{"id":10987,"date":"2026-04-21T13:17:32","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T13:17:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/nyen-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-16T14:51:39","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T14:51:39","slug":"nyen","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fr\/nyen\/","title":{"rendered":"Nyen"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"10987\" class=\"elementor elementor-10987 elementor-1337\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nyen, esprit de la tradition tib\u00e9taine<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nyen est un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre incorporel \u00e0 qui l'on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span> de la tradition tib\u00e9taine.<\/p><p>Esprits de l&rsquo;air et des habitations de la tradition tib\u00e9taine, gardiens des fronti\u00e8res entre les mondes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esprit : entit\u00e9 incorporelle ou semi-corporelle, d\u00e9funt, \u00eatre de la nature, esprit domestique ou gardien des seuils. Agit dans la vie quotidienne, souvent li\u00e9 \u00e0 des lieux ou \u00e0 des familles.\">Esprit<\/span><a href=\"\/fr\/tibet\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradition tib\u00e9to-bouddhiste et B\u00f6n, Yidam, Dharmap\u0101la, monde des Naga.\">Tibet<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable des mati\u00e8res\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_nyen-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-131166\" alt=\"Nyen - esprits de la tradition tib\u00e9taine, illustration historique\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_nyen-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_nyen-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_nyen-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_nyen.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nyen (gnyan)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les Nyen (tib. <em>gnyan<\/em>) forment une classe large et difficile \u00e0 cerner dans le d\u00e9tail parmi les \u00eatres spirituels tib\u00e9tains. Traditionnellement, ils sont compris comme des esprits de l&rsquo;air et du monde interm\u00e9diaire, par opposition aux Lu du monde souterrain et aux Lha du monde sup\u00e9rieur. En pratique, les Nyen r\u00e9sident dans les flancs de montagne, les alpages, certains arbres, des pierres et dans les habitations.<\/p><p>Les Nyen sont souvent invisibles et se manifestent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement par leurs effets : bosses soudaines, douleurs articulaires, ulc\u00e8res ou malaise persistant. Ils ne sont pas mauvais, mais tr\u00e8s sensibles aux atteintes port\u00e9es \u00e0 leurs territoires et aux actes impurs.<\/p><div><h3>Les Nyen dans la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conception de la structure et de l'ordre du monde au sein d'une culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologie<\/span> B\u00f6n et le mod\u00e8le des couches<\/h3><p>Dans le mod\u00e8le cosmique du <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"La tradition religieuse pr\u00e9-bouddhiste du Tibet ; elle classe les \u00eatres non humains en Tsen, Nyen, Lu et D\u00fc.\">B\u00f6n<\/span>, les <em>Nyen<\/em> sont d\u00e9crits comme des \u00eatres d&rsquo;une couche interm\u00e9diaire entre le ciel des Tsen et la terre. Ils habitent les rochers, les for\u00eats de montagne et les cascades. Selon les sources B\u00f6n, les Nyen sont apparus lors d&rsquo;une phase cosmique ant\u00e9rieure, quand le monde n&rsquo;\u00e9tait pas encore stabilis\u00e9. Ils ne sont donc pas mauvais, mais spontan\u00e9s dans leurs impulsions.<\/p><p>Un Nyen apais\u00e9 peut \u00eatre pr\u00e9cieux ; un Nyen provoqu\u00e9 peut d\u00e9truire une famille et ses champs. Contrairement aux Tsen, qui sont des guerriers, les Nyen sont des gardiens de la nature sauvage.<\/p><p>Ils veillent sur la fronti\u00e8re entre l&rsquo;espace humain (champ, maison, village) et l&rsquo;espace sauvage (montagne, for\u00eat, gorge). Une grande cat\u00e9gorie de maladies li\u00e9es aux Nyen est dite de violation des fronti\u00e8res : lorsque des hommes p\u00e9n\u00e8trent trop profond\u00e9ment dans le territoire des Nyen ou d\u00e9truisent leur habitat.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">En un coup d'\u0153il : Nyen<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type :<\/strong> Esprits de l&rsquo;air et des habitations<br>Origine : B\u00f6n pr\u00e9-bouddhiste ; \u00e9troite parent\u00e9 avec les esprits terrestres Sa-Dag<br>Textes : Textes de Padmasambhava, manuels rituels locaux, invocations populaires<br>Effets : \u00c9ruptions cutan\u00e9es, affections articulaires, ulc\u00e8res, bosses<br>Protection : <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Offrande \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9 pour exprimer gratitude, requ\u00eate ou v\u00e9n\u00e9ration.\" tabindex=\"0\">Offrandes<\/span> Sang, invocations des Nyen, \u00e9vitement des actes impurs<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexte historique<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e9riode des textes<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La cat\u00e9gorie des Nyen appartient aux couches les plus anciennes de la religiosit\u00e9 tib\u00e9taine ; elle est li\u00e9e aux concepts des trois mondes (haut\/milieu\/bas) et aux classes d&rsquo;\u00eatres qui leur correspondent. Les textes B\u00f6n traitent les Nyen en d\u00e9tail, notamment dans les manuels d&rsquo;invocation contre les maladies caus\u00e9es par les Nyen.<\/p><p>Avec l&rsquo;introduction du bouddhisme, la cat\u00e9gorie des Nyen est \u00e9galement int\u00e9gr\u00e9e dans le nouveau cosmos ; les cycles de Padmasambhava transmettent la soumission rituelle de certains Nyen et leur d\u00e9signation comme esprits protecteurs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aire de diffusion<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les Nyen sont invoqu\u00e9s et apais\u00e9s dans l&rsquo;ensemble de l&rsquo;espace culturel tib\u00e9tain. Lieux fr\u00e9quents : flancs de montagne entre la haute vall\u00e9e et la zone sommitale, alpages avec p\u00e2turages, certains vieux arbres (en particulier gen\u00e9vriers et peupliers), rochers isol\u00e9s, toits et charpentes des habitations, foyers.<\/p><p>Certains Nyen sont li\u00e9s \u00e0 des lign\u00e9es et \u00e0 des familles (<em>nyen rus<\/em>) et sont honor\u00e9s comme esprits protecteurs d&rsquo;origine au sein de certains clans.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9tat des sources<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sources principales : manuels rituels et textes d&rsquo;invocation B\u00f6n ; cycles de Padmasambhava ; litt\u00e9rature des s\u016btra issue de la transformation bouddhiste ; textes rituels locaux de monast\u00e8res et de familles.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence modernes : Nebesky-Wojkowitz (1956) ; Samuel (1993) ; Karmay (1998) ; Bellezza, John Vincent (2005) Spirit-Mediums, Sacred Mountains and Related Bon Textual Traditions in Upper Tibet.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom et variantes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En tib\u00e9tain <em>gnyan<\/em>, prononc\u00e9 Nyen ou Ny\u00e4n. Parfois associ\u00e9 \u00e0 klu sous la forme <em>klu gnyan<\/em>, pour des esprits Lu-Nyen particuli\u00e8rement puissants.<\/p><ul><li><strong>Nyen chen<\/strong>, \u00ab grands Nyen \u00bb ; figures importantes isol\u00e9es, comme Nyen Chen Tanglha (dieu de la montagne au lac Namtso).<\/li><li>Nyen gyi rgyal po, \u00ab roi des Nyen \u00bb.<\/li><li>Khyab &lsquo;jug, partiellement associ\u00e9 \u00e0 des \u00eatres semblables aux Nyen ; interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 dans la tradition tardive comme la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 comme divin au sein d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u00e9<\/span> plan\u00e9taire Rahula.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caract\u00e9ristiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apparence.<\/strong> Les Nyen sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement invisibles. Lorsqu&rsquo;ils se manifestent, c&rsquo;est en couleurs grises ou jaun\u00e2tres, comme des silhouettes dans l&rsquo;air, des ombres dans les habitations, des brumes en mouvement. Certains Nyen importants, comme Nyen Chen Tanglha, poss\u00e8dent des formes iconographiques fixes (cavalier blanc sur cheval blanc, \u00e9p\u00e9e en main).<\/p><p>Comportement. Les Nyen r\u00e9agissent \u00e0 la souillure et au franchissement des fronti\u00e8res : lorsqu&rsquo;une maison est tenue de fa\u00e7on impure, lorsque la fum\u00e9e se dirige dans la mauvaise direction, lorsque des lieux sacr\u00e9s sont perturb\u00e9s. Ils punissent par des maladies affectant la peau et l&rsquo;appareil locomoteur.<\/p><p>Fonction. Dans un \u00e9tat li\u00e9, les Nyen sont d&rsquo;importants gardiens des fronti\u00e8res, entre l&rsquo;ordre et la nature sauvage, entre la zone habit\u00e9e et les hautes terres.<\/p><div><h3>Aspects de la col\u00e8re et apaisement par le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Une s\u00e9quence r\u00e9gl\u00e9e d'actions symboliques dot\u00e9es d'une signification religieuse ou culturelle.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituel<\/span><\/h3><p>Une caract\u00e9ristique centrale des Nyen est leur col\u00e8re. Contrairement aux d\u00e9mons, dont la col\u00e8re proc\u00e8de d&rsquo;une intention mauvaise, la col\u00e8re des Nyen est l&rsquo;agression naturelle d&rsquo;une force bless\u00e9e. Apaiser la col\u00e8re des Nyen exige de la compr\u00e9hension, et non de la simple <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pratiques cherchant \u00e0 intervenir dans le cours des choses par des actions ou des formules particuli\u00e8res.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span>. L&rsquo;apaisement rituel est complexe : il comprend des <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Offrande \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9 pour exprimer gratitude, requ\u00eate ou v\u00e9n\u00e9ration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrandes<\/span> (beurre, sang, poisson s\u00e9ch\u00e9), de l&rsquo;eau de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Invocation du salut et de la protection, souvent sous une forme linguistique fixe.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00e9n\u00e9diction<\/span>, des pri\u00e8res sp\u00e9cifiques et parfois une danse chamanique en s\u00e9ance.<\/p><p>Le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Une s\u00e9quence r\u00e9gl\u00e9e d'actions symboliques dot\u00e9es d'une signification religieuse ou culturelle.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituel<\/span> reconna\u00eet que le Nyen a droit \u00e0 la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration. Si un apaisement \u00e9choue, la personne est souvent frapp\u00e9e de paralysie, de c\u00e9cit\u00e9 ou de perte de m\u00e9moire. Cette symptomatologie somatique distingue les atteintes des Nyen des autres maladies surnaturelles et est tr\u00e8s parlante sur le plan diagnostique.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil : Nyen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les aspects les plus importants des Nyen en un coup d&rsquo;\u0153il.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexte culturel<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tradition B\u00f6n pr\u00e9-bouddhiste ; classe du monde interm\u00e9diaire entre les Lha du ciel et les Lu des eaux.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destinataires<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bergers, m\u00e9nages tenus de fa\u00e7on impure, personnes sur les alpages et les flancs de montagne, ouvriers du b\u00e2timent sur des sites sacr\u00e9s ; certains Nyen sont li\u00e9s \u00e0 des familles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>G\u00e9n\u00e9ralement invisibles ; sous forme de brume, d&rsquo;ombre ou de silhouettes fugaces ; certains grands Nyen poss\u00e8dent une <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrine des contenus iconographiques et de leur signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconographie<\/span> thangka pr\u00e9cise.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Effets des Nyen<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bosses, ulc\u00e8res, \u00e9ruptions cutan\u00e9es, affections articulaires, plaies purulentes, arthrites chroniques, infertilit\u00e9 des animaux de p\u00e2turage.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Moyens de protection<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Torma de Nyen \u00e0 base de tsampa et de lait ; rituels d&rsquo;invocation sp\u00e9cifiques ; rites de purification dans les habitations ; \u00e9vitement des atteintes aux arbres et aux sols sacr\u00e9s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parall\u00e8les<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les <em>yaksha<\/em> indiens ; les esprits de l&rsquo;air et des habitations chinois ; les esprits de lieux r\u00e9sidentiels du chamanisme sib\u00e9rien.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protection pratique<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Offrande \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9 pour exprimer gratitude, requ\u00eate ou v\u00e9n\u00e9ration.\" tabindex=\"0\">Offrandes<\/span> Sang et Nyen-Torma.<\/strong> De petites offrandes compos\u00e9es de tsampa, de lait, de beurre et de miel sont d\u00e9pos\u00e9es aux emplacements des Nyen ; des offrandes de fum\u00e9e quotidiennes sur le toit maintiennent les Nyen domestiques dans un \u00e9tat bienveillant.<\/p><p>Rituels de purification. Les habitations sont purifi\u00e9es chaque ann\u00e9e par un lama ou par le chef de famille \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide de textes de b\u00e9n\u00e9diction ; balayer devant la porte d&rsquo;entr\u00e9e, \u00e9loigner les substances impures, orienter correctement le foyer font partie de la protection quotidienne.<\/p><p>Prescriptions pour les p\u00e2turages. Sur les alpages, des rituels sont accomplis pour les Nyen locaux avant la premi\u00e8re mise au p\u00e2turage ; les bergers \u00e9vitent certains endroits \u00e0 certaines p\u00e9riodes.<\/p><p><strong>Gu\u00e9risseurs (<em>dpa&rsquo; bo<\/em>) et invocations.<\/strong> Pour les maladies concr\u00e8tes caus\u00e9es par les Nyen, on fait appel \u00e0 des gu\u00e9risseurs locaux ou \u00e0 des lamas, qui combinent rituels sp\u00e9cifiques et applications \u00e0 base de plantes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nyen, parall\u00e8les dans d'autres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Inde.<\/strong> Les <em>yaksha<\/em>, figures gardiennes ambivalentes, partagent de nombreux traits ; la cat\u00e9gorie tib\u00e9taine des Nyen a cependant un d\u00e9veloppement propre, ancr\u00e9 localement.<\/p><p>Mongolie. Apr\u00e8s la p\u00e9n\u00e9tration bouddhiste, la tradition mongole adopte des \u00eatres semblables aux Nyen comme gardiens des habitations et des chemins.<\/p><p>Sib\u00e9rie. Les conceptions chamaniques des esprits des maisons et des lieux partagent le profil fondamental.<\/p><p>Europe. Les esprits domestiques et les lutins des maisons des traditions alpines, germanophones et slaves pr\u00e9sentent des similitudes structurelles.<\/p><div><h3>Les Nyen et l&rsquo;int\u00e9gration bouddhiste comme puissance protectrice<\/h3><p>Avec la bouddhisation du Tibet, de nombreux Nyen v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s r\u00e9gionalement furent int\u00e9gr\u00e9s dans les panth\u00e9ons bouddhistes. Ils furent souvent proclam\u00e9s divinit\u00e9s protectrices (<em>chos-skyong<\/em>). Le Nyen du mont Kailash, v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 par diff\u00e9rents courants bouddhistes, en est un exemple.<\/p><p>Cette int\u00e9gration permit une coexistence entre la pratique B\u00f6n et l&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrine reconnue comme orthodoxe.\" tabindex=\"0\">orthodoxie<\/span> bouddhiste : un fid\u00e8le pouvait apporter des <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Offrande \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9 pour exprimer gratitude, requ\u00eate ou v\u00e9n\u00e9ration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrandes<\/span> \u00e0 son Nyen local tout en v\u00e9n\u00e9rant le Bouddha.<\/p><p>Dans le Tibet moderne, la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration des Nyen est fortement port\u00e9e par des sentiments nationalistes : l&rsquo;esprit de la montagne est lu comme gardien de l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 tib\u00e9taine. Les mouvements de protection de l&rsquo;environnement ont \u00e9galement modernis\u00e9 la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration des Nyen en faisant du Nyen le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe repr\u00e9sentant par substitution une id\u00e9e ou une signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbole<\/span> de la for\u00eat et de l&rsquo;int\u00e9grit\u00e9 \u00e9cologique.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp55797be e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp55797be\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6351edd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6351edd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les gnyan dans le mod\u00e8le spatial tripartite du Tibet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp802e271 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp802e271\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4357c0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4357c0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les <em>gnyan<\/em> (prononc\u00e9s nyen) forment dans la d\u00e9monologie tib\u00e9taine une classe propre, occupant une place fixe dans une vision du monde organis\u00e9e verticalement.<\/p><p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conception de la structure et de l'ordre du monde au sein d'une culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologie<\/span> tib\u00e9taine indig\u00e8ne, telle que Ren\u00e9 de Nebesky-Wojkowitz l&rsquo;a reconstitu\u00e9e dans <em>Oracles and Demons of Tibet<\/em>, distingue globalement trois sph\u00e8res : la hauteur du ciel avec les <em>lha<\/em>, la profondeur des eaux et de la terre avec les <a href=\"\/fr\/lu\/\">klu<\/a>, et l&rsquo;espace interm\u00e9diaire de la surface terrestre, des pentes, des arbres et des rochers. C&rsquo;est cet espace m\u00e9dian qu&rsquo;habitent les <em>gnyan<\/em>.<\/p><p>Ils sont ainsi les esprits de cette zone o\u00f9 l&rsquo;activit\u00e9 humaine se d\u00e9ploie de la fa\u00e7on la plus imm\u00e9diate : le d\u00e9frichement des for\u00eats, le bris de la pierre, le labourage du sol, le d\u00e9rangement de la surface terrestre. C&rsquo;est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment l\u00e0 que r\u00e9side leur dangerosit\u00e9.<\/p><p>Les <em>gnyan<\/em> sont r\u00e9put\u00e9s irritables et se vengent des intrusions dans leur domaine par la maladie. On leur attribue en particulier les ulc\u00e8res, les bosses, les excroissances et les affections de type pestilentiel, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire des maladies qui se manifestent visiblement sur le corps. Le nom lui-m\u00eame porte le sens de dangereux et de terrifiant.<\/p><p>Contrairement aux classes de d\u00e9mons g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement clairement malveillants, les <em>gnyan<\/em> sont ambivalents. Ils ne cherchent pas \u00e0 nuire de leur propre chef, mais r\u00e9agissent aux atteintes port\u00e9es \u00e0 leur territoire. Cette logique de l&rsquo;\u00e9quilibre perturb\u00e9 est caract\u00e9ristique des classes d&rsquo;esprits li\u00e9s aux lieux au Tibet.<\/p><p>Celui qui abat un arbre ou d\u00e9tache une pierre de la montagne sans tenir compte des esprits concern\u00e9s agit, selon la conception traditionnelle, de fa\u00e7on n\u00e9gligente. Les <em>gnyan<\/em> apparaissent ainsi moins comme des ennemis de l&rsquo;homme que comme les gardiens d&rsquo;un ordre dont le non-respect entra\u00eene des cons\u00e9quences.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc672d17 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc672d17\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp270cc54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp270cc54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rapport rituel et pr\u00e9vention de la maladie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3826cd5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3826cd5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp86f8ed8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp86f8ed8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les <em>gnyan<\/em> r\u00e9agissant aux intrusions dans la terre, la pierre et le bois, la relation traditionnelle avec eux visait l&rsquo;\u00e9vitement et l&rsquo;apaisement. Avant de grands travaux de construction, avant l&rsquo;am\u00e9nagement de champs ou l&rsquo;abattage d&rsquo;arbres, des offrandes \u00e9taient pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es et une permission \u00e9tait demand\u00e9e.<\/p><p>En pratique, des conceptions pr\u00e9-bouddhistes se m\u00ealaient alors \u00e0 des \u00e9l\u00e9ments bouddhistes et \u00e0 des \u00e9l\u00e9ments de la tradition B\u00f6n. Des lamas ou des sp\u00e9cialistes rituels locaux accomplissaient des c\u00e9r\u00e9monies destin\u00e9es \u00e0 apaiser l&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre incorporel \u00e0 qui l'on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span> concern\u00e9 et \u00e0 \u00e9carter un dommage imminent.<\/p><p>Lorsqu&rsquo;une maladie s&rsquo;\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9clar\u00e9e, on l&rsquo;interpr\u00e9tait d&rsquo;apr\u00e8s la symptomatologie. Les ulc\u00e8res et les excroissances cutan\u00e9es \u00e9taient consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme des maladies typiques des <em>gnyan<\/em> et exigeaient un rituel de gu\u00e9rison sp\u00e9cifique s&rsquo;adressant \u00e0 la cause, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire \u00e0 l&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre incorporel \u00e0 qui l'on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span> offens\u00e9.<\/p><p>On voit ici le lien \u00e9troit entre m\u00e9decine tib\u00e9taine et connaissance des esprits : un traitement devait non seulement s&rsquo;attaquer au sympt\u00f4me physique, mais aussi r\u00e9tablir la relation perturb\u00e9e avec le monde des esprits. La recherche souligne que cet entrelacement du diagnostic m\u00e9dical et rituel est une caract\u00e9ristique constante du syst\u00e8me de gu\u00e9rison tib\u00e9tain traditionnel.<\/p><p>La d\u00e9limitation par rapport aux classes voisines est importante. Les <em>gnyan<\/em> \u00e9taient parfois mentionn\u00e9s conjointement avec les <a href=\"\/fr\/lu\/\">klu<\/a> et les <a href=\"\/fr\/tsen\/\">btsan<\/a>, et dans certains textes apparaissent des d\u00e9signations mixtes. De Nebesky-Wojkowitz a signal\u00e9 que les fronti\u00e8res entre les classes d&rsquo;esprits ne sont pas toujours nettement trac\u00e9es dans les sources et varient selon les r\u00e9gions.<\/p><p>Pour la compr\u00e9hension, le noyau reste cependant stable : les <em>gnyan<\/em> sont les esprits du territoire imm\u00e9diatement habit\u00e9 et cultiv\u00e9, et leur relation avec l&rsquo;homme est une relation de consid\u00e9ration mutuelle, dont la rupture se manifeste dans le corps.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liens compl\u00e9mentaires<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Liens internes recommand\u00e9s :<\/p><ul><li>Page culturelle <strong>Tibet<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Autres profils individuels du Tibet : <a href=\"\/fr\/lu\/\">Lu<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/tsen\/\">Tsen<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/gyalpo\/\">Gyalpo<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/mamo\/\">Mamo<\/a>.<\/li><li>Parall\u00e8les : <a href=\"\/fr\/hindouisme\/\">Hindouisme<\/a> (Yaksha), <a href=\"\/fr\/slave\/\">Slave<\/a> (esprits domestiques).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources et bibliographie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Une s\u00e9lection compacte d&rsquo;ouvrages centraux sur les Nyen :<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Bellezza, John Vincent: <em>Spirit-Mediums, Sacred Mountains and Related Bon Textual Traditions in Upper Tibet.<\/em> Brill, Leiden 2005.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Blondeau, Anne-Marie (\u00e9d.) : <em>Tibetan Mountain Deities.<\/em> Verlag der \u00d6sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienne 1998.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Litt\u00e9rature de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence (Tibet) :<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Blondeau, Anne-Marie (\u00e9d.)<\/strong> : <em>Tibetan Mountain Deities. Verlag der \u00d6sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienne 1998.<\/em><\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>de Nebesky-Wojkowitz, Ren\u00e9<\/strong> : <em>Oracles and Demons of Tibet. Mouton, The Hague 1956.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>D&rsquo;autres ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence dans la <a href=\"\/fr\/bibliographie\/\">bibliographie<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-nyen-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-nyen-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-nyen\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-nyen-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-nyen-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pratique de protection d\u00e9crite ici rel\u00e8ve d&rsquo;une classification acad\u00e9mique des traditions historiques en sciences des religions. iWell Guard s&rsquo;inscrit dans cette lign\u00e9e culturelle et historique d&rsquo;objets de protection et en repr\u00e9sente une forme contemporaine. <a href=\"\/fr\/a-propos-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">En savoir plus sur l&rsquo;iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1716,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Nyen","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Nyen \u2013 esprit de la tradition tib\u00e9taine | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Les Nyen, esprits de l'air et des habitations dans la tradition tib\u00e9taine. 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