{"id":194635,"date":"2026-09-07T09:37:08","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:37:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=194635"},"modified":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T09:41:15","slug":"gardians-naraka","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/gardians-naraka\/","title":{"rendered":"Naraka-W\u00e4chter"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"194635\" class=\"elementor elementor-194635 elementor-1210\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Naraka-W\u00e4chter, demo da tradici\u00f3n budista<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Gardi\u00e1ns do inferno dos oito Narakas quentes e os oito fr\u00edos.<\/strong><\/p><p>Os Naraka-W\u00e4chter son gardi\u00e1ns budistas do inferno baixo o mando de Yama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Demo \/ demoa: Ser sobrenatural cun efecto xeralmente prexudicial ou ambivalente. Sit\u00faase entre deuses e humanos, causa enfermidade, tentaci\u00f3n ou desgraza, e \u00e9 repelido mediante conxuros, obxectos apotropaicos e rituais.\">Demo<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/budismo\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3n budista con bodhisattvas, divindades protectoras, esp\u00edritos fam\u00e9licos e gardi\u00e1ns do inferno.\">Budismo<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Non se atoparon t\\u00edtulos nesta p\\u00e1xina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-197008\" alt=\"Gardi\u00e1n de Naraka - Demos da tradici\u00f3n budista, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Naraka-W\u00e4chter<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Naraka-W\u00e4chter \u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ser espiritual ao que se atrib\u00fae un efecto prexudicial ou ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demo<\/span> da tradici\u00f3n budista.<\/p><p>Os Naraka-W\u00e4chter (s\u00e1nscrito <em>narakap\u0101la<\/em>) son os executores nos infernos budistas. A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concepci\u00f3n sobre a estrutura e a orde do mundo dentro dunha cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmolox\u00eda<\/span> Abhidharma co\u00f1ece oito infernos principais quentes e oito fr\u00edos, cada un con numerosos subinfernos; en cada un domina unha forma espec\u00edfica de castigo, que constit\u00fae a contrapartida c\u00e1rmica do pecado subxacente. Os gardi\u00e1ns fan cumprir estes castigos, non por crueldade, sen\u00f3n como forma de produci\u00f3n da consecuencia c\u00e1rmica.<\/p><p>\u00c9 importante sinalar que os Narakas non son, no budismo, infernos eternos. Son lugares de renacemento con duraci\u00f3n determinada. Cando se esgota o peso c\u00e1rmico, o ser renace noutra existencia.<\/p><p>Os gardi\u00e1ns son, polo tanto, funcionarios dun mecanismo, non figuras diab\u00f3licas. O Libro tibetano dos mortos e o sistema chin\u00e9s Di Yu confiren aos gardi\u00e1ns formas propias, cabeza de boi, cara de cabalo, cabeza de tigre e outras, que son famosas mundialmente na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Estudo dos contidos das imaxes e o seu significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconograf\u00eda<\/span>.<\/p><div><p><strong>Sutras budistas sobre Naraka e as s\u00faas clasificaci\u00f3ns<\/strong><\/p><p>A descrici\u00f3n budista m\u00e1is detallada dos infernos e dos seus gardi\u00e1ns at\u00f3pase en sutras como o <em>Mahayana Mahaparinirvana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, texto doutrinal en forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span><\/em>, o <em>Karmavibhanga <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, texto doutrinal en forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span><\/em> e o <em>Surangama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, texto doutrinal en forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span><\/em>. Estes textos clasifican os gardi\u00e1ns do inferno segundo a s\u00faa funci\u00f3n e o seu estatus c\u00e1rmico. Alg\u00fans gardi\u00e1ns son seres demon\u00edacos, presos nos seus papeis polos seus propios malos karmas.<\/p><p>Outros son bodhisattvas que asumen voluntariamente papeis infernais para salvar seres. Distinguir estas d\u00faas categor\u00edas \u00e9 central para a \u00e9tica budista: o gardi\u00e1n est\u00e1 preso nun papel ou \u00e9 unha forza misioneira, en principio non \u00e9 malo. Por iso, no budismo, o Naraka-W\u00e4chter \u00e9 obxecto tanto de temor como de veneraci\u00f3n.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nunha ollada: Naraka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipo:<\/strong> gardi\u00e1n do inferno, executor c\u00e1rmico<br>Orixe: servizo de Yama; na tradici\u00f3n do leste asi\u00e1tico de Yanluo Wang<br>Textos: Abhidharmakosha, sutras <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Gran veh\u00edculo'; unha das tres tradici\u00f3ns principais do budismo, co ideal do bodhisattva e unha reflexi\u00f3n filos\u00f3fica elaborada.\">Mahayana<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"No budismo tibetano, estado de transici\u00f3n entre d\u00faas existencias; o Bardo Th\u00f6dol describe a fase posterior \u00e1 morte.\">Bardo<\/span> Th\u00f6dol, literatura Di Yu<br>Per\u00edodo: desde a \u00e9poca budista at\u00e9 a actualidade<br>Estrutura: oito Narakas quentes + oito fr\u00edos, cada un cos seus propios gardi\u00e1ns<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historische Einordnung<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Colecci\u00f3n de escrituras sagradas dunha relixi\u00f3n, reco\u00f1ecida como vinculante.\" tabindex=\"0\">Canon<\/span> pali con descrici\u00f3ns infernais primitivas. O Abhidharmakosha de Vasubandhu (s\u00e9c. IV\/V d.C.) sistematiza a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concepci\u00f3n sobre a estrutura e a orde do mundo dentro dunha cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmolox\u00eda<\/span> dos Narakas. O Libro tibetano dos mortos con <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Estudo dos contidos das imaxes e o seu significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconograf\u00eda<\/span> detallada dos gardi\u00e1ns. Literatura chinesa Di Yu desde a \u00e9poca Tang, representaci\u00f3ns xaponesas de Jigoku desde a \u00e9poca Heian.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difusi\u00f3n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Todas as rexi\u00f3ns budistas; especialmente elaborado en China, Xap\u00f3n e o T\u00edbet. O sistema chin\u00e9s Di Yu con dez infernos, cada un baixo o mando dun rei Yama (Yanluo). A tradici\u00f3n xaponesa de Jigoku. Pintura infernal mongola e tibetana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu), Saddharmasmrityupasthana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, texto doutrinal en forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Libro tibetano dos mortos; gu\u00eda ritual para os estados de transici\u00f3n despois da morte.\">Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/span>, o chin\u00e9s Yuli Bao Chao (&#8220;Espello precioso da placa de xade&#8221;, dinast\u00eda Song), as xaponesas Jigoku-z\u014dshi (rolos ilustrados dos infernos), arte popular coreana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denominaci\u00f3n e formas de escritura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>S\u00e1nscrito:<\/strong> <em>narakap\u0101la<\/em>, &#8220;gardi\u00e1n do inferno&#8221;; <em>narakad\u016bta<\/em>, &#8220;mensaxeiro do inferno&#8221;.<br>Chin\u00e9s: \u7344\u5352 (<em>Yu Zu<\/em>, &#8220;soldados do inferno&#8221;); parellas espec\u00edficas de gardi\u00e1ns Niu Tou (cabeza de boi) e Ma Mian (cara de cabalo).<br>Xapon\u00e9s: <em>Gokusotsu<\/em>; variante do leste asi\u00e1tico con dez reis do inferno.<br>Tibetano: <em>Shinje-pho-nya<\/em>.<\/p><p>A configuraci\u00f3n do leste asi\u00e1tico \u00e9 especialmente elaborada. O sistema Di Yu, con dez infernos e cada un cos seus propios reis, tribunais e gardi\u00e1ns, \u00e9 unha combinaci\u00f3n de ra\u00edces budistas con xerarqu\u00edas burocr\u00e1ticas dao\u00edstas e confucianas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edsticas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aparici\u00f3n<\/strong><\/p><p>As formas m\u00e1is habituais son o rostro animal: cabeza de touro, rostro de cabalo, testa de tigre ou rostro de corvo. Van armados con clavas, forcas, cadeas e espadas. Na representaci\u00f3n chinesa aparecen coa vestimenta oficial de funcionario, con sombreiro e selo. Nos thangkas tibetanos aparecen col\u00e9ricos e danzantes.<\/p><p><strong>Comportamento<\/strong><\/p><p>Funcional, non persoal: reciben aos defuntos por orde de Yama, g\u00faianos at\u00e9 a Naraka que lles corresponde e fan cumprir os castigos al\u00ed impostos. Non te\u00f1en liberdade de elecci\u00f3n; executan unha necesidade k\u00e1rmica.<\/p><p><strong>\u00c1mbito de acci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/p><p>Os 16 Narakas principais, cada un con numerosos infernos subordinados. Na tradici\u00f3n do leste asi\u00e1tico, os dez infernos do Di Yu, cada un asociado a un delito espec\u00edfico (mentir, roubar, matar, etc.). Non act\u00faan no mundo dos vivos.<\/p><p><strong>Situaci\u00f3n mitol\u00f3xica<\/strong><\/p><p>Non son figuras aut\u00f3nomas, sen\u00f3n encargados dunha funci\u00f3n. No <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Veh\u00edculo de diamante'; forma t\u00e1ntrica do budismo Mahayana, principalmente no T\u00edbet, centrada na pr\u00e1ctica do yidam e na t\u00e9cnica do mantra.\">Vajrayana<\/span> consid\u00e9ranse aspectos enerx\u00e9ticos que poden transformarse en divindades protectoras col\u00e9ricas (Yamantaka como aquel que vence ao propio Yama).<\/p><div><p><strong>Os oito infernos c\u00e1lidos e os seus gardi\u00e1ns<\/strong><\/p><p>No contexto dos <em>Asta Naraka<\/em> (os oito \u00e1mbitos infernais c\u00e1lidos) e dos oito \u00e1mbitos infernais fr\u00edos, a funci\u00f3n do gardi\u00e1n de Naraka faise moi espec\u00edfica. O gardi\u00e1n do inferno da fervura, por exemplo, non \u00e9 sempre o mesmo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ser espiritual ao que se lle atrib\u00fae un efecto dani\u00f1o ou ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demo<\/span>; os textos falan de distintos gardi\u00e1ns en distintas \u00e9pocas.<\/p><p>No budismo tibetano, os gardi\u00e1ns de Naraka ent\u00e9ndense a mi\u00fado como manifestaci\u00f3ns de Mahakala ou Yamantaka, \u00e9 dicir, como aspectos col\u00e9ricos da compaix\u00f3n. Un gardi\u00e1n de Naraka golpea para vencer o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo, o budismo e o xainismo, a lei da consecuencia dos actos: cada acci\u00f3n repercute nas existencias seguintes.\">karma<\/span> do prisioneiro, nunca por malicia. Tr\u00e1tase dunha reinterpretaci\u00f3n radical do castigo como intervenci\u00f3n terap\u00e9utica.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ficha: Naraka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os aspectos m\u00e1is importantes dos gardi\u00e1ns de Naraka nun s\u00f3 vistazo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexto cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ao servizo de Yama ou de Yanluo. Son funcionarios da execuci\u00f3n k\u00e1rmica, non demos aut\u00f3nomos. No leste asi\u00e1tico adoptan figuras individuais espec\u00edficas (cabeza de touro, rostro de cabalo).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relacionado con<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Defuntos con graves faltas k\u00e1rmicas. No leste asi\u00e1tico rep\u00e1rtense segundo o tipo de falta entre os dez infernos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rostro animal (touro, cabalo, tigre), armados con distintas armas. Con vestimenta oficial na representaci\u00f3n chinesa, col\u00e9ricos na tibetana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Actividade<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Executan castigos k\u00e1rmicos: lume, xeo, esmembramento, devoraci\u00f3n. Cada castigo \u00e9 a contrapartida espec\u00edfica do pecado que o orixina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amuletos de protecci\u00f3n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Invocar a Ksitigarbha (o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"No budismo Mahayana, un ser iluminado que aprazar a s\u00faa propia liberaci\u00f3n en beneficio da ensinanza para outros seres.\">bodhisattva<\/span> dos seres infernais), recitaci\u00f3n de sutras, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrenda a unha divindade para expresar agradecemento, petici\u00f3n ou veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrendas<\/span> aos antepasados, rituais de Ullambana. No <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Veh\u00edculo de diamante; forma t\u00e1ntrica do budismo Mahayana, principalmente no T\u00edbet, centrada na pr\u00e1ctica do yidam.\">Vajrayana<\/span>: Phowa, pr\u00e1cticas t\u00e1ntricas de purificaci\u00f3n, rituais de vinculaci\u00f3n a Yamantaka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Equivalentes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/gallu\/\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/ammit\/\">Ammit<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/erinias\/\">Erinias<\/a>, os demos infernais cristi\u00e1ns, os oni xaponeses.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Topograf\u00eda infernal e pr\u00e1ctica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Os oito Narakas c\u00e1lidos<\/strong><\/p><p>Sanghata, Raurava, Maharaurava, Tapana, Pratapana, Samjiva, Kalasutra e Avici. Cada un cunha forma propia de castigo: lume, esmagamento, esmembramento, muros divisorios con aceites en ebulici\u00f3n. Avici (&#8220;o incesante&#8221;) \u00e9 o m\u00e1is profundo, reservado para os karmas m\u00e1is graves.<\/p><p><strong>Os oito Narakas fr\u00edos<\/strong><\/p><p>Arbuda, Nirarbuda, Atata, Hahava, Huhuva, Utpala, Padma e Mahapadma. O fr\u00edo glacial act\u00faa como forma de castigo: os corpos x\u00e9lanse, esg\u00e1zanse e conv\u00e9rtense en fragmentos con forma de loto (de a\u00ed os nomes).<\/p><p><strong>A pr\u00e1ctica de Ksitigarbha<\/strong><\/p><p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"No budismo Mahayana, un ser iluminado que aprazar a s\u00faa liberaci\u00f3n en beneficio da ensinanza para outros seres.\">bodhisattva<\/span> Ksitigarbha (en chin\u00e9s Dizang, en xapon\u00e9s Jizo) fixo o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unha promesa relixiosa solemne fronte a unha divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">voto<\/span> de salvar a todos os seres infernais antes de entrar el mesmo no nirvana. A s\u00faa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O acto de dirixirse a unha divindade ou poder mediante petici\u00f3n ou invocaci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3n<\/span> \u00e9 a pr\u00e1ctica de alivio infernal m\u00e1is importante no leste asi\u00e1tico. As estatuas de Jizo bordean os cami\u00f1os xaponeses e protexen aos nenos e viaxeiros.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelismos e recepci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Paralelos da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre 800 a. C. e 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antig\u00fcidade<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p>O <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/gallu\/\">Gallu<\/a> mesopot\u00e1mico no inframundo de Ere\u0161kigal, o <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/ammit\/\">Ammit<\/a> exipcio no xu\u00edzo dos mortos, as <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/erinias\/\">Erinias<\/a> gregas como vingadoras. Estruturalmente similares: son \u00f3rganos de execuci\u00f3n da xustiza c\u00f3smica.<\/p><p><strong>Sistema chin\u00e9s do Di Yu:<\/strong> Dez reis do inframundo, cada un co seu propio pazo e o seu corpo de funcionarios. Forma mixta budista-tao\u00edsta; a literatura Yuli (Song) describe o sistema en detalle. Os <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Construci\u00f3n destinada \u00e1 veneraci\u00f3n dunha ou varias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> situados nos l\u00edmites das cidades chinesas e nos cemiterios mostran escenas do Di Yu.<\/p><p><strong>Actualidade<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Anime xapon\u00e9s (<em>Hozuki no Reitetsu<\/em>, comedias sobre o Di Yu), filmes de Bollywood cos infernos de Yamraj, series coreanas como <em>Along with the Gods<\/em> (2017) con detallada navegaci\u00f3n polos Naraka. A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concepci\u00f3n da estrutura e da orde do mundo dentro dunha cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmolox\u00eda<\/span> infernal segue sendo visualmente popular.<\/span><\/p><div><p><strong>Yamantaka como gardi\u00e1n c\u00f3smico de todos os infernos<\/strong><\/p><p>Unha figura central neste contexto \u00e9 <em>Yamantaka<\/em>, o vencedor de Yama. No budismo tibetano, Yamantaka vai m\u00e1is al\u00e1 do seu papel de mensaxeiro de Yama e \u00e9 tam\u00e9n o se\u00f1or de todos os gardi\u00e1ns demon\u00edacos do reino de Yama. Yamantaka \u00e9 invocado meditativamente en sadhanas t\u00e1ntricas para acadar control sobre as forzas demon\u00edacas internas.<\/p><p>Isto significa que o inferno externo cos seus gardi\u00e1ns se entende como proxecci\u00f3n das emoci\u00f3ns internas non superadas. Un gardi\u00e1n do Naraka \u00e9, en \u00faltimo termo, tam\u00e9n o gardi\u00e1n da propia cobiza, da propia ira, da propia ignorancia. Esta transformaci\u00f3n psicol\u00f3xica do motivo infernal mostra como o budismo reinterpreta ideas premodernas dentro dun marco soteriol\u00f3xico.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf2fe5e1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf2fe5e1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp04be37d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp04be37d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Naraka no cosmos budista<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43ff34f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp43ff34f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbc28983 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpbc28983\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os gardi\u00e1ns do Naraka s\u00f3 se poden comprender co\u00f1ecendo a posici\u00f3n dos <em>Naraka<\/em> na cosmovisi\u00f3n budista. <em>Naraka<\/em> \u00e9 o termo s\u00e1nscrito para os reinos infernais, o m\u00e1is baixo dos seis reinos de existencia nos que un ser pode renacer. Aqu\u00ed \u00e9 importante unha diferenza fundamental co inferno cristi\u00e1n: os Naraka non son eternos.<\/p><p>Son lugares de castigo limitado no tempo, a\u00ednda que de duraci\u00f3n enormemente longa, onde se salda un karma negativo grave. Cando este se esgota, tam\u00e9n remata a estancia no inferno e faise posible un renacemento nun reino superior.<\/p><p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concepci\u00f3n da estrutura e da orde do mundo dentro dunha cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmolox\u00eda<\/span> budista elaborou os Naraka en detalle. Os textos distinguen xeralmente oito infernos quentes e oito infernos fr\u00edos principais, cada un con numerosos infernos secundarios, nos que se sofren distintos tormentos segundo a natureza das faltas cometidas anteriormente.<\/p><p>A duraci\u00f3n da vida nestes reinos aparece nos textos con cifras astronomicamente elevadas, co fin de subli\u00f1ar a s\u00faa gravidade, sen que se trate dunha eternidade real.<\/p><p>Neste sistema encaixan os gardi\u00e1ns do Naraka como o persoal que executa os castigos. Non son deuses independentes nin seres ca\u00eddos, sen\u00f3n figuras funcionais dentro dos reinos infernais.<\/p><p>A s\u00faa tarefa consiste en atormentar, cortar, queimar e desmembrar aos que al\u00ed renacen, a\u00ednda que os textos insisten en que os seres infernais son recompostos repetidamente para que o castigo poida continuar.<\/p><p>Os gardi\u00e1ns do Naraka son, as\u00ed, executores dunha lei c\u00f3smica impersoal, non actores dunha vinganza persoal. O <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/budismo\/\">budismo<\/a> co\u00f1ece ideas af\u00edns en todas as s\u00faas variantes rexionais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0e169d8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp0e169d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc3be2b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc3be2b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Son os propios gardi\u00e1ns seres que sofren? Un debate doutrinal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp710a16a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp710a16a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3898b85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3898b85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Unha das preguntas m\u00e1is interesantes sobre os gardi\u00e1ns do Naraka \u00e9 un antigo debate doutrinal interno ao budismo: que tipo de seres son en realidade os gardi\u00e1ns do inferno? Esta cuesti\u00f3n non \u00e9 secundaria, pois toca o n\u00facleo da doutrina budista do karma e do renacemento.<\/p><p>Unha posici\u00f3n, debatida na literatura Abhidharma, sost\u00e9n que os gardi\u00e1ns do inferno non son seres realmente sensibles e sufrientes, sen\u00f3n unha especie de manifestaci\u00f3n producida polo karma colectivo dos propios habitantes do inferno.<\/p><p>Segundo esta interpretaci\u00f3n, os condenados xeran mediante o seu propio karma negativo os torturadores que despois os atormentan; os gardi\u00e1ns ser\u00edan as\u00ed, en certo modo, consecuencias obxectivadas das acci\u00f3ns dos castigados. Esta lectura ten a vantaxe de que ningu\u00e9n acumula novo karma negativo pola actividade de atormentar, xa que os gardi\u00e1ns non ser\u00edan persoas actuantes no sentido pleno.<\/p><p>Outra posici\u00f3n considera que os gardi\u00e1ns do inferno son seres reais, que naceron eles mesmos no inferno e al\u00ed levan unha existencia atormentada precisamente ao atormentar.<\/p><p>Nalg\u00fans textos aparecen figuras como o <em>Yamapala<\/em>, vinculado a Yama, que desempe\u00f1an este papel. Este punto de vista suscita a dif\u00edcil cuesti\u00f3n de se os gardi\u00e1ns non xeran, coa s\u00faa crueldade, m\u00e1is karma negativo, quedando as\u00ed atrapados no inferno.<\/p><p>As distintas escolas budistas deron respostas diferentes, e o punto de conflito permaneceu sen resolver durante s\u00e9culos. Para a an\u00e1lise desde a historia das relixi\u00f3ns, este debate resulta revelador, pois mostra que os gardi\u00e1ns do Naraka non son un simple elemento pict\u00f3rico, sen\u00f3n unha figura sobre a que se articulan cuesti\u00f3ns fundamentais da doutrina budista sobre a responsabilidade, a acci\u00f3n e o renacemento.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf2c4a4f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf2c4a4f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d912b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d912b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama e o xu\u00edzo infernal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1d65272 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1d65272\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc62d382 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc62d382\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Por riba dos torturadores individuais \u00e9rguese na imaxe budista do inferno a figura de <em>Yama<\/em>, o Se\u00f1or do Inframundo e xu\u00edz dos mortos.<\/p><p>Yama \u00e9 unha antiga <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ser venerado como divino dentro dunha relixi\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> india, que xa aparece nos textos v\u00e9dicos como o primeiro mortal e se\u00f1or dos mortos, e que o budismo incorporou ao seu sistema cosmol\u00f3xico. Na versi\u00f3n budista, Yama presid\u00eda o xu\u00edzo ante o cal comparecen os defuntos, e interr\u00f3ganos sobre os seus actos.<\/p><p>Un co\u00f1ecido relato did\u00e1ctico, o s\u00edmil dos mensaxeiros divinos, describe como Yama lembra a un defunto que en vida vira a vellez, a enfermidade e a morte, pero non as tomara como ocasi\u00f3n para actuar ben.<\/p><p>Yama aparece aqu\u00ed como unha instancia que fai ver ao ser a s\u00faa propia neglixencia, non como un tirano arbitrario; o castigo der\u00edvase do karma, non do capricho de Yama. Na tradici\u00f3n do leste asi\u00e1tico, este xu\u00edzo desenvolveuse nun sistema de dez reis do inframundo, a trav\u00e9s de cuxas instancias a alma vai sendo conducida sucesivamente.<\/p><p>Os gardi\u00e1ns de Naraka sit\u00faanse nesta estrutura por debaixo de Yama. Son os \u00f3rganos executores da sentenza pronunciada no xu\u00edzo infernal, comparables a oficiais de xustiza e verdugos dunha xustiza terreal. Esta burocratizaci\u00f3n do inframundo, especialmente marcada nas tradici\u00f3ns chinesa e xaponesa, integrou firmemente os gardi\u00e1ns de Naraka nunha visi\u00f3n ordenada do m\u00e1is al\u00e1.<\/p><p>Act\u00faan por orde e non por iniciativa propia, e a s\u00faa actividade forma parte dun procedemento regrado. Esta interpretaci\u00f3n \u00e9 importante para comprender os gardi\u00e1ns como axentes funcionais dentro dunha orde xur\u00eddica c\u00f3smica, baseada en \u00faltimo termo na lei do karma, en vez de os malinterpretar como meras figuras terror\u00edficas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp62c9f3b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp62c9f3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27f39e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27f39e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Representaci\u00f3n ic\u00f3nica e funci\u00f3n did\u00e1ctica dos gardi\u00e1ns do inferno<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4287a28 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp4287a28\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4545f44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4545f44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os gardi\u00e1ns de Naraka e os reinos infernais que habitan figuran entre os motivos m\u00e1is frecuentemente representados na arte budista, e estas representaci\u00f3ns ti\u00f1an unha funci\u00f3n clara.<\/p><p>No <em>Bhavachakra<\/em>, a &#8220;roda da vida&#8221;, que aparece pintada en moitos mosteiros, o reino infernal ocupa un dos seis sectores; al\u00ed vense os condenados, os instrumentos de castigo e os gardi\u00e1ns que os atormentan. No leste de Asia xurdiron ciclos pict\u00f3ricos completos sobre os dez reis infernais e os seus xu\u00edzos.<\/p><p>Estas imaxes eran principalmente did\u00e1cticas, non tanto decorativas. Mostraban aos crentes, moitas veces analfabetos, as consecuencias das malas acci\u00f3ns de forma contundente.<\/p><p>A descrici\u00f3n detallada, en ocasi\u00f3ns cruel, dos castigos infernais e dos seus executores serv\u00eda \u00e1 educaci\u00f3n \u00e9tica: quen v\u00eda as imaxes deb\u00eda sentirse motivado a cumprir os preceptos budistas e a evitar matar, roubar e mentir.<\/p><p>No Xap\u00f3n desenvolv\u00e9ronse tradici\u00f3ns pict\u00f3ricas propias, e textos como o <em>Ojoyoshu<\/em> de Genshin describiron os infernos con tal viveza que marcaron profundamente o imaxinario relixioso.<\/p><p>Os gardi\u00e1ns de Naraka aparecen nestas representaci\u00f3ns en f\u00f3rmulas visuais fixas: con cabezas de animais, a mi\u00fado cabeza de touro ou de cabalo, con enormes clavas, gada\u00f1as e outros instrumentos, de aspecto aterrador. Na tradici\u00f3n chinesa e xaponesa, os gardi\u00e1ns con cabeza de touro e de cabalo son especialmente co\u00f1ecidos. \u00c9 importante ter en conta, para a s\u00faa correcta interpretaci\u00f3n, que estas imaxes terror\u00edficas nunca son un fin en si mesmas no contexto budista.<\/p><p>Est\u00e1n ao servizo dunha ensinanza que, en \u00faltimo termo, busca a liberaci\u00f3n do ciclo dos renacementos. O inferno e os seus gardi\u00e1ns son a advertencia, o fondo presuposto sobre o cal o cami\u00f1o budista adquire a s\u00faa urxencia. Quen considere os gardi\u00e1ns de Naraka como meros monstros pasa por alto a s\u00faa verdadeira funci\u00f3n como medio dunha pedagox\u00eda relixiosa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ligaz\u00f3ns relacionadas<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ligaz\u00f3ns internas recomendadas:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/budismo\/\">Budismo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/mara\/\">Mara<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/preta\/\">Preta<\/a>, Yamad\u016bta, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/dakini\/\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/gallu\/\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/ammit\/\">Ammit<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/erinias\/\">Erinias<\/a> (paralelismos)<\/li><li>Ksitigarbha (Dizang\/Jizo) e a doutrina da liberaci\u00f3n do inferno<\/li><li>O Di Yu chin\u00e9s e o Jigoku xapon\u00e9s<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda de investigaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Unha selecci\u00f3n de traballos centrais sobre Naraka e os seus gardi\u00e1ns:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Sadakata, Akira: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/buddhistcosmolog0000sada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Cosmology<\/a><\/em>. Tokyo 1997.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/uhpress.hawaii.edu\/title\/the-scripture-on-the-ten-kings-and-the-making-of-purgatory-in-medieval-chinese-buddhism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Scripture on the Ten Kings<\/a><\/em>. Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Matsunaga, Daigan \/ Matsunaga, Alicia: <em>The Buddhist Concept of Hell<\/em>. New York 1972.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>Travels in the Netherworld<\/em>. Oxford 2008.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Stone, Jacqueline I.: <em>Right Thoughts at the Last Moment<\/em>. Honolulu 2016.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e1is obras de referencia no <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gl\/literatura\/\">\u00edndice bibliogr\u00e1fico<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-narakaw-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-narakaw-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-naraka-waechter\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-narakaw-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-narakaw-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">A pr\u00e1ctica de protecci\u00f3n aqu\u00ed descrita \u00e9 unha clasificaci\u00f3n desde a ciencia das relixi\u00f3ns de tradici\u00f3ns hist\u00f3ricas. iWell Guard retoma esta li\u00f1a cultural e hist\u00f3rica de obxectos protectores port\u00e1tiles e representa unha forma contempor\u00e1nea desta. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">M\u00e1is sobre o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1677,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Naraka-W\u00e4chter","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Naraka-W\u00e4chter \u2013 gardi\u00e1ns budistas do inferno","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Os Naraka-W\u00e4chter (s\u00e1nscrito narakap\u0101la) son os executores nos infernos budistas. A cosmolox\u00eda Abhidharma co\u00f1ece oito infernos quentes e oito fr\u00edos","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"daemonen","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-194635","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Naraka-W\u00e4chter \u2013 gardi\u00e1ns budistas do inferno<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Os Naraka-W\u00e4chter (s\u00e1nscrito narakap\u0101la) son os executores nos infernos budistas. 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