{"id":11155,"date":"2026-04-21T13:17:12","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T13:17:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tengu-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-16T14:55:44","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T14:55:44","slug":"tengu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fr\/tengu\/","title":{"rendered":"Tengu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"11155\" class=\"elementor elementor-11155 elementor-1326\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tengu, esprit de la tradition japonaise<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengu est un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre incorporel auquel on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span> de la tradition japonaise.<\/p><p>Figure ail\u00e9e des montagnes entre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 comme divin au sein d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u00e9<\/span> et <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00catre spirituel auquel on attribue une action n\u00e9faste ou ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span>, \u00e9prouveur des moines yamabushi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esprit : entit\u00e9 incorporelle ou semi-corporelle, d\u00e9funts, \u00eatres de la nature, esprits domestiques ou gardiens des seuils. Agit dans la vie quotidienne, souvent li\u00e9 \u00e0 des lieux ou \u00e0 des familles.\">Esprit<\/span><a href=\"\/fr\/japon\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Les kami shinto et les univers bouddhistes-yokai japonais.\">Japan<\/a><a href=\"\/fr\/esprits-forets\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esprits des for\u00eats et des contr\u00e9es sauvages, gardiens et tentateurs des terres incultes.\">Waldgeist<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable des mati\u00e8res\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_tengu-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-131213\" alt=\"Tengu - esprits de la tradition japonaise, illustration historique\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_tengu-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_tengu-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_tengu-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_tengu.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tengu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengu (\u5929\u72d7, \u00ab chien c\u00e9leste \u00bb) comptent parmi les figures les plus ambivalentes de la d\u00e9monologie japonaise. \u00c0 la fois \u00eatres des montagnes, divinit\u00e9s montagnardes et <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00catre spirituel auquel on attribue une action n\u00e9faste ou ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mons<\/span>, ils se situent \u00e0 l&rsquo;intersection du shint\u014d, du bouddhisme et de la tradition asc\u00e9tique des montagnes. Au fil des si\u00e8cles, leur profil \u00e9volue : des premi\u00e8res repr\u00e9sentations en oiseaux de proie mal\u00e9fiques aux s\u00e9ducteurs de moines de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque Muromachi, puis aux esprits protecteurs des arts martiaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque Edo.<\/p><p>Deux types principaux se sont impos\u00e9s : le <em>karasu-tengu<\/em>, \u00e0 t\u00eate de corbeau ou d&rsquo;oiseau de proie, et le <em>\u014d-tengu<\/em> ou <em>yamabushi-tengu<\/em>, au visage rouge et au long nez, v\u00eatu comme un asc\u00e8te des montagnes.<\/p><div><h3>Konjaku Monogatari et les deux morphologies du Tengu<\/h3><p>Le recueil <em>Konjaku Monogatari<\/em> (R\u00e9cits d&rsquo;autrefois et d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui, XIIe si\u00e8cle) documente les <em>Tengu<\/em> sous leur forme canonique la plus ancienne et \u00e9tablit d\u00e9j\u00e0 la distinction entre <em>Daitengu<\/em> (grands Tengu) et <em>Kotengu<\/em> (Tengu de moindre rang). Dans ces r\u00e9cits, les Daitengu sont des \u00eatres d&rsquo;un rang \u00e9lev\u00e9, dot\u00e9s d&rsquo;une long\u00e9vit\u00e9 remarquable, d&rsquo;une intelligence et d&rsquo;une apparence humaines, souvent pourvus de facult\u00e9s surnaturelles leur permettant de cr\u00e9er des ombres et d&rsquo;imiter la forme humaine.<\/p><p>Les Kotengu apparaissent comme des variantes inf\u00e9rieures, plus proches de l&rsquo;oiseau, destructrices et moins rationnelles. Cette classification correspond \u00e0 un statut socio-religieux : les Daitengu sont souvent des voyageurs ou des ermites ayant atteint un asc\u00e9tisme surhumain, tandis que les Kotengu m\u00e8nent une existence sauvage, li\u00e9e aux montagnes.<\/p><p>Les recueils Konjaku documentent \u00e9galement les premiers r\u00e9cits d&rsquo;enl\u00e8vement par les Tengu, dans lesquels des pr\u00eatres ou des aristocrates disparaissent myst\u00e9rieusement et reviennent avec des perceptions surnaturelles \u2013 un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment th\u00e9matique r\u00e9current dans l'art ou le r\u00e9cit.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> qui se prolonge jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 la litt\u00e9rature yokai japonaise moderne.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aper\u00e7u rapide : Tengu<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type :<\/strong> divinit\u00e9 montagnarde, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00catre spirituel auquel on attribue une action n\u00e9faste ou ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span>, figure \u00e9prouvante<br>Origine : issu des traditions c\u00e9lestes chinoises (<em>ti\u0101ng\u01d2u<\/em>), fusionn\u00e9 avec le culte montagnard japonais<br>Textes : Nihon Ry\u014diki, Konjaku Monogatarish\u016b, Heike Monogatari, Tengu-S\u014dshi<br>\u00c9poque : attest\u00e9 \u00e0 partir du VIIIe si\u00e8cle ; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9tude des contenus des images et de leur signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconographie<\/span> typique \u00e0 partir du XIVe si\u00e8cle<br>Demeure : montagnes sacr\u00e9es, notamment Kurama (Ky\u014dto) et Takao<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e9riode des textes<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le terme tengu vient du chinois <em>ti\u0101ng\u01d2u<\/em> (\u00ab chien c\u00e9leste \u00bb), qui d\u00e9signait les \u00e9toiles filantes et les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes lumineux de mauvais augure. Le terme p\u00e9n\u00e8tre au Japon au VIIIe si\u00e8cle par le biais de textes bouddhistes. Dans la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmission des savoirs et des r\u00e9cits \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> japonaise ancienne, les tengu sont d&rsquo;abord des \u00eatres mal\u00e9fiques ; un \u00e9pisode du Nihon Shoki (720) rapporte qu&rsquo;un moine identifie comme tengu un \u00ab chien \u00bb volant dans le ciel.<\/p><p>Entre le XIIe et le XIVe si\u00e8cle, l&rsquo;image \u00e9volue : les tengu deviennent des \u00eatres des montagnes \u00e0 t\u00eate d&rsquo;oiseau, cherchant \u00e0 faire chuter les moines asc\u00e8tes. \u00c0 partir de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque Muromachi, appara\u00eet le yamabushi-tengu en habit de moine, avec son nez crochu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aire de diffusion<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les traditions li\u00e9es aux Tengu se concentrent sur les montagnes sacr\u00e9es. Les plus connues sont le mont Kurama, au nord de Ky\u014dto (demeure du mythique S\u014dj\u014db\u014d, le \u00ab grand Tengu \u00bb), le mont Takao \u00e0 l&rsquo;ouest de T\u014dky\u014d, et le mont \u014cmine \u00e0 Nara, haut lieu de l&rsquo;asc\u00e8se montagnarde du shugend\u014d.<\/p><p>Des divinit\u00e9s Tengu locales existent sur tout l&rsquo;archipel ; de nombreux petits sanctuaires de montagne conservent des masques de tengu dans leurs tr\u00e9sors et organisent des f\u00eates annuelles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9tat des sources<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sur le plan textuel, les recueils setsuwa (Konjaku Monogatarish\u016b, Uji Sh\u016bi Monogatari) ainsi que le Tengu-S\u014dshi, un rouleau illustr\u00e9 de la fin du XIIIe si\u00e8cle, occupent une place centrale. Dans le Heike Monogatari, les tengu apparaissent dans plusieurs \u00e9pisodes.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>L&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9tude des contenus des images et de leur signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconographie<\/span> classique se fixe dans les \u0153uvres illustr\u00e9es de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque Edo, notamment chez Toriyama Sekien. Travaux de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence modernes : De Visser, M. W. (1908) \u00ab The Tengu \u00bb ; Wakabayashi Haruko (2012) \u00ab The Seven Tengu Scrolls \u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom et variantes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le nom est compos\u00e9 de \u5929 (\u00ab ciel \u00bb) et de \u72d7 (\u00ab chien \u00bb), renvoyant donc \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine \u00e0 un \u00eatre c\u00e9leste stellaire.<\/p><ul><li><strong>Karasu-tengu<\/strong>, Tengu-corbeau, \u00e0 t\u00eate d&rsquo;oiseau, ail\u00e9 ; forme ancienne.<\/li><li>Yamabushi-tengu \/ \u014d-tengu, Tengu-asc\u00e8te des montagnes, visage rouge, long nez ; forme tardive.<\/li><li>Kotengu, petits Tengu de rang inf\u00e9rieur, troupe subordonn\u00e9e.<\/li><li>S\u014dj\u014db\u014d, le l\u00e9gendaire roi de tous les Tengu sur le mont Kurama.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apparence.<\/strong> Le karasu-tengu a une t\u00eate de corbeau ou d&rsquo;oiseau de proie, des mains griffues et des ailes ; il porte la tenue d&rsquo;un yamabushi (petit bonnet cubique, corne de conque, \u00e9p\u00e9e). Le yamabushi-tengu est de forme humaine, avec un visage rouge, des sourcils broussailleux et son long nez caract\u00e9ristique ; il porte \u00e9galement la tenue yamabushi et un \u00e9ventail de plumes.<\/p><p>Attributs. \u00c9ventail de plumes (<em>hauchiwa<\/em>) pour d\u00e9cha\u00eener les temp\u00eates, longue \u00e9p\u00e9e, corne de conque (<em>horagai<\/em>), geta \u00e0 dent unique sur\u00e9lev\u00e9e.<\/p><p>Comportement. Les Tengu vivent dans des monast\u00e8res de montagne et des for\u00eats, ils font fuir les intrus, enl\u00e8vent des moines asc\u00e8tes et \u00e9prouvent les guerriers dans leur courage. Une <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmission des savoirs et des r\u00e9cits \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> rapporte que Minamoto no Yoshitsune aurait appris l&rsquo;art du combat \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9p\u00e9e aupr\u00e8s de S\u014dj\u014db\u014d sur le mont Kurama.<\/p><div><h3>Diversit\u00e9 morphologique : long nez contre t\u00eate d&rsquo;oiseau<\/h3><p>La repr\u00e9sentation visuelle des Tengu pr\u00e9sente une divergence morphologique caract\u00e9ristique entre deux arch\u00e9types. Le <em>Karasu-Tengu<\/em> (Tengu-corbeau) a une forme \u00e0 t\u00eate d&rsquo;oiseau, avec des plumes et des griffes, souvent de couleur noire et \u00e0 bec pointu. Le <em>Yamabushi-Tengu<\/em> ou Daitengu, en revanche, est souvent repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 avec un nez allong\u00e9 rouge ou dor\u00e9, un corps humano\u00efde, fr\u00e9quemment v\u00eatu de la robe de moine yamabushi.<\/p><p>Cette divergence refl\u00e8te des diff\u00e9rences th\u00e9ologiques et r\u00e9gionales : les Tengu-corbeaux sont associ\u00e9s aux forces naturelles chaotiques des montagnes, tandis que les Tengu au long nez s&rsquo;opposent aux humains sur un plan intellectuel et culturel, souvent d\u00e9peints comme des asc\u00e8tes \u00e9rudits. L&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9tude des contenus des images et de leur signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconographie<\/span> de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque Edo a normalis\u00e9 cette diversit\u00e9 de formes en motifs canoniques d&rsquo;estampes sur bois qui dominent encore aujourd&rsquo;hui l&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9tude des contenus des images et de leur signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconographie<\/span> populaire des Tengu.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil : Tengu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les aspects essentiels de Tengu en un coup d&rsquo;\u0153il.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexte culturel<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le concept chinois du \u00ab chien c\u00e9leste \u00bb, fusionn\u00e9 avec le culte montagnard japonais et l&rsquo;asc\u00e8se du shugend\u014d.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destinataires<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Moines asc\u00e8tes (yamabushi), dignitaires bouddhistes orgueilleux, guerriers sur la voie de la ma\u00eetrise.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apparence du Tengu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figure ail\u00e9e \u00e0 t\u00eate de corbeau ou \u00e0 visage humain rouge ; tenue yamabushi, \u00e9ventail de plumes, longue \u00e9p\u00e9e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activit\u00e9s<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enl\u00e8vement d&rsquo;enfants, s\u00e9duction des moines vers la vanit\u00e9, d\u00e9clenchement de temp\u00eates, disparition soudaine de personnes (<em>kamikakushi<\/em>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protection<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>R\u00e9citation de sutras, humilit\u00e9 et refus de l&rsquo;orgueil, v\u00e9n\u00e9ration des sanctuaires de montagne, \u00e9vitement de certains cols apr\u00e8s le coucher du soleil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Figures comparables<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le <em>ti\u0101ng\u01d2u<\/em> chinois, le <em>kkachi-horangi<\/em> cor\u00e9en (figure mythique d&rsquo;oiseau de proie) ; le Garuda de la tradition indo-bouddhiste.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Moyens de protection pratiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c9viter l&rsquo;attitude orgueilleuse.<\/strong> Dans la litt\u00e9rature setsuwa, les tengu s\u00e9duisent en priorit\u00e9 les moines orgueilleux ; la contre-mesure classique est l&rsquo;humilit\u00e9 int\u00e9rieure et une asc\u00e8se rigoureuse.<\/p><p>Sutras et <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Formule syllabique ou verbale r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9e rituellement avec un effet transformateur ; centrale dans les traditions indiennes, adapt\u00e9e en Occident sous forme de pratique de d\u00e9crets.\">mantra<\/span>. La r\u00e9citation du Sutra du C\u0153ur et des mantras de Fud\u014d My\u014d\u014d et de Sh\u014dten \u00e9tait consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme efficace pour repousser l&rsquo;influence des tengu.<\/p><p>Sanctuaires de montagne. Sur de nombreuses montagnes sacr\u00e9es, les tengu sont v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s comme divinit\u00e9s protectrices ; les visiteurs apportent du sake, voyagent avec respect et \u00e9vitent les sentiers apr\u00e8s la tomb\u00e9e de la nuit.<\/p><p>Masques de Tengu. Des masques au visage rouge et au long nez sont suspendus dans de nombreux foyers comme signe apotropa\u00efque ; ce <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe qui repr\u00e9sente par substitution une id\u00e9e ou une signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbole<\/span> prot\u00e8ge par la pr\u00e9sence m\u00eame de l&rsquo;\u00eatre protecteur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tengu, parall\u00e8les dans d'autres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Chine.<\/strong> Le <em>ti\u0101ng\u01d2u<\/em> en tant qu&rsquo;omen d&rsquo;\u00e9toile filante et chien c\u00e9leste constitue le mod\u00e8le \u00e9tymologique direct ; l&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9tude des contenus des images et de leur signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconographie<\/span> se d\u00e9veloppe de fa\u00e7on autonome au Japon.<\/p><p>Inde\/Bouddhisme. Le Garuda, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 comme divin au sein d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u00e9<\/span> \u00e0 forme d&rsquo;oiseau, constitue un mod\u00e8le pour l&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9tude des contenus des images et de leur signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconographie<\/span> du karasu-tengu.<\/p><p>Cor\u00e9e. Il n&rsquo;existe pas d&rsquo;\u00e9quivalent direct ; des oiseaux de proie mythiques et des divinit\u00e9s montagnardes existent, mais leur nature est diff\u00e9rente.<\/p><p>Europe. Des parall\u00e8les avec des esprits ail\u00e9s des montagnes et du vent (Harpies, trolls nordiques des montagnes) existent sur le plan typologique, non historique.<\/p><div><h3>Shugendo et le lien avec les Yamabushi<\/h3><p>Le Shugendo (voie de l&rsquo;asc\u00e8se en montagne) a \u00e9tabli un lien religieux direct entre les Tengu et les Yamabushi (moines des montagnes), encore vivant aujourd&rsquo;hui dans la pratique rituelle. Les textes du Shugendo ne classifient pas les Tengu principalement comme mauvais, mais comme une puissance surnaturelle dangereuse, qui ne peut \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9e ou sublim\u00e9e que par des pratiques asc\u00e9tiques sp\u00e9cifiques.<\/p><p>L&rsquo;ordre des Yamabushi a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 des techniques de protection contre l&rsquo;influence des Tengu, combinant la purification shint\u014d et la r\u00e9citation de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Formule syllabique ou verbale r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9e rituellement avec un effet transformateur ; centrale dans les traditions indiennes.\">mantra<\/span> bouddhiste. Des t\u00e9moignages historiques documentent des cas o\u00f9 des ma\u00eetres yamabushi ont fait usage de pouvoirs surnaturels lors de confrontations publiques avec des manifestations de Tengu. Ce lien faisait des Tengu des instances d&rsquo;\u00e9preuve religieuse : celui qui pouvait r\u00e9sister \u00e0 l&rsquo;influence des Tengu prouvait sa maturit\u00e9 spirituelle et sa l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 \u00e0 recevoir la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Acte rituel par lequel un objet, un lieu ou une personne est consacr\u00e9 au domaine religieux.\" tabindex=\"0\">cons\u00e9cration<\/span> sup\u00e9rieure dans le syst\u00e8me du Shugendo.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1b0c3bc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1b0c3bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd32c755 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd32c755\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De l'oiseau de mauvais augure au d\u00e9mon des montagnes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7a80dab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7a80dab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb1eb88c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb1eb88c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le Tengu poss\u00e8de au Japon une longue histoire aux transformations profondes. Le caract\u00e8re avec lequel son nom est \u00e9crit signifie litt\u00e9ralement chien c\u00e9leste et provient de Chine, o\u00f9 il d\u00e9signait une sorte d&rsquo;\u00eatre mal\u00e9fique ou com\u00e9taire.<\/p><p>Au Japon, ce nom fut cependant transf\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 une figure tout \u00e0 fait diff\u00e9rente, et la premi\u00e8re conception japonaise identifiable du Tengu est celle d&rsquo;un \u00eatre \u00e0 l&rsquo;aspect aviaire, muni d&rsquo;un bec.<\/p><p>Dans la litt\u00e9rature m\u00e9di\u00e9vale, notamment dans des recueils de r\u00e9cits \u00e0 tonalit\u00e9 bouddhiste comme le <em>Konjaku monogatari<\/em> du XIIe si\u00e8cle, le Tengu est avant tout une puissance perturbatrice et dangereuse. Il est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme la forme de renaissance d&rsquo;\u00eatres humains trop orgueilleux, trop col\u00e9reux ou religieusement aveugl\u00e9s, en particulier des moines pr\u00e9somptueux.<\/p><p>Le Tengu d\u00e9tourne les asc\u00e8tes du droit chemin, enl\u00e8ve des personnes, provoque des incendies et simule de fausses apparitions religieuses. \u00c0 cette \u00e9poque, il est un adversaire du vrai bouddhisme.<\/p><p>La forme ult\u00e9rieure, plus famili\u00e8re, avec le long nez, le visage rouge et le corps plus humain, ne se d\u00e9veloppe que progressivement \u00e0 partir du Tengu \u00e0 forme d&rsquo;oiseau.<\/p><p>La recherche, notamment les travaux de Haruko Wakabayashi, a montr\u00e9 que le Tengu est pass\u00e9, au cours du Moyen \u00c2ge, d&rsquo;un \u00eatre purement n\u00e9gatif \u00e0 une figure ambivalente. Cette \u00e9volution est \u00e9troitement li\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;histoire du culte montagnard japonais et du bouddhisme asc\u00e9tique.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpde34944 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpde34944\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2bbaa5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2bbaa5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Karasu-Tengu et Yamabushi-Tengu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1793f6d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1793f6d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7ffdc80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp7ffdc80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La tradition distingue deux types principaux de Tengu, qui refl\u00e8tent des stades d&rsquo;\u00e9volution diff\u00e9rents. Le <em>karasu-tengu<\/em>, le Tengu-corbeau, est la forme la plus ancienne, davantage animale : un \u00eatre \u00e0 t\u00eate d&rsquo;oiseau, avec bec, ailes et griffes. Le <em>konoha-tengu<\/em> ou <em>yamabushi-tengu<\/em> est la forme plus r\u00e9cente et plus humaine, avec un long nez rouge, un visage rouge et la tenue d&rsquo;un asc\u00e8te des montagnes.<\/p><p>La tenue en elle-m\u00eame est r\u00e9v\u00e9latrice. Le Tengu au long nez porte typiquement l&rsquo;habit des <em>yamabushi<\/em>, les asc\u00e8tes des montagnes du shugend\u014d, courant qui m\u00eale \u00e9l\u00e9ments bouddhistes, tao\u00efstes et autochtones et dont la pratique se d\u00e9roule dans les montagnes.<\/p><p>Il tient souvent un \u00e9ventail de plumes, le <em>hauchiwa<\/em>, avec lequel il peut d\u00e9cha\u00eener des temp\u00eates, et parfois un petit <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un petit lieu de conservation sacr\u00e9 ou un espace de d\u00e9votion.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaire<\/span> ou un b\u00e2ton. Cette <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9tude des contenus des images et de leur signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconographie<\/span> rattache \u00e9troitement le Tengu aux montagnes sacr\u00e9es du Japon.<\/p><p>Certaines montagnes sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme les demeures des Tengu, en premier lieu le mont Kurama pr\u00e8s de Kyoto et le mont Takao. Le mont Kurama est associ\u00e9 \u00e0 une tradition narrative particuli\u00e8rement c\u00e9l\u00e8bre : le Tengu <em>Sojobo<\/em>, un roi parmi les Tengu, aurait enseign\u00e9 au jeune guerrier Minamoto no Yoshitsune l&rsquo;art de l&rsquo;\u00e9p\u00e9e et les tactiques de combat.<\/p><p>Dans ce r\u00e9cit, le Tengu n&rsquo;appara\u00eet plus comme un ennemi de la religion, mais comme un ma\u00eetre qui transmet \u00e0 un \u00eatre humain \u00e9lu des capacit\u00e9s extraordinaires. Le passage du s\u00e9ducteur au ma\u00eetre est l&rsquo;un des traits les plus frappants de l&rsquo;histoire du Tengu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa440175 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa440175\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1065b48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp1065b48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tengu entre sanctuaire, masque et th\u00e9\u00e2tre<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp783b666 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp783b666\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7218654 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp7218654\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le Tengu est profond\u00e9ment ancr\u00e9 dans la culture mat\u00e9rielle japonaise. Son visage rouge au long nez compte parmi les masques les plus connus du pays et appara\u00eet lors des f\u00eates, dans les sanctuaires et dans les maisons comme objet apotropa\u00efque.<\/p><p>Le masque est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une protection, cens\u00e9e \u00e9loigner le malheur, et le nez surdimensionn\u00e9 a parfois \u00e9t\u00e9 interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 comme symbole de chance et de f\u00e9condit\u00e9. Certains sanctuaires, notamment ceux situ\u00e9s sur des monts associ\u00e9s aux Tengu, conservent de grands masques de Tengu comme objets de culte.<\/p><p>Au th\u00e9\u00e2tre, le Tengu appara\u00eet aussi bien dans le <em>N\u014d<\/em> que dans le <em>Kabuki<\/em>. Dans la pi\u00e8ce de N\u014d <em>Kurama tengu<\/em>, la rencontre du Tengu avec le jeune Yoshitsune est mise en sc\u00e8ne. La nature ambivalente s&rsquo;y r\u00e9v\u00e8le avec une clart\u00e9 particuli\u00e8re : le Tengu est \u00e0 la fois effrayant et surnaturel, mais aussi un mentor bienveillant.<\/p><p>Dans la croyance populaire, l&rsquo;id\u00e9e que le Tengu peut enlever des enfants est rest\u00e9e vivace ; le soi-disant <em>tengu kakushi<\/em>, la dissimulation par le Tengu, \u00e9tait une explication r\u00e9pandue pour la disparition sans trace d&rsquo;enfants.<\/p><p>Du point de vue des \u00e9tudes religieuses, le Tengu est int\u00e9ressant car il permet de lire l&rsquo;\u00e9volution de l&rsquo;appr\u00e9ciation de l&rsquo;asc\u00e9tisme montagnard. Tant que le shugend\u014d \u00e9tait suspect au bouddhisme institutionnel, ses praticiens et le Tengu qui leur \u00e9tait associ\u00e9 apparaissaient comme dangereux et suspects.<\/p><p>Avec la reconnaissance croissante de la religion montagnarde, le Tengu fut \u00e9galement revaloris\u00e9, passant du <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00catre spirituel auquel on attribue une action n\u00e9faste ou ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> orgueilleux au gardien des montagnes et au d\u00e9positaire d&rsquo;un savoir secret. Aujourd&rsquo;hui, le Tengu est une figure largement bienveillante, quoique digne de respect, de la croyance populaire, sans que les couches sombres de son histoire aient enti\u00e8rement disparu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liens internes recommand\u00e9s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Liens internes recommand\u00e9s :<\/p><ul><li>Page culturelle <strong>Japan<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Autres profils individuels du Japon : <a href=\"\/fr\/oni\/\">Oni<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/kappa\/\">Kappa<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/yuurei\/\">Y\u016brei<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/yuki-onna\/\">Yuki-onna<\/a>.<\/li><li>Parall\u00e8les : <a href=\"\/fr\/bouddhisme\/\">Bouddhisme<\/a> (Mara et gardiens des enfers), <a href=\"\/fr\/chine\/\">Chine<\/a>.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliographie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Une s\u00e9lection concise des travaux essentiels sur Tengu :<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>De Visser, Marinus Willem : <em>The Tengu.<\/em> In : Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan 36\/2 (1908), p. 25, 99.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Wakabayashi, Haruko : <em>The Seven Tengu Scrolls: Evil and the Rhetoric of Legitimacy in Medieval Japanese Buddhism.<\/em> University of Hawai\u02bbi Press, Honolulu 2012.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Michael Dylan : <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/books\/the-book-of-yokai-expanded-second-edition\/paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Book of Y\u014dkai: Mysterious Creatures of Japanese Folklore.<\/a><\/em> University of California Press, Berkeley 2015.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Komatsu Kazuhiko : <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Y%C5%8Dkai\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An Introduction to Y\u014dkai Culture.<\/a><\/em> Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture, Tokyo 2017.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Reider, Noriko T. : <em><a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/usupress_pubs\/59\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Japanese Demon Lore: Oni from Ancient Times to the Present.<\/a><\/em> Utah State University Press, Logan 2010.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-tengu-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-tengu-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-tengu\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-tengu-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-tengu-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pratique de protection d\u00e9crite ici rel\u00e8ve d&rsquo;une contextualisation en sciences des religions de traditions historiques. iWell Guard s&rsquo;inscrit dans cette lign\u00e9e culturelle et historique d&rsquo;objets de protection portables et en constitue une forme contemporaine. <a href=\"\/fr\/a-propos-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">En savoir plus sur l&rsquo;iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-649007b e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"649007b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3bc65a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f3bc65a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Questions fr\u00e9quentes sur Tengu<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Qu&rsquo;est-ce qu&rsquo;un Tengu dans la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des r\u00e9cits divins transmis par une culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythologie<\/span> japonaise ?<\/h3><p>Les Tengu sont des \u00eatres des montagnes de la tradition japonaise <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La religion autochtone du Japon, marqu\u00e9e par la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration des kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">shinto<\/span>-bouddhiste, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s comme des \u00eatres belliqueux \u00e0 l&rsquo;aspect aviaire, avec de longs nez rouges ou des becs. Ils sont r\u00e9put\u00e9s ma\u00eetres de l&rsquo;art du sabre et de la ruse guerri\u00e8re ; de nombreuses l\u00e9gendes samoura\u00efs racontent des apprentis sabres instruits par des Tengu dans les for\u00eats de montagne. Les Tengu sont ambivalents : tant\u00f4t gardiens des sanctuaires de montagne, tant\u00f4t fac\u00e9tieux, ch\u00e2tiant les moines orgueilleux.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Quelle est la diff\u00e9rence entre Karasu-Tengu et Yamabushi-Tengu ?<\/h3><p>Le Karasu-Tengu (Tengu-corbeau) est la forme ancienne \u2013 un \u00eatre aviaire avec bec, plumes noires et ailes de corbeau. Le Yamabushi-Tengu (Tengu-pr\u00eatre des montagnes) est la forme tardive \u2013 humano\u00efde, avec un long nez rouge, v\u00eatu comme un asc\u00e8te des montagnes (moine yamabushi). Cette \u00e9volution refl\u00e8te la fusion de la croyance dans les Tengu avec l&rsquo;asc\u00e9tisme yamabushi bouddhiste.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Qu'est-ce qu'un Tengu dans la mythologie japonaise ?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Les Tengu sont des \u00eatres des montagnes de la tradition japonaise shinto-bouddhiste, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s comme des \u00eatres belliqueux \u00e0 l'aspect aviaire, avec de longs nez rouges ou des becs. Ils sont r\u00e9put\u00e9s ma\u00eetres de l'art du sabre et de la ruse guerri\u00e8re ; de nombreuses l\u00e9gendes samoura\u00efs racontent des apprentis sabres instruits par des Tengu dans les for\u00eats de montagne. 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japonais.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"japan","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[306,29,55,477,25],"class_list":["post-11155","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-esprits","category-geister","category-japan","category-japon","category-kulturen"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tengu \u2013 esprit de la tradition japonaise | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tengu, figure ail\u00e9e des montagnes entre divinit\u00e9 et d\u00e9mon. \u00c9prouveur des moines yamabushi, long nez et place dans le bouddhisme japonais.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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