{"id":11195,"date":"2026-04-21T11:09:10","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T11:09:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/upyr-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-16T14:56:50","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T14:56:50","slug":"upyr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fr\/upyr\/","title":{"rendered":"Upyr"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"11195\" class=\"elementor elementor-11195 elementor-1042\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr, d\u00e9mon de la tradition slave<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Upyr est un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00catre spirituel auquel on attribue une influence n\u00e9faste ou ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> de la tradition slave.<\/p><p><strong>Le mort-vivant slave, anc\u00eatre direct de la figure du vampire moderne.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9mon \/ D\u00e9mone : \u00eatre surnaturel \u00e0 l'action g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement n\u00e9faste ou ambivalente. Il se situe entre les dieux et les hommes, cause maladie, tentation ou malheur, et est repouss\u00e9 par conjuration, apotropa\u00efques et rituels.\">D\u00e9mon<\/span><a href=\"\/fr\/slave\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mythologie et religion populaire slaves, recouvertes par le christianisme \u00e0 partir du Xe si\u00e8cle.\">Slave<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable des mati\u00e8res\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1714\" alt=\"Upyr - D\u00e4monen aus der Slawisch-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&rsquo;Upyr est la figure centrale du mort-vivant dans le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La culture populaire transmise, avec ses coutumes, r\u00e9cits et chants.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span> slave, et le pr\u00e9curseur historique imm\u00e9diat de la figure du vampire moderne. Un d\u00e9funt qui se l\u00e8ve de sa tombe, suce le sang des vivants, d\u00e9cime d&rsquo;abord sa propre famille, puis le village, et ne peut \u00eatre d\u00e9finitivement mis en terre que par des rites sp\u00e9ciaux.<\/p><p>Contrairement au Draugr nordique, l&rsquo;Upyr est plus mobile, attaque la nuit et peut se d\u00e9placer librement hors du cimeti\u00e8re.<\/p><p>La tradition slave de l&rsquo;Upyr est centrale dans l&rsquo;histoire europ\u00e9enne du vampire. Par le biais de r\u00e9cits de voyage des Balkans au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle (Johann Fl\u00fcckinger 1732, l&rsquo;affaire autrichienne Arnod Paole), le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne devient connu en Europe occidentale.<\/p><p>De l\u00e0 se d\u00e9veloppe, \u00e0 travers Polidori, Le Fanu et Bram Stoker, la litt\u00e9rature vampirique moderne. Variantes r\u00e9gionales : slave oriental <em>Upyr<\/em>, polonais <em>Upi\u00f3r<\/em>, roumain <em>Strigoi<\/em>, slave m\u00e9ridional <em>Vukodlak<\/em>, <em>Vlkodlak<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aper\u00e7u rapide : Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type :<\/strong> Mort-vivant slave, pr\u00e9curseur du vampire<br>Origine : Morts non baptis\u00e9s, suicid\u00e9s, maudits, excommuni\u00e9s<br>Textes : actes eccl\u00e9siastiques slaves (\u00e0 partir du XIe s.), r\u00e9cits balkaniques XVIIIe s., Karad\u017ei\u0107<br>P\u00e9riode : du Moyen \u00c2ge \u00e0 nos jours<br>Protection : pieu de bois de tremble, d\u00e9capitation, incin\u00e9ration<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e9riode des textes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Premi\u00e8res attestations \u00e9crites dans des documents eccl\u00e9siastiques slaves du XIe si\u00e8cle. Riches t\u00e9moignages au XVIIIe s. (Fl\u00fcckinger 1732 sur Arnod Paole ; autres enqu\u00eates habsbourgeoises). R\u00e9ception litt\u00e9raire : Polidori 1819, Le Fanu 1872, Stoker 1897. Recherche moderne : Paul Barber, Agnes Murgoci.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aire de diffusion<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Espace culturel slave de la Russie jusqu&rsquo;aux Balkans, avec une <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmission du savoir et des r\u00e9cits \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> particuli\u00e8rement dense en Serbie, Bulgarie, Roumanie (Strigoi) et Pologne. R\u00e9pandu en Europe occidentale et dans le monde entier par la colonisation habsbourgeoise et la r\u00e9ception litt\u00e9raire.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9tat des sources<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Actes eccl\u00e9siastiques slaves, protocoles d&rsquo;exhumation habsbourgeois (XVIIIe s.), Vuk Karad\u017ei\u0107 <em>Srpski rje\u010dnik<\/em> (1818), Agnes Murgoci \u00ab The Vampire in Roumania \u00bb (1926), Paul Barber <em>Vampires, Burial, and Death<\/em> (1988), folkloristique balkanique et slave moderne.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom et variantes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Russe :<\/strong> <em>Upyr<\/em> (\u0423\u043f\u044b\u0440\u044c).<br>Polonais : <em>Upi\u00f3r<\/em>, <em>W\u0105pierz<\/em>.<br>Tch\u00e8que\/Slovaque : <em>Up\u00edr<\/em>.<br>Roumain : <em>Strigoi<\/em> (du latin <em>strix<\/em>, non slave, mais dans le m\u00eame champ s\u00e9mantique).<br>Slave m\u00e9ridional : <em>Vukodlak<\/em>, <em>Vlkodlak<\/em> ; en serbe \u00e9galement <em>Vampir<\/em>, source du terme connu internationalement.<br>Ukrainien : <em>Upyr<\/em>.<\/p><p>La forme serbe <em>Vampir<\/em> appara\u00eet dans les protocoles habsbourgeois du XVIIIe s. et est diffus\u00e9e dans le monde entier par la presse autrichienne et allemande. L&rsquo;article \u00ab Vampyr \u00bb dans le dictionnaire fran\u00e7ais de Tr\u00e9voux (1721) constitue une attestation pr\u00e9coce du mot adopt\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;international.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apparence<\/strong><\/p><p>Apr\u00e8s exhumation, aspect remarquablement frais : visage rouge, sang non coagul\u00e9 dans le c\u0153ur, ongles et cheveux ayant continu\u00e9 de pousser, bouche tach\u00e9e de sang. Bien explicable par les processus naturels de d\u00e9composition ; pour les contemporains, preuve de l&rsquo;activit\u00e9 vampirique. En activit\u00e9 nocturne : silhouette sombre, parfois sous forme animale (loup, chien), parfois sous forme de brume.<\/p><p><strong>Comportement<\/strong><\/p><p>Quitte sa tombe la nuit, s&rsquo;attaque d&rsquo;abord aux membres de la famille (d&rsquo;o\u00f9 \u00ab d&rsquo;abord les siens \u00bb), puis au village. Suce le sang, provoque \u00e9puisement, maladie, mort. Qui meurt d&rsquo;une morsure d&rsquo;Upyr devient lui-m\u00eame un Upyr. Les villages infest\u00e9s d&rsquo;Upyr connaissent de v\u00e9ritables s\u00e9ries de d\u00e9c\u00e8s.<\/p><p><strong>Champ d&rsquo;action<\/strong><\/p><p>Son propre village et les localit\u00e9s environnantes. Peut parfois se d\u00e9placer plus loin si le territoire se vide. Les jours liminaires (Jurjevden, No\u00ebl, \u00c9piphanie) sont particuli\u00e8rement propices \u00e0 son activit\u00e9.<\/p><p><strong>Classification mythologique<\/strong><\/p><p>Selon la tradition religieuse populaire, devient un Upyr celui qui meurt non baptis\u00e9, suicid\u00e9, excommuni\u00e9, maudit ou en tant que sorcier. Les personnes n\u00e9es avec \u00ab deux c\u0153urs \u00bb ou \u00ab deux \u00e2mes \u00bb sont \u00e9galement consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme \u00e0 risque. L&rsquo;\u00e9volution du mort-vivant slave vers le vampire moderne s&rsquo;accomplit au fil des si\u00e8cles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil : Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les aspects essentiels de l&rsquo;Upyr en un coup d&rsquo;\u0153il.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexte culturel<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Personnes mortes non baptis\u00e9es, suicid\u00e9es, maudites, excommuni\u00e9es ou en tant que sorci\u00e8res. Na\u00eet d&rsquo;une s\u00e9pulture impropre ou d&rsquo;une d\u00e9faillance morale durant la vie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cibles<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>D&rsquo;abord la propre famille, puis le village. Quiconque meurt d&rsquo;une morsure d&rsquo;Upyr devient lui-m\u00eame un Upyr, propagation de type \u00e9pid\u00e9mique.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Apr\u00e8s exhumation : rouge, bouffi, avec du sang non coagul\u00e9 et des ongles allong\u00e9s. La nuit : silhouette sombre, sous forme animale (loup, chien) ou de brume.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonction<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Suce le sang des vivants, provoque \u00e9puisement, maladie, mort. S\u00e9ries de d\u00e9c\u00e8s \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle du village. Propagation par transmission de la morsure.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protection contre l'Upyr<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Exhumation et perforation avec un pieu de bois de tremble, d\u00e9capitation, incin\u00e9ration, r\u00e9-inhumation face contre terre. Ail, encens, croix ; mode de s\u00e9pulture protecteur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00catres apparent\u00e9s<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"\/fr\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/striga\/\">Striga<\/a>, Draugr (germanique), figure du vampire moderne (Stoker), Strigoi roumain, Vrykolakas grec.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protection et combat contre le vampire<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>S\u00e9pulture pr\u00e9ventive<\/strong><\/p><p>Ceux consid\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 risque de devenir un Upyr (suicide, absence de bapt\u00eame, excommunication) sont inhum\u00e9s avec un soin particulier : visage vers le bas, gros orteils li\u00e9s, bouche remplie d&rsquo;une pierre, tombe recouverte d&rsquo;une faucille (le mort-vivant devait se d\u00e9capiter lui-m\u00eame s&rsquo;il tentait de se lever).<\/p><p><strong>En cas de suspicion<\/strong><\/p><p>Une s\u00e9rie de d\u00e9c\u00e8s dans le village d\u00e9clenche une chasse au vampire. La communaut\u00e9 villageoise exhume les tombes suspectes. Signes d&rsquo;activit\u00e9 vampirique : cadavre frais, bouche rouge, sang non coagul\u00e9, ongles allong\u00e9s. Ensuite : perforation avec un pieu de bois de tremble, d\u00e9capitation, incin\u00e9ration \u00e0 flamme vive, cendres jet\u00e9es \u00e0 la rivi\u00e8re. Dans certaines r\u00e9gions, le c\u0153ur \u00e9tait br\u00fbl\u00e9 s\u00e9par\u00e9ment.<\/p><p><strong>Amulettes et protection de la maison<\/strong><\/p><p>Ail aux fen\u00eatres et aux portes. Encens dans la maison. Croix en argent au chevet du lit. Prot\u00e9ger les enfants avec des fils rouges aux poignets. Aux p\u00e9riodes particuli\u00e8rement \u00e0 risque (apr\u00e8s une s\u00e9rie de d\u00e9c\u00e8s dans le village) : les membres de la famille dorment ensemble, munis d&rsquo;amulettes protectrices.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De l'Upyr au vampire<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rapports habsbourgeois du XVIIIe s.<\/strong><\/p><p>En 1732, Johann Fl\u00fcckinger enqu\u00eate sur le cas d&rsquo;Arnod Paole en Serbie pour le compte de l&rsquo;arm\u00e9e autrichienne et r\u00e9dige le rapport <em>Visum et Repertum<\/em>. Ce document fait conna\u00eetre le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne vampirique \u00e0 Vienne, Paris et Londres. Un d\u00e9bat sur les vampires \u00e9branle le monde savant des Lumi\u00e8res.<\/p><p><strong>Naissance litt\u00e9raire<\/strong><\/p><p>John Polidori, <em>The Vampyre<\/em> (1819), introduit la figure dans la litt\u00e9rature de salon. <em>Carmilla<\/em> (1872) de Sheridan Le Fanu \u00e9tablit la vampire f\u00e9minine. <em>Dracula<\/em> (1897) de Bram Stoker devient la figure centrale de la litt\u00e9rature vampirique moderne, explicitement situ\u00e9 \u00e0 la lisi\u00e8re roumano-slave.<\/p><p><strong>Prolongements modernes<\/strong><\/p><p>Le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment th\u00e9matique r\u00e9current dans l'art ou le r\u00e9cit.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> de l&rsquo;Upyr reste actif dans la litt\u00e9rature roumaine, polonaise et slave (Olga Tokarczuk, <em>Les Livres de Jacob<\/em>). Twilight, True Blood, What We Do in the Shadows et d&rsquo;innombrables autres adaptations s&rsquo;appuient directement ou indirectement sur la figure slave originelle, souvent sans en reconna\u00eetre l&rsquo;origine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp094dae0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp094dae0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp78d8347 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp78d8347\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'Upyr dans les premi\u00e8res attestations \u00e9crites<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp475e843 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp475e843\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3b0d5be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3b0d5be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le terme <em>upyr<\/em> compte parmi les mots les plus anciennement attest\u00e9s de la croyance slave au vampire. Un t\u00e9moignage souvent cit\u00e9 se trouve dans un manuscrit vieux-russe dans lequel un copiste porte comme surnom ou sobriquet <em>Upir Lichyj<\/em>, ce qui signifie approximativement \u00ab le mauvais Upir \u00bb.<\/p><p>La datation de cette attestation au XIe si\u00e8cle est discut\u00e9e dans la recherche, mais elle est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l&rsquo;un des plus anciens indices montrant que le mot \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 courant dans l&rsquo;espace slave oriental.<\/p><p>Une autre attestation importante est un sermon vieux-slave contre les pratiques pa\u00efennes, qui condamne le fait d&rsquo;offrir des sacrifices aux <em>upyri<\/em> et aux <em>beregini<\/em>. Ce texte place l&rsquo;Upyr dans une s\u00e9rie d&rsquo;\u00eatres spirituels auxquels le peuple simple offrait des <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Don adress\u00e9 \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9 pour exprimer gratitude, supplication ou v\u00e9n\u00e9ration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrandes<\/span>.<\/p><p>On peut en d\u00e9duire que l&rsquo;Upyr n&rsquo;\u00e9tait pas \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine uniquement le mort-vivant suceur de sang de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmission du savoir et des r\u00e9cits \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> tardive, mais faisait partie d&rsquo;un spectre plus large d&rsquo;\u00eatres spirituels auxquels on rendait un culte.<\/p><p>Ces premi\u00e8res attestations sont linguistiquement instructives, mais pauvres en contenu. Elles mentionnent le mot, mais d\u00e9crivent \u00e0 peine l&rsquo;\u00eatre. L&rsquo;image d\u00e9taill\u00e9e de l&rsquo;Upyr comme mort-vivant quittant sa tombe la nuit provient de sources nettement plus r\u00e9centes, notamment de la premi\u00e8re \u00e9poque moderne et des relev\u00e9s folkloriques du XIXe si\u00e8cle.<\/p><p>La recherche invite donc \u00e0 la prudence : il ne faut pas projeter r\u00e9trospectivement l&rsquo;image du vampire pleinement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e sur les attestations m\u00e9di\u00e9vales sans pr\u00e9caution. La seule certitude est que le mot est ancien et qu&rsquo;il a d\u00e9sign\u00e9 d\u00e8s l&rsquo;origine un \u00eatre redout\u00e9, li\u00e9 au culte des morts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd98e378 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd98e378\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a79b75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9a79b75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'\u00e9tymologie d'un mot controvers\u00e9<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb04776b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb04776b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp465a732 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp465a732\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&rsquo;origine du mot <em>upyr<\/em> fait partie des questions non r\u00e9solues de la linguistique slave. Plusieurs interpr\u00e9tations coexistent sans qu&rsquo;aucune ne se soit d\u00e9finitivement impos\u00e9e.<\/p><p>Une proposition r\u00e9pandue d\u00e9compose le mot en un pr\u00e9fixe n\u00e9gatif ou intensif et un radical li\u00e9 au vol ou aux plumes, ce qui ferait de l&rsquo;Upyr un \u00eatre capable de voler ou de voltiger.<\/p><p>Une autre proposition relie le radical \u00e0 un mot signifiant gonflement ou boursouflure, ce qui correspondrait \u00e0 l&rsquo;image bien attest\u00e9e par le folklore du cadavre vampirique gonfl\u00e9 et non d\u00e9compos\u00e9.<\/p><p>La clarification est rendue difficile par le fait que le mot se retrouve dans presque toutes les langues slaves, sous des formes phon\u00e9tiquement variantes.<\/p><p>La forme slave m\u00e9ridionale <em>vampir<\/em> est celle qui, via l&rsquo;allemand et le fran\u00e7ais au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle, a p\u00e9n\u00e9tr\u00e9 dans les langues d&rsquo;Europe occidentale et y est devenue le mot international d\u00e9signant toute cette classe d&rsquo;\u00eatres. Le polonais <em>upi\u00f3r<\/em>, l&rsquo;ukrainien <em>upyr<\/em>, le russe <em>upyr<\/em> et d&rsquo;autres formes appartiennent au m\u00eame radical.<\/p><p>La recherche linguistique voit dans cette large diffusion un argument en faveur de l&rsquo;existence du mot et du concept qu&rsquo;il d\u00e9signe d\u00e8s l&rsquo;\u00e9poque proto-slave. Quelle que soit l&rsquo;\u00e9tymologie retenue, la question reste ouverte, et certains chercheurs consid\u00e8rent m\u00eame le mot comme un emprunt \u00e0 une langue non slave, ce qui complique encore davantage la situation.<\/p><p>Pour l&rsquo;\u00e9tude des religions, il est important de comprendre que le nom lui-m\u00eame est d\u00e9j\u00e0 un h\u00e9ritage ancien et difficile \u00e0 d\u00e9chiffrer, et non une cr\u00e9ation de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La culture populaire transmise, avec ses coutumes, r\u00e9cits et chants.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span> de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque moderne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9f5edd9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9f5edd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpec88e96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpec88e96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'Upyr et le d\u00e9bat europ\u00e9en sur le vampire au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp489167d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp489167d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa361136 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa361136\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La croyance slave au vampire entra au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle dans le champ de vision de l&rsquo;\u00e9rudition ouest-europ\u00e9enne, et l&rsquo;Upyr ainsi que ses proches parents slaves m\u00e9ridionaux en \u00e9taient au centre. Le d\u00e9clencheur fut plusieurs affaires retentissantes survenues dans les territoires frontaliers habsbourgeois des Balkans.<\/p><p>Devinrent particuli\u00e8rement c\u00e9l\u00e8bres le cas d&rsquo;Arnold Paole et le cas de Petar Blagojevi\u0107 dans les ann\u00e9es 1720 et 1730, pour lesquels des autorit\u00e9s autrichiennes et des m\u00e9decins militaires r\u00e9dig\u00e8rent des rapports officiels d&rsquo;enqu\u00eate sur de pr\u00e9tendus vampires.<\/p><p>Ces rapports furent imprim\u00e9s en Europe et d\u00e9clench\u00e8rent un large d\u00e9bat savant. M\u00e9decins, th\u00e9ologiens et philosophes discut\u00e8rent de l&rsquo;existence des vampires, de l&rsquo;explication des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes rapport\u00e9s et de la position que devaient adopter l&rsquo;\u00c9glise et l&rsquo;\u00c9tat.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Le b\u00e9n\u00e9dictin Augustin Calmet publia en 1746 un trait\u00e9 tr\u00e8s lu dans lequel il rassemblait les donn\u00e9es et les examinait de fa\u00e7on critique, sans parvenir \u00e0 un jugement tranch\u00e9. La philosophie des Lumi\u00e8res r\u00e9agit plus s\u00e9v\u00e8rement et utilisa la croyance au vampire comme exemple de superstition et de cr\u00e9dulit\u00e9 eccl\u00e9siastique.<\/span><\/p><p>Pour l&rsquo;\u00e9tude des religions, cet \u00e9pisode est significatif \u00e0 deux \u00e9gards. Premi\u00e8rement, il fournit certaines des descriptions les plus d\u00e9taill\u00e9es et les plus anciennes de la repr\u00e9sentation slave du vampire, notamment les pratiques d&rsquo;exhumation et d&#8217;empalement.<\/p><p>Deuxi\u00e8mement, il illustre le moment o\u00f9 une <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Croyances et pratiques religieuses r\u00e9pandues dans la vie quotidienne.\" tabindex=\"0\">croyance populaire<\/span> r\u00e9gionale devint un sujet de discussion \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle europ\u00e9enne, ouvrant ainsi la voie \u00e0 la litt\u00e9rature et finalement \u00e0 la culture populaire moderne. Le vampire litt\u00e9raire du XIXe si\u00e8cle, du r\u00e9cit de John Polidori au <em>Dracula<\/em> de Bram Stoker, n&rsquo;aurait pas \u00e9t\u00e9 concevable sans ce d\u00e9bat du XVIIIe si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liens compl\u00e9mentaires<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Liens internes recommand\u00e9s :<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/fr\/slave\/\">Slave<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/baba-jaga\/\">Baba Jaga<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/rusalka\/\">Rusalka<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/leshy\/\">Leshy<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/kikimora\/\">Kikimora<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/striga\/\">Striga<\/a> (pr\u00e9curseurs)<\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/draugr\/\">Draugr<\/a> (mort-vivant germanique)<\/li><li>Moderne : Bram Stoker, litt\u00e9rature vampirique<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliographie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Une s\u00e9lection de travaux essentiels sur l&rsquo;Upyr\/vampire :<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Barber, Paul : <em>Vampires, Burial, and Death. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La culture populaire transmise, avec ses coutumes, r\u00e9cits et chants.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span> and Reality<\/em>. New Haven 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Murgoci, Agnes : \u00ab The Vampire in Roumania. \u00bb In : <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La culture populaire transmise, avec ses coutumes, r\u00e9cits et chants.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span><\/em> 37 (1926).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hamberger, Klaus : <em>Mortuus non mordet. Kommentierte Dokumentation zum Vampirismus 1689, 1791<\/em>. Wien 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Perkowski, Jan : <em>Vampires of the Slavs<\/em>. Cambridge, MA 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Karad\u017ei\u0107, Vuk Stefanovi\u0107 : <em>Srpski rje\u010dnik<\/em>. Wien 1818.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Autres ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence dans la <a href=\"\/fr\/bibliographie\/\">bibliographie<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-upyr-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-upyr-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-upyr\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-upyr-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-upyr-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pratique de protection d\u00e9crite ici rel\u00e8ve de la mise en contexte scientifique de traditions historiques. iWell Guard s&rsquo;inscrit dans cette lign\u00e9e culturelle et historique d&rsquo;objets de protection portables et en repr\u00e9sente une forme contemporaine. <a href=\"\/fr\/a-propos-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">En savoir plus sur l&rsquo;iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1714,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Upyr","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Upyr \u2013 d\u00e9mon de la tradition slave | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Upyr, mort-vivant slave et anc\u00eatre du vampire moderne \u2014 rituels fun\u00e9raires, moyens de protection et histoire de la figure 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