divindades protectoras de mosteiros e li\u00f1axes de ensinanza.<\/p><p>O exemplo m\u00e1is co\u00f1ecido \u00e9 o do deus protector <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/pehar\/\">Pehar<\/a>, ou m\u00e1is ben do seu s\u00e9quito, do que parte se adscribe \u00e1 clase dos <em>btsan<\/em>. Tam\u00e9n o famoso protector mon\u00e1stico Tsiu Marpo, venerado no mosteiro central de Samye, \u00e9 considerado un <em>btsan<\/em>: un cabaleiro vermello e acoirazado que pod\u00eda ser consultado como divindade oracular.<\/p><p>Isto amosa que a clase non ti\u00f1a, en absoluto, unha connotaci\u00f3n puramente negativa. Un <em>btsan<\/em> vinculado era un protector eficaz precisamente porque conservaba a s\u00faa ferocidade e forza de combate orixinais, agora postas ao servizo do mosteiro.<\/p><p>Na vida ritual coti\u00e1 dos mosteiros, este v\u00ednculo renov\u00e1base con regularidade. As ofrendas, sobre todo substancias vermellas, e a recitaci\u00f3n das f\u00f3rmulas de vinculaci\u00f3n manti\u00f1an viva a relaci\u00f3n. A investigaci\u00f3n subli\u00f1a que esa relaci\u00f3n se consideraba precaria.<\/p><p>Un <em>btsan<\/em> protector descoidado ou ofendido pod\u00eda volverse contra a comunidade \u00e1 que se supo\u00f1\u00eda que gardaba. Deste xeito, o trato tibetano cos <em>btsan<\/em> difire fundamentalmente dunha simple defensa contra demos. Non se trataba de destru\u00edlos, sen\u00f3n de xestionar de forma continuada un poder perigoso pero aproveitable.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ligaz\u00f3ns relacionadas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ligaz\u00f3ns internas recomendadas:<\/p><ul><li>P\u00e1xina cultural <strong>Tibet<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Outros perf\u00eds individuais do T\u00edbet: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/lu\/\">Lu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/nyen\/\">Nyen<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/gyalpo\/\">Gyalpo<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/mamo\/\">Mamo<\/a>.<\/li><li>Paralelismos: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/hinduismo\/\">Hindu\u00edsmo<\/a> (Yaksha).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda (selecci\u00f3n)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Unha selecci\u00f3n compacta de traballos centrais sobre Tsen:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Gibson, Todd: <em>From btsan rgod to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nas relixi\u00f3ns indias, a doutrina e a orde correcta da acci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>-p\u0101la.<\/em> En: Tibet Journal 16\/4 (1991), p. 57, 98.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Blondeau, Anne-Marie (Ed., 1998): <em>Tibetan Mountain Deities<\/em> (Viena, \u00d6AW). Volume colectivo sobre a investigaci\u00f3n das divindades da monta\u00f1a.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Bibliograf\u00eda est\u00e1ndar (Tibet):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Blondeau, Anne-Marie (Ed.)<\/strong>: <em>Tibetan Mountain Deities. Verlag der \u00d6sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Viena 1998.<\/em><\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>de Nebesky-Wojkowitz, Ren\u00e9<\/strong>: <em>Oracles and Demons of Tibet. Mouton, The Hague 1956.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e1is obras de referencia no <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/literatura\/\">\u00edndice bibliogr\u00e1fico<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-tsen-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-tsen-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-tsen\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-tsen-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-tsen-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">A pr\u00e1ctica de protecci\u00f3n aqu\u00ed descrita \u00e9 unha clasificaci\u00f3n desde a ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns de tradici\u00f3ns hist\u00f3ricas. iWell Guard retoma esta li\u00f1a cultural e hist\u00f3rica de obxectos protectores port\u00e1tiles e representa unha forma contempor\u00e1nea desta. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">M\u00e1is sobre o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1717,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tsen","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tsen - Esp\u00edritos guerreiros vermellos das monta\u00f1as tibetanas","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tsen, esp\u00edritos guerreiros vermellos das monta\u00f1as tibetanas. Se\u00f1ores das rochas e os pasos, antepasados temidos e o seu papel na crenza b\u00f6n prebudista.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"tibet","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-194656","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tsen - Esp\u00edritos guerreiros vermellos das monta\u00f1as tibetanas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tsen, esp\u00edritos guerreiros vermellos das monta\u00f1as tibetanas. 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