{"id":11238,"date":"2026-04-27T10:36:04","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T10:36:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/yama-buddhismus-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-16T14:57:54","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T14:57:54","slug":"yama-buddhismus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fr\/yama-buddhismus\/","title":{"rendered":"Yama (Totenrichter)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"11238\" class=\"elementor elementor-11238 elementor-2015 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama, juge des morts dans le bouddhisme<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama Bouddhisme est le juge des morts dans le bouddhisme.<\/p><p><strong>Il est le seigneur du Bardo et le juge des \u00e2mes apr\u00e8s la mort.<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama agit dans le bouddhisme en tant que juge du karma et administrateur des mondes infernaux.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dieu \/ D\u00e9esse : puissance supr\u00eame personnifi\u00e9e dans le panth\u00e9on d'une culture, avec des attributions pr\u00e9cises, forces naturelles, destin, guerre, fertilit\u00e9. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 par des cultes, des offrandes et des institutions templi\u00e8res.\">Dieu<\/span><a href=\"\/fr\/bouddhisme\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradition bouddhiste avec bodhisattvas, divinit\u00e9s protectrices, esprits affam\u00e9s et gardiens des enfers.\">Buddhismus<\/a><a href=\"\/fr\/divinites-des-morts\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dieux des enfers et de la mort, souverains de l'au-del\u00e0, juges des morts, psychopompes.\">Totengottheit<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable des mati\u00e8res\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-131142\" alt=\"Yama, juge des morts - dieux de la tradition bouddhiste, illustration historique\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama Bouddhisme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">En un coup d'\u0153il : Yama Bouddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type :<\/strong> Divinit\u00e9 bouddhiste principale (Mahayana, Vajrayana), juge des morts et gardien du <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dans les religions indiennes, l'enseignement et le juste ordre de l'action.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span><br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des dieux d'une religion ou d'une culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panth\u00e9on<\/span> : Bouddhisme (toutes \u00e9coles), repris du Yama hindou<br>Fonction : juge des morts, gardien de la loi du karma, divinit\u00e9 courrouc\u00e9e dans la tradition tib\u00e9taine<br>Attributs principaux : Livre des morts, Miroir du karma, \u00e9p\u00e9e (Khadga), lasso (Pasha), buffle noir<br>Principaux lieux de culte : monast\u00e8res Gelug tib\u00e9tains (danse Cham), Japon (Enma-O), Vietnam (Yamaraja)<br>Diff\u00e9rentes formes : Yama-Dharmaraja (Tibet), Enma-O (Japon), Yeomra (Cor\u00e9e), Yanluo (Chine)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e9riode des textes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama est transmis avec le bouddhisme depuis l&rsquo;Inde vers tous les pays bouddhistes (pr\u00e9curseur v\u00e9dique dans le <em>Rigveda<\/em>, \u00e0 partir de 1200 av. J.-C.). Dans la tradition pali (Theravada), il est le principal examinateur lors du tribunal des morts.<\/p><p>Dans le Mahayana, il dispose d&rsquo;un corpus de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dans l'hindouisme et le bouddhisme, un texte d'enseignement sous forme concise.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutras<\/span> propres (par ex. le <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em>). Au Tibet, \u00e0 partir du VIIIe si\u00e8cle apr. J.-C., il est central en tant que <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> dans les panth\u00e9ons des divinit\u00e9s courrouc\u00e9es de la tradition Vajrayana. Apog\u00e9e principale : dans les monast\u00e8res Gelug tib\u00e9tains jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 aujourd&rsquo;hui, avec de spectaculaires repr\u00e9sentations de danse Cham.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aire de diffusion<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principaux lieux de culte : <strong>monast\u00e8res Gelug<\/strong> tib\u00e9tains (Drepung, Sera, Gand\u00e4n, Tashilhunpo, avec les danses Cham de Yama-Dharmaraja), <strong>Japon<\/strong> sous le nom d&rsquo;Enma-O (dans chaque <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9difice consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration d'une ou plusieurs divinit\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> fun\u00e9raire), <strong>Vietnam<\/strong> sous le nom de Diem V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Dans les pays Theravada (Tha\u00eflande, Myanmar, Sri Lanka) comme pr\u00e9sence cosmique de fond. En Chine sous le nom de <em>Yanluo<\/em> (page s\u00e9par\u00e9e).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9tat des sources<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sources principales : <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em> (pali), <em>Yama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dans l'hindouisme et le bouddhisme, un texte d'enseignement sous forme concise.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span><\/em> (chinois), <em>Bardo Thodol<\/em> tib\u00e9tain (\u00ab Livre des morts tib\u00e9tain \u00bb, source classique de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La discipline scientifique portant sur la doctrine de Dieu et la foi d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e9ologie<\/span> du Yama-Dharmaraja), textes tantriques sur la sadhana de Yama-Dharmaraja. Litt\u00e9rature secondaire : Lopez, <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em> ; Linrothe, <em>Ruthless Compassion. Wrathful Deities in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art<\/em> ; Williams, <em>Mahayana Buddhism<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le Yama bouddhiste est souvent repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 avec une t\u00eate de taureau, des cornes massives, un visage terrifiant, une peau noire ou bleu fonc\u00e9. Il a parfois deux ou quatre bras. Il porte un <em>Damaru<\/em> (b\u00e2ton en os de mort) et un lasso fait de corde d&rsquo;\u00e2mes.<\/p><p>Autour de lui dansent des d\u00e9mons et des yakshas. Le feu l&rsquo;entoure ; du sang d\u00e9goutte de sa gueule. Dans l&rsquo;art tib\u00e9tain, il est souvent repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 assis dans une grotte ou dans son palais \u00e0 Naraka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Traits de caract\u00e8re<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama dans l&rsquo;enseignement bouddhiste n&rsquo;est pas punition, mais miroir. Le juge Yama est automatique : chaque acte (<em>karma<\/em>) aura sa cons\u00e9quence. Dans les pratiques tantriques, Yama n&rsquo;est pas suppli\u00e9 pour obtenir sa gr\u00e2ce, mais visualis\u00e9 comme un ma\u00eetre de l&rsquo;impermanence.<\/p><p>Les rites fun\u00e9raires dans le bouddhisme tib\u00e9tain s&rsquo;adressent directement \u00e0 Yama, avec la pri\u00e8re d&rsquo;ouvrir \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e2me un chemin favorable dans le <em>Bardo<\/em>. Les pratiquants apprennent \u00e0 rencontrer Yama sans peur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil : Yama Bouddhisme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les aspects les plus importants de Yama (Bouddhisme) en un coup d&rsquo;\u0153il. Les champs suivants r\u00e9sument l&rsquo;origine, la fonction, l&rsquo;apparence, la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration, les symboles et les parall\u00e8les culturels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origine de Yama Bouddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama est repris dans le bouddhisme du Yama hindou (premier mort v\u00e9dique), conserve la fonction de juge des morts, mais est r\u00e9interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 de fa\u00e7on bouddhiste : non pas un juge arbitraire, mais un m\u00e9diateur-miroir du karma.<\/p><p>Dans le syst\u00e8me tib\u00e9tain du Bardo Thodol, il appara\u00eet au d\u00e9funt dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de Bardo entre la mort et la renaissance ; son miroir montre au mort son propre karma, sans que Yama lui-m\u00eame ne juge. La punition d\u00e9coule de la r\u00e9action karmique propre. Sous forme courrouc\u00e9e en tant que Yama-Dharmaraja : protecteur du <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dans les religions indiennes, l'enseignement et le juste ordre de l'action.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span> contre toutes les menaces.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Public vis\u00e9 par Yama Bouddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Juge des morts dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de Bardo. Gardien de la loi du karma. Dans la tradition tantrique Vajrayana, Yidam protecteur (divinit\u00e9 de m\u00e9ditation) contre toutes les menaces int\u00e9rieures et ext\u00e9rieures, en particulier contre la peur de la mort. Patron de la pratique de l&rsquo;examen (le regard honn\u00eate sur ses propres actes). Dans les danses Cham tib\u00e9taines, rappel rituel de la mortalit\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apparence de Yama Bouddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dans la plupart des traditions asiatiques, repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 sous forme anthropomorphe comme un fonctionnaire s\u00e9v\u00e8re avec le Livre des morts et un stylet. Dans la tradition tib\u00e9taine Vajrayana, sous le nom de <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> : figure courrouc\u00e9e bleu fonc\u00e9 ou noire avec une t\u00eate de buffle, trois yeux, une chevelure enflamm\u00e9e et une aur\u00e9ole de flammes.<\/p><p>Ornements osseux, pagne en peau de tigre. Dans les mains : coupe cr\u00e2nienne (Kapala), Khatvanga (sceptre cr\u00e2nien), lasso (Pasha), \u00e9p\u00e9e. Il chevauche un buffle noir qui pi\u00e9tine un \u00eatre humain. Accompagn\u00e9 de sa s\u0153ur Yami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Effets de Yama Bouddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Domaine d&rsquo;action :<\/strong> Yama est attendu dans le Bardo Thodol tib\u00e9tain comme une apparition dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de Bardo ; les mourants sont pr\u00e9par\u00e9s \u00e0 sa rencontre. Dans les danses Cham tib\u00e9taines, confrontation rituelle avec le juge des morts (avec des masques spectaculaires). M\u00e9dit\u00e9e en tant que Yidam protecteur dans la pratique tantrique. Dans les rites fun\u00e9raires Theravada et Mahayana comme m\u00e9diateur de fond du karma. Au Japon, sous le nom d&rsquo;Enma-O, pr\u00e9sent dans chaque cimeti\u00e8re bouddhiste.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protection contre Yama Bouddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Livre des morts, Miroir du karma (Karma-Darpana), \u00e9p\u00e9e (Khadga), lasso (Pasha), buffle noir (monture), Khatvanga (sceptre cr\u00e2nien), Kapala (coupe cr\u00e2nienne), t\u00eate de buffle (dans la forme courrouc\u00e9e tib\u00e9taine), troisi\u00e8me \u0153il, chevelure enflamm\u00e9e. Plantes sacr\u00e9es : aucune sp\u00e9cifique. Direction sacr\u00e9e : sud (dans la tradition indienne).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parall\u00e8les de Yama Bouddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Yama<\/em> (Hindouisme, racine), <em>Yamaraja<\/em> (Hindouisme \/ Bouddhisme), <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> (Tibet, forme Vajrayana courrouc\u00e9e), <em>Enma-O<\/em> (Japon), <em>Yeomra<\/em> (Cor\u00e9e), <em>Yanluo<\/em> (Chine, premier des Dix Rois des Enfers), <em>Had\u00e8s<\/em> (Gr\u00e8ce), <em>Anubis\/Osiris<\/em> (\u00c9gypte, guide + juge), <em>Hel<\/em> (Germanique), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (Azt\u00e8que). Yama est l&rsquo;un des concepts divins les plus r\u00e9pandus au monde (de l&rsquo;Inde \u00e0 travers toute l&rsquo;Asie jusqu&rsquo;au Japon).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protection pratique<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituels de protection<\/strong><\/p><p>Rituel bouddhiste de protection contre Yama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Une s\u00e9quence r\u00e9glement\u00e9e d'actes symboliques ayant une signification religieuse ou culturelle.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituel<\/span> : r\u00e9citation de textes de dharani et d&rsquo;invocations de bodhisattvas dans les p\u00e9riodes vuln\u00e9rables (processus de mort, exp\u00e9riences de mort imminente). Les rituels de feu goma (offrandes de feu tib\u00e9taines) visent \u00e0 se prot\u00e9ger des ch\u00e2timents de Yama. Les traditions de chant utilisent des mantras des dieux de la compassion pour adoucir les sentences du juge Yama. Pratique populaire bouddhiste chinoise : billets de papier au <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9difice consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration d'une ou plusieurs divinit\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de l&rsquo;Empereur de Jade pour apaiser le juge Yama.<\/p><p><strong>Conjurations et invocations<\/strong><\/p><p>Les mantras de Jizo (bodhisattva des enfers) et les invocations d&rsquo;Avalokiteshvara sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme une protection contre les ch\u00e2timents de Yama. Le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dans l'hindouisme et le bouddhisme, un texte d'enseignement sous forme concise.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> de la Grande Compassion (Karuna-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dans l'hindouisme et le bouddhisme, un texte d'enseignement sous forme concise.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>) est r\u00e9cit\u00e9. En tib\u00e9tain : la visualisation de Yamantaka dans le Guhyasamaja-Tantra, la d\u00e9faite agressive de Yama par le \u00ab dompte-d\u00e9mons Yamantaka \u00bb. Texte original en sanskrit : \u00ab Om j\u00f1ana-jyoti <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dans les religions indiennes, l'enseignement et le juste ordre de l'action.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span> dhara Yamantaka hum phat \u00bb.<\/p><p><strong>Amulettes et symboles de protection<\/strong><\/p><p>Statues de Jizo comme symboles de protection dans les temples sino-japonais. Bracelet bouddhiste (Mala) \u00e0 108 perles, associ\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Appartenant \u00e0 un d\u00e9roulement d'actes religieux codifi\u00e9.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituellement<\/span> \u00e0 l&rsquo;apaisement des gardiens des enfers. T\u00e9moignages arch\u00e9ologiques : st\u00e8les bouddhistes du VIIe si\u00e8cle en Chine et en Cor\u00e9e, qui opposent le juge Yama aux bodhisattvas sauveurs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama Bouddhisme, parall\u00e8les dans d'autres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Le Yama bouddhiste ressemble au Yama hindou, mais il est moins un \u00ab juge \u00bb et davantage une \u00ab incarnation de la loi \u00bb. Avec la mort chr\u00e9tienne (<em>Thanatos<\/em> ou <em>Grim Reaper<\/em>), il partage l&rsquo;in\u00e9vitabilit\u00e9.<\/p><p>Dans le contexte tib\u00e9tain, Yama est un Dharmapala, un \u00ab protecteur du <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dans les religions indiennes, l'enseignement et le juste ordre de l'action.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span> \u00bb, de m\u00eame que Kali ou Bhairava dans l&rsquo;hindouisme. La couleur noire et la forme sauvage sont universelles pour les dieux de la mort.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfc795b0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfc795b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcfb77e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcfb77e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama entre h\u00e9ritage v\u00e9dique et r\u00e9interpr\u00e9tation bouddhiste<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp680eb01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp680eb01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4042dbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4042dbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La figure bouddhiste de Yama n&rsquo;est pas n\u00e9e de fa\u00e7on ind\u00e9pendante, mais est issue d&rsquo;une <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 comme divin au sein d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u00e9<\/span> indienne plus ancienne. Dans l&rsquo;Inde v\u00e9dique, dans les hymnes du <em>Rigveda<\/em>, Yama est le premier homme \u00e0 \u00eatre mort, et donc le roi des morts qui a trouv\u00e9 le chemin vers l&rsquo;au-del\u00e0.<\/p><p>Il r\u00e8gne sur un domaine lumineux o\u00f9 se rassemblent les anc\u00eatres d\u00e9funts, et est davantage un accueillant bienveillant des morts qu&rsquo;un juge punisseur.<\/p><p>Le bouddhisme a repris Yama, mais a consid\u00e9rablement transform\u00e9 sa fonction. Dans la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La conception de la structure et de l'ordre du monde au sein d'une culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologie<\/span> bouddhiste, Yama devient le seigneur des enfers et le juge qui d\u00e9cide de la renaissance des d\u00e9funts, en particulier de ceux qui entrent dans les royaumes infernaux.<\/p><p>Ce glissement de l&rsquo;accueillant des bienheureux au juge des coupables est li\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;enseignement central bouddhiste sur le <em>karma<\/em> : le destin apr\u00e8s la mort d\u00e9coule des actes, et Yama devient l&rsquo;instance qui repr\u00e9sente ce lien.<\/p><p>Il est important de souligner, du point de vue des \u00e9tudes religieuses, que Yama, dans la compr\u00e9hension bouddhiste stricte, ne juge pas de sa propre autorit\u00e9. Les textes soulignent \u00e0 plusieurs reprises que le <em>karma<\/em> lui-m\u00eame d\u00e9termine la renaissance et que Yama se borne plut\u00f4t \u00e0 mettre le d\u00e9funt face \u00e0 ses propres actes.<\/p><p>Une parabole bien connue tir\u00e9e du <em>Devaduta Sutta<\/em> du canon pali montre Yama pr\u00e9sentant au d\u00e9funt les messagers divins \u2013 la vieillesse, la maladie et la mort \u2013 et lui demandant s&rsquo;il n&rsquo;avait pas remarqu\u00e9 ces avertissements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcdbb663 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpcdbb663\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp67c8373 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp67c8373\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama dans le bouddhisme tib\u00e9tain et la roue de la vie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc472e02 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc472e02\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa4c936b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa4c936b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dans le bouddhisme tib\u00e9tain, Yama a acquis une signification iconographique et rituelle particuli\u00e8rement marqu\u00e9e. Il y appara\u00eet le plus souvent sous le nom de <em>Shinje<\/em>, sous une forme terrifiante, avec une t\u00eate de taureau, une couronne de flammes et les attributs d&rsquo;un juge des morts, souvent debout sur un taureau.<\/p><p>Sa repr\u00e9sentation sur la roue de la vie, le <em>Bhavachakra<\/em>, est particuli\u00e8rement connue. Sur cette composition picturale tr\u00e8s r\u00e9pandue, qui orne le porche d&rsquo;entr\u00e9e de nombreux monast\u00e8res, un grand \u00eatre montrant les dents tient la roue des six domaines d&rsquo;existence dans ses griffes et ses dents.<\/p><p>Cet \u00eatre qui enserre la roue est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 comme Yama, incarnation de l&rsquo;impermanence et de la mort auxquelles toutes les formes d&rsquo;existence conditionn\u00e9es sont soumises. L&rsquo;image exprime l&rsquo;enseignement selon lequel chaque domaine de renaissance, m\u00eame les cieux, est soumis \u00e0 la mort et donc \u00e0 l&#8217;emprise de Yama.<\/p><p>Par ailleurs, la tradition tib\u00e9taine conna\u00eet la figure m\u00e9ditative de Yamantaka, dont le nom signifie \u00ab le vainqueur de Yama \u00bb ou \u00ab celui qui met fin \u00e0 la mort \u00bb. Yamantaka est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme la forme courrouc\u00e9e du bodhisattva Manjushri et incarne la sagesse qui surmonte la mort elle-m\u00eame.<\/p><p>Cette constellation met en lumi\u00e8re la position ambivalente de Yama : il est le seigneur de la mort et en m\u00eame temps une puissance qui peut \u00eatre surmont\u00e9e dans l&rsquo;\u00e9veil. La recherche voit dans la riche <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9tude du contenu des images et de leur signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconographie<\/span> tib\u00e9taine de Yama une fusion de mod\u00e8les indiens avec des conceptions tib\u00e9taines locales des divinit\u00e9s montagnardes et fun\u00e9raires.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43aed0a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp43aed0a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdb86525 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpdb86525\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama en Asie orientale : du juge indien au juge des enfers Enma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b79416 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b79416\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5df073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc5df073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Avec l&rsquo;expansion du bouddhisme vers la Chine, la Cor\u00e9e et le Japon, Yama voyagea \u00e9galement et fut profond\u00e9ment int\u00e9gr\u00e9 dans les conceptions locales de l&rsquo;au-del\u00e0. En Chine, la figure indienne se fondit avec les repr\u00e9sentations d&rsquo;un monde souterrain organis\u00e9 de fa\u00e7on bureaucratique et devint Yanluo Wang, le roi Yanluo, l&rsquo;un des dix rois des enfers, chacun pr\u00e9sidant un tribunal des enfers.<\/p><p>Ces dix rois des enfers examinent les d\u00e9funts en instances successives, et le mort les traverse l&rsquo;une apr\u00e8s l&rsquo;autre avant que soit d\u00e9cid\u00e9e sa prochaine existence. Yanluo Wang y occupe g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement la position du cinqui\u00e8me roi. Tout le syst\u00e8me refl\u00e8te l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience de la hi\u00e9rarchie bureaucratique terrestre, avec ses registres, ses jugements et ses peines.<\/p><p>Au Japon, cette figure fut adopt\u00e9e sous le nom d&rsquo;Enma ou Enma-\u014d, et en Cor\u00e9e sous celui de Yeomra. <a href=\"\/fr\/enma-o\/\">Enma<\/a> est une figure bien connue de la religion populaire japonaise, souvent repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e avec un visage rouge\u00e2tre, une coiffure de magistrat et une tablette ou un miroir dans lequel les actes du d\u00e9funt deviennent visibles.<\/p><p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La discipline qui \u00e9tudie les religions de fa\u00e7on comparative et sans engagement confessionnel.\" tabindex=\"0\">science des religions<\/span> souligne que les formes est-asiatiques vont bien au-del\u00e0 du mod\u00e8le indien et que Yama y est devenu un \u00e9l\u00e9ment constitutif des repr\u00e9sentations populaires de l&rsquo;au-del\u00e0, combinant des \u00e9l\u00e9ments bouddhistes, tao\u00efstes et de religion populaire. La transformation de la figure v\u00e9dique lumineuse en juge indo-bouddhiste puis en bureaucrate infernal est-asiatique est un exemple paradigmatique de transfert culturel religieux.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liens compl\u00e9mentaires<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/fr\/yama\/\">Yama (Hindouisme), racine<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/yamaraja\/\">Yamaraja, forme apparent\u00e9e<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/enma-o\/\">Enma-O, forme japonaise<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/yeomra\/\">Yeomra, forme cor\u00e9enne<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/yanluo\/\">Yanluo, forme chinoise<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/bouddhisme\/\">Buddhismus, aper\u00e7u du panth\u00e9on<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/divinites-des-morts\/\">Totengottheiten, sous-cat\u00e9gorie<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliographie (s\u00e9lection)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S. : <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>. Princeton 2011.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Williams, Paul : <em>Mahayana Buddhism. The Doctrinal Foundations<\/em>. Londres 1989.<\/span><\/li><li>Bardo Thodol (nombreuses traductions, p. ex. Coleman\/Jinpa\/Dorje 2005).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (\u00e9d.) : <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (entr\u00e9e \u00ab Yama \u00bb).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Autres ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence dans la <a href=\"\/fr\/bibliographie\/\">bibliographie<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1740,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yama Bouddhisme","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yama \u2013 juge des morts et du karma dans le bouddhisme","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yama dans le bouddhisme : t\u00eate de buffle, juge du Bardo et application du karma. Son r\u00f4le dans le Livre des morts tib\u00e9tain, le Bardo Thodol.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[48,27,25],"class_list":["post-11238","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-buddhismus","category-goetter","category-kulturen"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yama \u2013 juge des morts et du karma dans le bouddhisme<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yama dans le bouddhisme : t\u00eate de buffle, juge du Bardo et application du karma. 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