{"id":11251,"date":"2026-04-21T13:17:15","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T13:17:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/yuurei-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-16T14:58:14","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T14:58:14","slug":"yuurei","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fr\/yuurei\/","title":{"rendered":"Y\u016brei"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"11251\" class=\"elementor elementor-11251 elementor-1328\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y\u016brei, esprit de la tradition japonaise<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y\u016brei est un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre incorporel auquel on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span> de la tradition japonaise.<\/p><p>Les Y\u016brei sont des \u00e2mes errantes des morts qui reviennent aupr\u00e8s des vivants en raison d&rsquo;une affaire inachev\u00e9e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esprit : entit\u00e9 incorporelle ou semi-corporelle, d\u00e9funts, \u00eatres de la nature, esprits domestiques ou gardiens de seuil. Agit dans la vie quotidienne, souvent li\u00e9 \u00e0 des lieux ou des familles.\">Esprit<\/span><a href=\"\/fr\/japon\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kami shinto japonais et univers bouddhiste-y\u014dkai.\">Japan<\/a><a href=\"\/fr\/esprits-des-morts\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9funts dont les esprits continuent d'agir dans le monde des vivants, esprits domestiques, anc\u00eatres, morts sans repos.\">Totengeist<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable des mati\u00e8res\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_yuurei-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-131193\" alt=\"Y\u016brei - esprits de la tradition japonaise, illustration historique\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_yuurei-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_yuurei-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_yuurei-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_yuurei-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y\u016brei<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les Y\u016brei (\u5e7d\u970a, \u00ab \u00e2me trouble \u00bb) sont les esprits des morts classiques du Japon. Ils se distinguent des y\u014dkai en ce qu&rsquo;ils viennent du royaume des morts et reviennent dans le monde des vivants, le plus souvent en raison d&rsquo;une affaire inachev\u00e9e : un meurtre non expi\u00e9, un enfant abandonn\u00e9, un amour non partag\u00e9, un bien d\u00e9tourn\u00e9.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>La figure iconographiquement fix\u00e9e remonte \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque Edo : kimono fun\u00e8bre blanc, longs cheveux noirs tombant sur le visage, absence de pieds, mains pendantes mollement. Cette image provient essentiellement de l&rsquo;\u0153uvre du peintre Maruyama \u014ckyo (1733\u20131795).<\/span><\/p><div><h3>La sous-classe des Onry\u014d et l&rsquo;arch\u00e9type du vengeur<\/h3><p>Les <em>Y\u016brei<\/em> se diff\u00e9rencient en plusieurs sous-classes, dont les <em>Onry\u014d<\/em> (esprits vengeurs) repr\u00e9sentent le type dramaturgiquement le plus \u00e9minent. Les Onry\u014d sont des Y\u016brei aux affects explosifs, dont le tourment ne na\u00eet pas d&rsquo;une vague m\u00e9lancolie, mais d&rsquo;une injustice subie. La litt\u00e9rature canonique sur les Onry\u014d documente des cas de meurtre, de tromperie matrimoniale ou de pers\u00e9cution politique comme catalyseurs d&rsquo;une hantise surnaturelle.<\/p><p>La diff\u00e9rence avec le simple Y\u016brei r\u00e9side dans l&rsquo;intensit\u00e9 des manifestations ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nales : les Onry\u014d provoquent des catastrophes naturelles, des incendies ou une d\u00e9structuration familiale sur plusieurs g\u00e9n\u00e9rations. Les syst\u00e8mes de classification des textes bouddhistes distinguent entre <em>shiry\u014d<\/em> (esprits des morts) et <em>akuryo<\/em> (esprits mal\u00e9fiques), les Onry\u014d se rapprochant davantage de cette derni\u00e8re cat\u00e9gorie. Dans les classifications modernes, l&rsquo;Onry\u014d est d\u00e9fini comme un Y\u016brei au potentiel manifestatif.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">En un coup d'\u0153il : Y\u016brei<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Type :<\/strong> esprit des morts, esprit vengeur (onry\u014d)<br>Origine : conceptions shint\u014d de la mort, cosmologie bouddhiste de la renaissance<br>Textes : Konjaku Monogatarish\u016b, Ugetsu Monogatari (1776), Yotsuya Kaidan (1825)<br>\u00c9poque : tradition populaire depuis le Moyen \u00c2ge ; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9tude des contenus des images et de leur signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconographie<\/span> classique \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque Edo<br>D\u00e9clencheurs : lien non r\u00e9solu, injustice non expi\u00e9e, rites fun\u00e9raires incomplets<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e9riode des textes<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La croyance aux esprits errants des morts est profond\u00e9ment enracin\u00e9e au Japon. D\u00e8s les recueils de setsuwa des XIIe\u2013XIVe si\u00e8cles, des d\u00e9funts reviennent pour r\u00e9gler des affaires. Le terme sp\u00e9cifique de y\u016brei se consolide \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque Edo.<\/p><p>La fixation iconographique est l&rsquo;\u0153uvre de Maruyama \u014ckyo \u00e0 la fin du XVIIIe si\u00e8cle, ainsi que des pi\u00e8ces de th\u00e9\u00e2tre de fant\u00f4mes et des estampes sur bois de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque Edo. Le drame Kabuki \u00ab T\u014dkaid\u014d Yotsuya Kaidan \u00bb (Tsuruya Nanboku IV, 1825), avec la figure de l&rsquo;esprit vengeur Oiwa, continue de marquer l&rsquo;image de l&rsquo;onry\u014d jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 aujourd&rsquo;hui.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aire de diffusion<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les traditions li\u00e9es aux Y\u016brei sont r\u00e9pandues dans tout le Japon. Les lieux \u00e9voqu\u00e9s dans la litt\u00e9rature et le th\u00e9\u00e2tre sont souvent des endroits pr\u00e9cis : Yotsuya (T\u014dky\u014d) avec l&rsquo;histoire d&rsquo;Oiwa, Banch\u014d pour la conteuse d&rsquo;assiettes Okiku, le temple Tenmang\u016b pour Sugawara no Michizane. En particulier au mois d&rsquo;ao\u00fbt, lors du festival Obon o\u00f9 les \u00e2mes des d\u00e9funts reviennent, les y\u016brei sont omnipr\u00e9sents dans le th\u00e9\u00e2tre et les histoires populaires de fant\u00f4mes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Sources principales : Ueda Akinari, Ugetsu Monogatari (1776) ; Tsuruya Nanboku IV, T\u014dkaid\u014d Yotsuya Kaidan (1825) ; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9crivain irlando-am\u00e9ricain (1850\u20131904) ; collecteur d'histoires de fant\u00f4mes japonaises dans Kwaidan (1904).\">Lafcadio Hearn<\/span>, In Ghostly Japan et <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Recueil d'histoires de fant\u00f4mes japonaises de Lafcadio Hearn, paru en 1904 ; a fa\u00e7onn\u00e9 la perception occidentale de Yuki-Onna et des Y\u016brei.\">Kwaidan<\/span> (1899\/1904).<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Recherches modernes : Michael Dylan Foster (2015) ; Iwasaka, Michiko &#038; Toelken, Barre (1994) Ghosts and the Japanese ; Komatsu Kazuhiko (2017). Le sujet continue d&rsquo;influencer le pr\u00e9sent, comme en t\u00e9moignent les films \u00ab Ringu \u00bb (1998) et \u00ab Ju-On \u00bb (2002).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom et variantes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Litt\u00e9ralement \u00ab \u00e2me sombre\/trouble \u00bb, compos\u00e9 de \u5e7d (trouble, sombre) et \u970a (\u00e2me, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre incorporel auquel on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span>).<\/p><ul><li><strong>Onry\u014d<\/strong> (\u6028\u970a), esprit vengeur ; sous-groupe des y\u016brei au profil agressif.<\/li><li>Ubume (\u7523\u5973), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre incorporel auquel on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span> d&rsquo;une femme morte en couches.<\/li><li>Funay\u016brei (\u8239\u5e7d\u970a), esprits de noy\u00e9s qui attaquent les bateaux.<\/li><li>Zashiki-warashi, esprits domestiques enfantins, entre y\u014dkai et y\u016brei ; plut\u00f4t porteurs de chance.<\/li><li>Gory\u014d (\u5fa1\u970a), esprits vengeurs particuli\u00e8rement puissants de personnages haut plac\u00e9s ; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des actes de v\u00e9n\u00e9ration religieuse envers une divinit\u00e9 ou une figure sacr\u00e9e.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> propre.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apparence.<\/strong> Kimono fun\u00e8bre blanc (shinish\u014dzoku, crois\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;envers sur le corps), longs cheveux noirs emm\u00eal\u00e9s, visage bl\u00eame g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement jeune, mains pendantes mollement, pieds absents ou flous. Souvent accompagn\u00e9 de deux flammes vacillantes de type hitodama.<\/p><p>Comportement. Les Y\u016brei apparaissent le plus souvent l\u00e0 o\u00f9 ils sont morts ou l\u00e0 o\u00f9 l&rsquo;injustice a \u00e9t\u00e9 commise. Ils parlent rarement, se lamentent, montrent, effraient. Les Onry\u014d attaquent activement, provoquent des accidents, poussent les coupables \u00e0 la folie ou \u00e0 la mort.<\/p><p>Moment. Visibles au cr\u00e9puscule, la nuit et surtout vers deux heures du matin (ushimitsu-doki, \u00ab la troisi\u00e8me heure du B\u0153uf \u00bb).<\/p><div><h3>La canonisation au Kabuki et le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment th\u00e9matique r\u00e9current dans l'art ou le r\u00e9cit.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> de la lanterne de Botan<\/h3><p>La sc\u00e8ne Kabuki a transform\u00e9 les r\u00e9cits de Y\u016brei en une forme th\u00e9\u00e2trale iconique. Des pi\u00e8ces comme <em>Kaidan Botan Doro<\/em> (l&rsquo;histoire fant\u00f4me de la pivoine et de la lanterne, bas\u00e9e sur un r\u00e9cit Sangoku du XVIIe si\u00e8cle) ont mis en sc\u00e8ne pour la premi\u00e8re fois de mani\u00e8re syst\u00e9matique le Y\u016brei en tant que protagoniste dramatique, dont la pers\u00e9cution mal\u00e9fique \u00e9tait repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e de fa\u00e7on psychologiquement compr\u00e9hensible et esth\u00e9tiquement sublime.<\/p><p>Ce genre du <em>kaidan-mono<\/em> a \u00e9tabli, dans le Kabuki tardif de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque Edo et du d\u00e9but de l&rsquo;\u00e8re Meiji, un arch\u00e9type : la femme souffrante, dont l&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre incorporel auquel on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span> appara\u00eet dans la soie et la lumi\u00e8re bleue pour r\u00e9v\u00e9ler la v\u00e9rit\u00e9.<\/p><p>La chor\u00e9graphie de l&rsquo;entr\u00e9e en sc\u00e8ne du Y\u016brei utilisait des s\u00e9quences de pas r\u00e9trogrades et des mouvements ralentis pour encoder corporellement le surnaturel. Ces innovations du Kabuki ont influenc\u00e9 les auteurs ult\u00e9rieurs et ont \u00e9tabli le Y\u016brei comme figure centrale de l&rsquo;esth\u00e9tique horrifique japonaise.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil : Y\u016brei<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les aspects essentiels du Y\u016brei en un coup d&rsquo;\u0153il.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexte culturel<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>D\u00e9funts humains ayant une affaire inachev\u00e9e, auxquels la d\u00e9livrance en bonne et due forme est refus\u00e9e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cibles du Y\u016brei<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les auteurs de l&rsquo;injustice, leurs familles, leurs h\u00e9ritiers ; les t\u00e9moins fortuits du lieu ; les m\u00e9decins, les pompes fun\u00e8bres, les femmes enceintes en phase instable.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00eatu de blanc, aux longs cheveux, bl\u00eame, sans pieds ; accompagn\u00e9 de flammes hitodama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonction<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Frayeur, maladie, folie, accidents ; en cas d&rsquo;onry\u014d, mort des personnes poursuivies ; en cas d&rsquo;Ubume, pleurs nocturnes d&rsquo;un nourrisson.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Moyens de protection<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rites fun\u00e9raires bouddhistes complets, r\u00e9citation de s\u016btras (S\u016btra du C\u0153ur, Nenbutsu), recours \u00e0 un pr\u00eatre, \u00e9rection d&rsquo;un petit sanctuaire (gory\u014d-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des actes de v\u00e9n\u00e9ration religieuse envers une divinit\u00e9 ou une figure sacr\u00e9e.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span>), r\u00e9solution de l&rsquo;affaire non r\u00e9gl\u00e9e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00catres apparent\u00e9s<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les <strong>Gwishin<\/strong> cor\u00e9ens, les <em>gu\u01d0<\/em> chinois ; les morts-vivants europ\u00e9ens et les <em>lemures<\/em> classiques ; les <em>revenants briseurs de v\u0153ux<\/em> dans le monde entier.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pratiques de protection<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rites fun\u00e9raires complets.<\/strong> Les c\u00e9r\u00e9monies fun\u00e9raires bouddhistes avec r\u00e9citation de s\u016btras, attribution d&rsquo;un nom posthume (kaimy\u014d) et des rites comm\u00e9moratifs annuels sont cens\u00e9s emp\u00eacher qu&rsquo;un d\u00e9funt ne devienne y\u016brei.<\/p><p>Obon. En \u00e9t\u00e9 (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00e0 la mi-ao\u00fbt), les \u00e2mes des d\u00e9funts sont accueillies avec des lanternes, les tombes sont nettoy\u00e9es, la danse traditionnelle Bon-Odori est ex\u00e9cut\u00e9e, et les \u00e2mes sont finalement reconduites dans l&rsquo;au-del\u00e0 \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide de lanternes flottantes sur les rivi\u00e8res.<\/p><p>Gory\u014d-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des actes de v\u00e9n\u00e9ration religieuse envers une divinit\u00e9 ou une figure sacr\u00e9e.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span>. Les esprits vengeurs particuli\u00e8rement puissants de personnages historiques (Sugawara no Michizane, Taira no Masakado) sont v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s comme divinit\u00e9s dans leurs propres sanctuaires afin de les apaiser et de les transformer en puissances protectrices.<\/p><p>R\u00e9solution de l&rsquo;affaire. Dans de nombreux r\u00e9cits, le y\u016brei dispara\u00eet d\u00e8s que le probl\u00e8me non r\u00e9solu est trait\u00e9 : un bien perdu rendu, un enfant pris en charge, un meurtrier livr\u00e9 \u00e0 la justice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y\u016brei, parall\u00e8les dans d'autres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Cor\u00e9e.<\/strong> Les Gwishin et en particulier l&rsquo;esprit des morts vierges Cheonyeo-gwishin pr\u00e9sentent une forte similitude structurelle : v\u00eatements de deuil blancs, longs cheveux noirs, retour motiv\u00e9 par une injustice.<\/p><p>Chine. Le <em>gu\u01d0<\/em> chinois (voir Gui) constitue le mod\u00e8le \u00e9tymologique historique et partage le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment th\u00e9matique r\u00e9current dans l'art ou le r\u00e9cit.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> du retour des morts non r\u00e9concili\u00e9s.<\/p><p>Europe. La dame blanche et les victimes de meurtre revenantes des cercles l\u00e9gendaires europ\u00e9ens sont typologiquement apparent\u00e9es ; il n&rsquo;existe pas de filiation historique.<\/p><p>Bouddhisme en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral. Dans la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conception de la structure et de l'ordre du monde au sein d'une culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologie<\/span> des Preta, les esprits affam\u00e9s forment une cat\u00e9gorie \u00e9troitement apparent\u00e9e de d\u00e9funts sans repos (voir Preta).<\/p><div><h3>Le Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai et le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La religion indig\u00e8ne du Japon, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration des Kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">shinto<\/span>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusion de conceptions ou de divinit\u00e9s issues de diff\u00e9rentes traditions religieuses.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncr\u00e9tisme<\/span> bouddhiste<\/h3><p>Le <em>Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai<\/em> (assembl\u00e9e des cent histoires surnaturelles), un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Une s\u00e9quence r\u00e9gl\u00e9e d'actes symboliques ayant une signification religieuse ou culturelle.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituel<\/span> de r\u00e9union populaire de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque Edo, canalisait les r\u00e9cits de Y\u016brei dans un format social structur\u00e9.<\/p><p>Les participants allumaient cent bougies et racontaient \u00e0 tour de r\u00f4le des anecdotes surnaturelles ; \u00e0 chaque histoire, une bougie \u00e9tait \u00e9teinte et le potentiel surnaturel s&rsquo;intensifiait selon la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Croyances et pratiques religieuses r\u00e9pandues dans la vie quotidienne.\" tabindex=\"0\">croyance populaire<\/span>. Les Y\u016brei occupaient une place centrale dans cet espace de r\u00e9citation, non comme concepts abstraits, mais comme d\u00e9funts locaux nomm\u00e9ment identifi\u00e9s.<\/p><p>Cela atteste la pratique religieuse quotidienne derri\u00e8re l&rsquo;arch\u00e9type litt\u00e9raire. Le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Fusion d'\u00e9l\u00e9ments de diverses religions ou cultes en de nouvelles formes mixtes, comme dans le vodou ha\u00eftien (Lwa et saints catholiques).\">syncr\u00e9tisme<\/span> entre la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration shint\u014d des anc\u00eatres et les concepts bouddhistes de l&rsquo;attachement karmique structurait la compr\u00e9hension th\u00e9ologique des Y\u016brei : ils n&rsquo;\u00e9taient ni purement des <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dans le shinto japonais, les \u00eatres spirituels v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s et les puissances divines.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span><\/em> shint\u014d ni purement des <em>preta<\/em> bouddhistes, mais des formations hybrides aux interfaces de ces deux traditions.<\/p><p>Les pr\u00eatres locaux <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La religion indig\u00e8ne du Japon, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration des Kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">shinto<\/span> (Miko) et les moines bouddhistes accomplissaient des rituels de d\u00e9livrance int\u00e9grant les deux traditions.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28c7ad6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp28c7ad6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpafd90af elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpafd90af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y\u016brei dans le Kabuki et le N\u014d<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp04f8b3b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp04f8b3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66d892f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp66d892f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le th\u00e9\u00e2tre japonais a fa\u00e7onn\u00e9 l&rsquo;image du <em>Y\u016brei<\/em> au fil des si\u00e8cles. Dans le th\u00e9\u00e2tre <em>N\u014d<\/em>, le groupe des pi\u00e8ces de fant\u00f4mes, les <em>mugen-n\u014d<\/em>, constitue un type structurel \u00e0 part enti\u00e8re : un moine voyageur rencontre une personne d&rsquo;abord ordinaire qui se r\u00e9v\u00e8le au cours de la pi\u00e8ce \u00eatre l&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre incorporel auquel on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span> d&rsquo;un d\u00e9funt.<\/p><p>L&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre incorporel auquel on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span> raconte sa souffrance non r\u00e9solue \u2013 souvent un amour non partag\u00e9, une mort violente ou une faute \u2013 et trouve enfin le repos gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'adresse verbale de l'\u00eatre humain \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9.\" tabindex=\"0\">pri\u00e8re<\/span> du moine. Cette dramaturgie porte la conception religieuse fondamentale sur sc\u00e8ne : l&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre incorporel auquel on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span> reste li\u00e9 au monde tant qu&rsquo;un attachement le retient, et ne peut \u00eatre d\u00e9livr\u00e9 que par une m\u00e9diation rituelle.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Le th\u00e9\u00e2tre <em>Kabuki<\/em> de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque Edo en a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 un genre plus populaire et plus drastique, la pi\u00e8ce <em>kaidan<\/em>. Tsuruya Nanboku IV s&rsquo;est illustr\u00e9 avec <em>T\u014dkaid\u014d Yotsuya Kaidan<\/em> de 1825, l&rsquo;histoire d&rsquo;Oiwa, empoisonn\u00e9e par son mari et qui revient sous la forme d&rsquo;un esprit vengeur d\u00e9figur\u00e9. De telles pi\u00e8ces utilisaient des techniques sc\u00e9niques \u00e9labor\u00e9es pour des apparitions et des m\u00e9tamorphoses soudaines.<\/span><\/p><p>Les conventions iconographiques qui caract\u00e9risent aujourd&rsquo;hui tout Y\u016brei proviennent essentiellement du th\u00e9\u00e2tre et des arts visuels contemporains : la robe fun\u00e8bre blanche, les longs cheveux noirs emm\u00eal\u00e9s, les jambes absentes ou pendantes, les mains suspendues sans force devant le corps.<\/p><p>Le peintre Maruyama \u014ckyo est associ\u00e9, dans la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmission du savoir et des r\u00e9cits \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> de l&rsquo;histoire de l&rsquo;art, \u00e0 la diffusion de l&rsquo;image du fant\u00f4me sans jambes \u00e0 la fin du XVIIIe si\u00e8cle. La recherche souligne que cette image de fant\u00f4me, aujourd&rsquo;hui consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme typiquement japonaise, n&rsquo;est pas une constante ancestrale, mais une formule visuelle relativement r\u00e9cente, standardis\u00e9e par le th\u00e9\u00e2tre et la gravure.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22ceda3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp22ceda3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3d01a42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3d01a42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'Onry\u014d : l'esprit vengeur et son arri\u00e8re-plan religieux<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8e79821 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp8e79821\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0bd063e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0bd063e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Parmi les diff\u00e9rentes formes d&rsquo;apparition du Y\u016brei, l&rsquo;<em>onry\u014d<\/em>, l&rsquo;esprit vengeur courrouc\u00e9, occupe une place particuli\u00e8re. Il na\u00eet d&rsquo;un \u00eatre humain mort sous une grande injustice, avec un ressentiment inassouvi ou de mani\u00e8re violente.<\/p><p>Le ressentiment r\u00e9siduel, en japonais <em>urami<\/em>, encha\u00eene l&rsquo;\u00e2me et la pousse \u00e0 se venger des responsables ou, dans les cas les plus redout\u00e9s, \u00e0 une destruction aveugle.<\/p><p>La croyance en de tels esprits est historiquement bien attest\u00e9e et a eu des cons\u00e9quences politiques r\u00e9elles. Le cas le plus connu est celui du lettr\u00e9 et homme politique Sugawara no Michizane, mort en exil en 903. Apr\u00e8s sa mort, une s\u00e9rie de malheurs, de d\u00e9c\u00e8s \u00e0 la cour et de coups de foudre furent interpr\u00e9t\u00e9s comme l&rsquo;\u0153uvre de son esprit courrouc\u00e9.<\/p><p>La cour tenta de l&rsquo;apaiser en le r\u00e9habilitant, en l&rsquo;honorant de titres et en le v\u00e9n\u00e9rant finalement comme <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 comme divin au sein d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u00e9<\/span> <em>Tenjin<\/em> dans un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un petit lieu sacr\u00e9 de conservation ou de d\u00e9votion.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaire<\/span>. Ce processus \u2013 la transformation d&rsquo;un esprit dangereux en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 comme divin au sein d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u00e9<\/span> protectrice par la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration \u2013 est un m\u00e9canisme central de la croyance japonaise au <em>gory\u014d<\/em>.<\/p><p>Du point de vue des sciences religieuses, on observe ici une logique qui sous-tend la conception du Y\u016brei dans son ensemble : l&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre incorporel auquel on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span> n&rsquo;est pas mauvais par nature, mais l&rsquo;expression d&rsquo;un \u00e9tat non r\u00e9solu.<\/p><p>La r\u00e9ponse appropri\u00e9e n&rsquo;est pas le combat, mais l&rsquo;apaisement, que ce soit par des rituels fun\u00e9raires bouddhistes, par la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration dans un sanctuaire ou par la r\u00e9paration a posteriori de l&rsquo;injustice. Cette conception lie \u00e9troitement le Y\u016brei \u00e0 la doctrine bouddhiste de l&rsquo;attachement ainsi qu&rsquo;\u00e0 la conception indig\u00e8ne de la puret\u00e9 et de l&rsquo;impuret\u00e9 rituelles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8a115ba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp8a115ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa2dad95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa2dad95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y\u016brei dans l'horreur moderne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp046010a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp046010a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp722d670 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp722d670\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La conception du Y\u016brei est l&rsquo;une des rares figures fantomatiques traditionnelles qui non seulement a surv\u00e9cu aux XXe et XXIe si\u00e8cles, mais a \u00e9galement connu une diffusion mondiale. Le point de d\u00e9part fut l&rsquo;industrie cin\u00e9matographique japonaise. D\u00e8s les films de l&rsquo;apr\u00e8s-guerre, les th\u00e8mes classiques du <em>kaidan<\/em> furent repris, et Kobayashi Masaki adapta en 1964 avec <em>Kwaidan<\/em> un recueil de telles histoires de fant\u00f4mes, bas\u00e9 sur les notes de Lafcadio Hearn.<\/p><p>La perc\u00e9e internationale d\u00e9cisive vint avec le cin\u00e9ma d&rsquo;horreur de la fin des ann\u00e9es 1990. Des films comme <em>Ringu<\/em> de Nakata Hideo (1998) et la s\u00e9rie <em>Ju-on<\/em> de Shimizu Takashi ont \u00e9tabli un type de fant\u00f4me qui reprenait l&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9tude des contenus des images et de leur signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconographie<\/span> classique du Y\u016brei en la pla\u00e7ant dans un contexte quotidien moderne.<\/p><p>Le spectre f\u00e9minin bl\u00eame \u00e0 la longue chevelure noire, se d\u00e9pla\u00e7ant par \u00e0-coups de mani\u00e8re surnaturelle, est devenu une image reconnue \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle mondiale. Les remakes am\u00e9ricains du d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 2000 ont encore diffus\u00e9 ce langage visuel.<\/p><p>Du point de vue des sciences religieuses, il est remarquable de constater combien de la logique traditionnelle subsiste dans ces adaptations modernes. Le fant\u00f4me de cin\u00e9ma na\u00eet lui aussi le plus souvent d&rsquo;une mort violente et d&rsquo;une injustice non r\u00e9solue, il est lui aussi li\u00e9 \u00e0 un lieu, un objet ou un m\u00e9dium, et son action suit elle aussi le sch\u00e9ma d&rsquo;une mal\u00e9diction qui se r\u00e9pand.<\/p><p>Ce qui a chang\u00e9, c&rsquo;est le contexte : \u00e0 la place du moine bouddhiste qui d\u00e9livre l&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre incorporel auquel on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span>, on trouve souvent un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre incorporel auquel on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span> qui ne peut tout simplement pas \u00eatre d\u00e9livr\u00e9.<\/p><p>L&rsquo;horreur moderne a souvent effac\u00e9 le c\u00f4t\u00e9 rassurant de la tradition \u2013 la r\u00e9solution rituelle du conflit \u2013 pour n&rsquo;en conserver que la menace. C&rsquo;est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment cette comparaison qui r\u00e9v\u00e8le ce qu&rsquo;accomplissait la conception traditionnelle.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liens internes recommand\u00e9s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Liens internes recommand\u00e9s :<\/p><ul><li>Page culturelle <strong>Japan<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Autres profils individuels du Japon : <a href=\"\/fr\/oni\/\">Oni<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/tengu\/\">Tengu<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/kappa\/\">Kappa<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/yuki-onna\/\">Yuki-onna<\/a>.<\/li><li>Parall\u00e8les : <a href=\"\/fr\/gwishin\/\">Gwishin<\/a> (Cor\u00e9e), <a href=\"\/fr\/cheonyeo-gwishin\/\">Cheonyeo-gwishin<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/gui\/\">Gui<\/a> (Chine), <a href=\"\/fr\/preta\/\">Preta<\/a> (bouddhisme).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliographie (s\u00e9lection)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Une s\u00e9lection compacte de travaux essentiels sur le Y\u016brei :<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Iwasaka, Michiko \/ Toelken, Barre : <em>Ghosts and the Japanese: Cultural Experience in Japanese Death Legends.<\/em> Utah State University Press, Logan 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hearn, Lafcadio : <em>Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things.<\/em> Houghton Mifflin, Boston 1904.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Addiss, Stephen (\u00e9d.) : <em>Japanese Ghosts and Demons: Art of the Supernatural.<\/em> George Braziller, New York 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Michael Dylan : <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/books\/the-book-of-yokai-expanded-second-edition\/paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Book of Y\u014dkai.<\/a><\/em> University of California Press, Berkeley 2015.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ueda Akinari : <em>Tales of Moonlight and Rain (Ugetsu Monogatari).<\/em> Trad. Anthony H. Chambers. Columbia University Press, New York 2007.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yuurei-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-yuurei-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-yuurei\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yuurei-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-yuurei-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pratique de protection d\u00e9crite ici rel\u00e8ve d&rsquo;une classification scientifique des traditions historiques. iWell Guard s&rsquo;inscrit dans cette lign\u00e9e culturelle et historique d&rsquo;objets de protection portables et en repr\u00e9sente une forme contemporaine. <a href=\"\/fr\/a-propos-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">En savoir plus sur l&rsquo;iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1688,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Y\u016brei","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Y\u016brei \u2013 esprit de la tradition japonaise | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Y\u016brei, esprits errants des morts de la tradition japonaise \u2013 revenus pour une affaire inachev\u00e9e, v\u00eatus de blanc, aux cheveux noirs tombants.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"japan","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[306,29,55,477,25,44],"class_list":["post-11251","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-esprits","category-geister","category-japan","category-japon","category-kulturen","category-nachtwesen"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Y\u016brei \u2013 esprit de la tradition japonaise | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Y\u016brei, esprits errants des morts de la tradition japonaise \u2013 revenus pour une affaire inachev\u00e9e, v\u00eatus de blanc, aux cheveux noirs tombants.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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