{"id":10917,"date":"2026-04-21T12:21:14","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T12:21:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/mara-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-16T14:50:11","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T14:50:11","slug":"mara","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fr\/mara\/","title":{"rendered":"Mara"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"10917\" class=\"elementor elementor-10917 elementor-1207\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara, dieu de la tradition bouddhiste<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le tentateur au pied de l&rsquo;Arbre de la Bodhi, seigneur du monde des sens.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-mara\">La tentation de Bouddha par Mara<\/h2>\n<p>La sc\u00e8ne principale de Mara est la <strong>tentation du Bodhisattva Siddhartha<\/strong> sous l&rsquo;<strong>Arbre de la Bodhi<\/strong> \u00e0 Bodhgaya. Trois phases sont rapport\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Appartenant au corpus des \u00e9crits reconnus comme normatifs d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonique<\/span> : premi\u00e8rement, l&rsquo;apparition avec des <strong>arm\u00e9es de d\u00e9mons<\/strong> (Trishna, Raga, Arati, d\u00e9sir, plaisir, d\u00e9plaisir) ; deuxi\u00e8mement, l&rsquo;envoi de ses <strong>trois filles<\/strong> (Tanha, Arati, Raga) sous une forme s\u00e9duisante ; troisi\u00e8mement, l&rsquo;attaque par le doute et la contestation (\u00ab Qui t\u00e9moigne de tes m\u00e9rites ? \u00bb).<\/p><p>Siddhartha touche la terre, le <em>bh\u016bmispar\u015ba-mudr\u0101<\/em>, et la d\u00e9esse de la terre atteste son accomplissement. Mara est vaincu. Ses quatre arm\u00e9es sont <em>k\u0101ma<\/em> (d\u00e9sir), <em>arati<\/em> (malaise), <em>k\u1e63ut-pip\u0101s\u0101<\/em> (faim et soif), <em>t\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47\u0101<\/em> (convoitise). Dans le bouddhisme mahayana, Mara se d\u00e9ploie en <strong>quatre Maras<\/strong> : Skandha-Mara (les cinq agr\u00e9gats), Klesha-Mara (les souillures), Mrityu-Mara (la mort), Devaputra-Mara (la tentation c\u00e9leste).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dieu \/ D\u00e9esse : puissance supr\u00eame personnifi\u00e9e au sein du panth\u00e9on d'une culture, avec des attributions pr\u00e9cises \u2013 forces naturelles, destin, guerre, fertilit\u00e9. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 par des cultes, des sacrifices et des institutions templi\u00e8res.\">Dieu<\/span><a href=\"\/fr\/bouddhisme\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradition bouddhiste avec bodhisattvas, divinit\u00e9s protectrices, esprits affam\u00e9s et gardiens des enfers.\">Bouddhisme<\/a><a href=\"\/fr\/anti-dieux\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Puissances du chaos et adversaires cosmiques, protagonistes du dualisme dans l'histoire des religions.\">Anti-dieu<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable des mati\u00e8res\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-131315\" alt=\"Mara - dieux de la tradition bouddhiste, illustration historique\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mara est la figure antagoniste centrale de la tradition bouddhiste. Sa sc\u00e8ne la plus connue est la nuit pr\u00e9c\u00e9dant l&rsquo;\u00c9veil de Bouddha : sous l&rsquo;Arbre de la Bodhi \u00e0 Bodhgaya, Mara envoie son arm\u00e9e et ses trois filles \u2013 d\u00e9sir, aversion, convoitise \u2013 pour d\u00e9tourner le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dans le bouddhisme mahayana, un \u00eatre \u00e9veill\u00e9 qui diff\u00e8re sa propre lib\u00e9ration au profit de l'enseignement pour les autres \u00eatres.\">Bodhisattva<\/span> de l&rsquo;\u00c9veil.<\/p><p>Le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dans le bouddhisme mahayana, un \u00eatre \u00e9veill\u00e9 qui diff\u00e8re sa lib\u00e9ration au profit de l'enseignement pour les autres \u00eatres.\">Bodhisattva<\/span> touche la terre pour qu&rsquo;elle t\u00e9moigne, la terre tremble, Mara se retire. Cette sc\u00e8ne est r\u00e9pandue dans le monde entier sur le plan iconographique et occupe une place centrale sur le plan th\u00e9ologique.<\/p><p>Mara n&rsquo;est pas un dieu-adversaire cosmique au sens monoth\u00e9iste. Il est le seigneur du <em>Kamadhatu<\/em> (monde des sens), une figure de deva qui est devenue un obstacle sur le chemin par attachement et orgueil.<\/p><p>Dans une interpr\u00e9tation bouddhiste \u00e9largie, il existe quatre Maras : Skandha-Mara (les agr\u00e9gats), Kleshamara (les impuret\u00e9s), Marana-Mara (la mort), Devaputra-Mara (le Deva-Mara, la figure personnelle). Ils d\u00e9signent tous des obstacles sur le chemin de la lib\u00e9ration. Cela fait de la doctrine de Mara une th\u00e9orie globale de ce qui s&rsquo;oppose \u00e0 la pratique.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil succinct : Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type :<\/strong> tentateur, seigneur du monde des sens<br>Origine : Deva du Kamadhatu ; selon certains textes : d\u00e9chu par orgueil<br>Quatre Maras : Skandha, Klesha, Marana, Devaputra<br>Textes : <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Le corpus des \u00e9crits sacr\u00e9s reconnus comme normatifs au sein d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">Canon<\/span> pali (Padhana Sutta), Lalitavistara, Jatakas<br>P\u00e9riode : du V<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av. J.-C. \u00e0 nos jours<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e9riode des textes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Attest\u00e9 avec Bouddha (V<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av. J.-C.). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Le corpus des \u00e9crits sacr\u00e9s reconnus comme normatifs au sein d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">Canon<\/span> pali (III<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av. J.-C. \u2013 I<sup>er<\/sup> si\u00e8cle ap. J.-C.) avec de nombreux \u00e9pisodes consacr\u00e9s \u00e0 Mara. Les sutras <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"&#171; Grand V\u00e9hicule &#187; ; l'une des trois grandes traditions du bouddhisme, avec l'id\u00e9al du bodhisattva et une r\u00e9flexion philosophique approfondie.\">Mahayana<\/span> d\u00e9veloppent le th\u00e8me (Lalitavistara, Saddharmapundarika). Le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"&#171; V\u00e9hicule de diamant &#187; ; forme tantrique du bouddhisme mahayana, principalement au Tibet, avec la pratique du yidam et les techniques de mantra au centre.\">Vajrayana<\/span> int\u00e8gre Mara dans les pratiques de protection tantriques. Pratique bouddhiste moderne dans le monde entier.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aire de diffusion<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Origine en Inde du Nord ; diffus\u00e9 avec le bouddhisme au Sri Lanka, en Asie du Sud-Est, en Asie de l&rsquo;Est, au Tibet et dans les communaut\u00e9s bouddhistes mondiales modernes. Repr\u00e9sentations locales de Mara dans toute l&rsquo;Asie, peintures murales dans les <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9difice consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration d'une ou plusieurs divinit\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> tha\u00eflandais, thankas tib\u00e9tains, estampes sur bois japonaises.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9tat des sources<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Padhana Sutta (Sutta Nipata), Mara-Samyutta (Samyutta Nikaya), nombreuses narrations Jataka, Lalitavistara (biographie du Bouddha selon le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Grand V\u00e9hicule ; l'une des trois grandes traditions du bouddhisme, avec l'id\u00e9al du bodhisattva.\">Mahayana<\/span>), tradition commentariale tib\u00e9taine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom et variantes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskrit et pali :<\/strong> <em>M\u0101ra<\/em>.<br>\u00c9pith\u00e8tes : Papiyas (\u00ab le plus mauvais \u00bb), Kanha (\u00ab le Noir \u00bb), Namuci (\u00ab celui qui ne d\u00e9lie pas \u00bb), Antaka (\u00ab la Mort \u00bb).<br>Quatre Maras (doctrine des quatre Maras) : Skandha-Mara (les agr\u00e9gats comme obstacle), Kleshamara (les souillures mentales), Marana-Mara (la mort), Devaputra-Mara (le Mara personnel).<br>En Asie de l&rsquo;Est : chinois \u9b54 (<em>Mo<\/em>), japonais <em>Ma<\/em>.<\/p><p>La doctrine des quatre Maras fait de Mara plus qu&rsquo;une figure personnelle : un syst\u00e8me d\u00e9crivant tout ce qui bloque le chemin. Cela est philosophiquement tr\u00e8s riche et explique pourquoi Mara n&rsquo;a pas simplement \u00e0 \u00eatre vaincu \u2013 il est surmont\u00e9 par la compr\u00e9hension.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caract\u00e9ristiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apparence<\/strong><\/p><p>En tant que beau deva du Kamadhatu dans toute sa majest\u00e9, juv\u00e9nile, rayonnant. Dans son attaque contre Bouddha : sur un \u00e9l\u00e9phant, avec une grande arm\u00e9e, entour\u00e9 de ses filles. Manifestation courrouc\u00e9e : terrible, arm\u00e9, crachant le feu. L&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9tude des contenus iconographiques et de leur signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconographie<\/span> varie selon la tradition et l&rsquo;\u00e9pisode.<\/p><p><strong>Comportement<\/strong><\/p><p>Non pas violent, mais s\u00e9ducteur et psychologique. Il envoie des plaisirs des sens, la peur, le doute de soi, l&rsquo;orgueil, l&rsquo;apitoiement sur soi. Ses trois filles Tanha (d\u00e9sir), Arati (aversion), Raga (convoitise) illustrent les voies d&rsquo;attaque typiques.<\/p><p><strong>Domaine d&rsquo;action<\/strong><\/p><p>L&rsquo;ensemble du monde des sens (Kamadhatu) est son royaume. Son pouvoir s&rsquo;\u00e9tend aussi loin que les \u00eatres s&rsquo;attachent au sensible. Aux seuils de l&rsquo;\u00c9veil \u2013 lors du moment de l&rsquo;Arbre de la Bodhi ou au cours d&rsquo;une m\u00e9ditation avanc\u00e9e \u2013, il se manifeste avec une activit\u00e9 particuli\u00e8re.<\/p><p><strong>Classification mythologique<\/strong><\/p><p>Il est un deva, non un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00catre spirituel auquel on attribue une influence nuisible ou ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> au sens occidental. Sa figure associe une position cosmologique (seigneur du Kamadhatu) \u00e0 une fonction psychologique (repr\u00e9sentant de tous les obstacles). Dans certaines traditions, apr\u00e8s sa d\u00e9faite, il devient m\u00eame disciple de Bouddha et se convertit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil : Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les aspects les plus importants de Mara en un coup d&rsquo;\u0153il.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origine de Mara<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Deva du Kamadhatu, seigneur du monde des sens. Dans certains textes, d\u00e9chu par orgueil. Dans la doctrine \u00e9largie : les quatre Maras comme th\u00e9orie globale des obstacles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Concernant<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tous les \u00eatres attach\u00e9s au sensible. Particuli\u00e8rement actif aupr\u00e8s des m\u00e9ditants avanc\u00e9s et aux seuils de l&rsquo;\u00c9veil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apparence<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Beau deva dans toute sa majest\u00e9 ; sur un \u00e9l\u00e9phant avec son arm\u00e9e ; accompagn\u00e9 de ses trois filles (d\u00e9sir, aversion, convoitise). \u00c9galement sous une forme courrouc\u00e9e en guerrier terrible.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activit\u00e9<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Non par la violence, mais par la suggestion : peur, doute, d\u00e9sir, orgueil. D&rsquo;une subtilit\u00e9 psychologique raffin\u00e9e, il conna\u00eet chaque \u00eatre humain.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protection<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Geste du t\u00e9moignage de la terre (Bhumisparsha-Mudra), r\u00e9citation de textes Paritta, Metta-Bhavana (m\u00e9ditation de la bienveillance), sagesse et pleine conscience comme protection fondamentale. Non pas l&rsquo;an\u00e9antissement, mais la lucidit\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9quivalents<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"\/fr\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/iblis\/\">Iblis<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/apophis\/\">Apophis<\/a>, Kama hindou en tant que dieu de l&rsquo;amour.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rapport au quotidien<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Pratique rituelle<\/strong><\/p><p>R\u00e9citation de Paritta (Theravada) dans les moments critiques. Le Ratana Sutta (\u00ab Sutta des Joyaux \u00bb) et le Karaniya Metta Sutta comme textes de protection centraux. Dans la tradition mahayana, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'invocation suppliante ou conjuratoire d'une divinit\u00e9 ou d'une puissance.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> des bodhisattvas (Avalokiteshvara, Manjushri) contre les influences de Mara.<\/p><p><strong>Pratique m\u00e9ditative<\/strong><\/p><p>La principale \u00ab d\u00e9fense \u00bb contre Mara n&rsquo;est pas une d\u00e9fense, mais la lucidit\u00e9. La pleine conscience (sati), l&rsquo;insight (vipassana), la bienveillance (metta) \u2013 ces trois pratiques dissolvent le pouvoir de Mara, car elles ne c\u00e8dent pas \u00e0 ses s\u00e9ductions. Le geste du t\u00e9moignage de la terre de Bouddha est l&rsquo;image originelle de cette pratique.<\/p><p><strong>Transformation Vajrayana<\/strong><\/p><p>Dans les traditions tantriques, l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie de Mara n&rsquo;est pas combattue, mais transform\u00e9e par des divinit\u00e9s m\u00e9ditatives courrouc\u00e9es (Yamantaka, Heruka). La figure du protecteur courrouc\u00e9 est structurellement li\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie de Mara, mais sous une forme transmut\u00e9e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parall\u00e8les et r\u00e9ception<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Parall\u00e8les religieux :<\/strong> Satan et Iblis partagent la fonction de tentateur. La diff\u00e9rence : Mara op\u00e8re \u00e0 l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur du syst\u00e8me du <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dans l'hindouisme, le bouddhisme et le ja\u00efnisme, la loi de la causalit\u00e9 des actes : chaque action influe sur les existences ult\u00e9rieures.\">karma<\/span>, non en tant que dieu-adversaire cosmique. Son r\u00f4le est structurellement n\u00e9cessaire, non mauvais dans un sens absolu.<\/p><p><strong>Interpr\u00e9tation psychologique :<\/strong> Des enseignants bouddhistes modernes (Bhikkhu Bodhi, Stephen Batchelor) lisent Mara en grande partie de mani\u00e8re psychologique : la somme des r\u00e9sistances int\u00e9rieures face au chemin. Cela le rend directement pertinent pour les m\u00e9ditants d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui.<\/p><p><strong>Art et culture populaire :<\/strong> La sc\u00e8ne de l&rsquo;attaque de Mara est l&rsquo;un des motifs iconographiques les plus importants du bouddhisme dans le monde entier. Repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 depuis Gandhara (II<sup>e<\/sup>\u2013V<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle) jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 Borobudur et dans les mangas japonais modernes. Dans les jeux vid\u00e9o et les romans de fantasy, Mara est un personnage r\u00e9current.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa5b4d88 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa5b4d88\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb5d02f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb5d02f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La tentation sous l'Arbre de la Bodhi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp761498e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp761498e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp96af027 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp96af027\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9pisode central du <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un r\u00e9cit transmis portant sur des dieux, des origines et l'ordre du monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythe<\/span> de Mara est son attaque contre le Bouddha non encore \u00e9veill\u00e9 \u2013 le Bodhisattva Siddhartha Gautama \u2013 dans la nuit pr\u00e9c\u00e9dant son \u00c9veil sous le figuier \u00e0 Bodhgaya.<\/p><p>Ce r\u00e9cit est transmis dans de nombreux textes, notamment dans le <em>Padhana Sutta<\/em> du Canon pali et de mani\u00e8re d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e dans des biographies ult\u00e9rieures telles que le <em>Buddhacarita<\/em> d&rsquo;Ashvaghosha et le <em>Lalitavistara<\/em>.<\/p><p>Mara reconna\u00eet que le Bodhisattva est sur le point d&rsquo;atteindre l&rsquo;\u00c9veil et d&rsquo;\u00e9chapper \u00e0 sa domination sur le monde de la naissance et de la mort. Il d\u00e9ploie d&rsquo;abord ses arm\u00e9es \u2013 un formidable d\u00e9ploiement de formes d\u00e9moniaques qui attaquent avec des armes, des temp\u00eates, du feu et des t\u00e9n\u00e8bres.<\/p><p>Mais tous les projectiles se transforment en fleurs lorsqu&rsquo;ils atteignent le Bodhisattva en m\u00e9ditation. Mara envoie ensuite ses filles, qui portent dans certains textes les noms de Tanha, Arati et Raga (d\u00e9sir, d\u00e9plaisir, plaisir), pour s\u00e9duire l&rsquo;asc\u00e8te, mais cela \u00e9choue \u00e9galement.<\/p><p>Enfin, Mara conteste le droit du Bodhisattva d&rsquo;occuper le si\u00e8ge de l&rsquo;\u00c9veil. Le Bodhisattva touche la terre de la main droite et l&rsquo;appelle \u00e0 t\u00e9moigner des m\u00e9rites qu&rsquo;il a accumul\u00e9s au cours d&rsquo;innombrables vies. La terre en t\u00e9moigne, Mara est vaincu et se retire.<\/p><p>Ce geste, <em>bhumisparsha mudra<\/em> \u2013 le geste du toucher de la terre \u2013, est devenu la forme de repr\u00e9sentation la plus fr\u00e9quente du Bouddha dans l&rsquo;ensemble de l&rsquo;art bouddhiste.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa43bb8d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa43bb8d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0af113c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0af113c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara comme principe psychologique dans l'enseignement canonique<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp920e0d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp920e0d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp97daf06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp97daf06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dans les textes les plus anciens du Canon pali, Mara n&rsquo;est pas seulement un personnage narratif, mais aussi un concept doctrinal. Le mot <em>mara<\/em> d\u00e9rive de la racine signifiant mourir et signifie litt\u00e9ralement \u00ab celui qui tue \u00bb ou \u00ab la mort \u00bb. Mara incarne tout ce qui lie les \u00eatres au cycle de la naissance et de la mort.<\/p><p>La tradition commentariale distingue plusieurs aspects ou formes de Mara. On mentionne notamment Mara en tant que <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 comme divin au sein d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u00e9<\/span> (<em>devaputta-mara<\/em>), Mara comme les cinq groupes d&rsquo;existence (<em>khandha-mara<\/em>), Mara comme les souillures mentales (<em>kilesa-mara<\/em>) et Mara comme la mort elle-m\u00eame (<em>maccu-mara<\/em>).<\/p><p>Mara est ainsi \u00e0 la fois un adversaire concret et un symbole des forces int\u00e9rieures qui emp\u00eachent la lib\u00e9ration.<\/p><p>Dans le <em>Samyutta Nikaya<\/em>, on trouve de nombreuses br\u00e8ves rencontres dans lesquelles Mara appara\u00eet au Bouddha ou \u00e0 ses moines et nonnes pour les troubler, les distraire ou les pousser au doute. Remarquable est l&rsquo;attitude des figures \u00e9veill\u00e9es : elles reconnaissent simplement Mara, l&rsquo;interpellent, et ainsi il perd son pouvoir.<\/p><p>La tradition Theravada lit souvent ces sc\u00e8nes comme des all\u00e9gories d&rsquo;\u00e9tats int\u00e9rieurs. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La science qui \u00e9tudie les religions de mani\u00e8re comparative et sans engagement confessionnel.\" tabindex=\"0\">science des religions<\/span> souligne que dans le bouddhisme primitif, le niveau mythique et le niveau psychologique n&rsquo;\u00e9taient pas s\u00e9par\u00e9s, mais con\u00e7us comme deux faces d&rsquo;un m\u00eame fait.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc0e6bee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc0e6bee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp660c692 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp660c692\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La place de Mara dans la cosmologie bouddhiste<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc2284b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc2284b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp89354b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp89354b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dans la vision du monde bouddhiste, Mara n&rsquo;est pas un adversaire extra-mondain, mais fait lui-m\u00eame partie du cosmos de la renaissance. Il est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme le souverain du ciel le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 du monde des sens, dans certains textes comme habitant du ciel <em>Paranirmita-vasavartin<\/em>. Mara est ainsi un \u00eatre puissant \u00e0 la vie longue et au grand pouvoir, mais il n&rsquo;est ni \u00e9ternel ni lib\u00e9r\u00e9.<\/p><p>Son int\u00e9r\u00eat \u00e0 emp\u00eacher l&rsquo;\u00c9veil s&rsquo;explique par cette position. Tant que les \u00eatres demeurent dans le cycle de la renaissance, ils restent dans le domaine de souverainet\u00e9 de Mara. Celui qui parvient \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration \u00e9chappe \u00e0 cette souverainet\u00e9. Mara n&rsquo;est donc pas un mal absolu au sens d&rsquo;un dualisme cosmique, mais une puissance \u00e0 l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur du monde conditionn\u00e9 qui d\u00e9fend son propre domaine.<\/p><p>Cette construction distingue nettement le bouddhisme des religions dualistes dans lesquelles un principe du mal s&rsquo;oppose au bien sur un pied d&rsquo;\u00e9galit\u00e9. Mara est puissant, mais fondamentalement surmontable, et sa d\u00e9faite n&rsquo;est pas la destruction d&rsquo;un ennemi, mais le simple fait de se soustraire \u00e0 son influence.<\/p><p>La recherche a soulign\u00e9 que les traditions ult\u00e9rieures \u2013 notamment dans le Mahayana \u2013 ont diff\u00e9renci\u00e9 le r\u00f4le de Mara et ont parfois m\u00eame enseign\u00e9 qu&rsquo;un \u00eatre \u00e9veill\u00e9 pouvait rencontrer Mara avec compassion, puisque celui-ci est \u00e9galement un \u00eatre souffrant dans le cycle de l&rsquo;existence.<\/p><p>Un lointain parall\u00e8le avec la figure du tentateur se trouve dans d&rsquo;autres religions, par exemple dans le personnage que les <a href=\"\/fr\/archange-michel\/\">textes chr\u00e9tiens<\/a> connaissent comme adversaire, mais la classification cosmologique est fondamentalement diff\u00e9rente.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liens pour approfondir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Liens internes recommand\u00e9s :<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/fr\/bouddhisme\/\">Bouddhisme<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/preta\/\">Preta<\/a>, Yamad\u016bta, <a href=\"\/fr\/naraka-waechter\/\">Gardiens des Naraka<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/dakini\/\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/iblis\/\">Iblis<\/a> (parall\u00e8les avec la figure du tentateur)<\/li><li>L&rsquo;\u00c9veil de Bouddha sous l&rsquo;Arbre de la Bodhi<\/li><li>Doctrine des quatre Maras (Skandha, Klesha, Marana, Devaputra)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliographie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Une s\u00e9lection de travaux essentiels sur Mara :<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Boyd, James W.: <em>Satan and M\u0101ra. Christian and Buddhist Symbols of Evil<\/em>. Leiden 1975.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ling, T. O.: <em>Buddhism and the Mythology of Evil<\/em>. London 1962.<\/span><\/li><li>Nyanaponika Thera: <em>The Four Nutriments of Life<\/em>. Kandy 1981.<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Walshe, Maurice: <em>The Long Discourses of the Buddha<\/em>. Boston 1995 (trad. Digha Nikaya).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Rhys Davids, Thomas W.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacred-texts.com\/bud\/sbe11\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Suttas<\/a><\/em>. Oxford 1881.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Autres ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence dans la <a href=\"\/fr\/bibliographie\/\">bibliographie<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29ad2f e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b29ad2f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b50593 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b50593\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Questions fr\u00e9quentes sur Mara<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Qui est Mara dans la tradition bouddhiste ?<\/h3><p>Mara (sanskrit pour mort, tentateur) est dans le bouddhisme la personnification de la tentation, de l&rsquo;attachement mondain et de la mort.<\/p><p>Mara s&rsquo;est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 devant Bouddha sous l&rsquo;Arbre de la Bodhi et a tent\u00e9 de l&#8217;emp\u00eacher d&rsquo;atteindre l&rsquo;\u00c9veil \u2013 avec des arm\u00e9es de d\u00e9mons, ses trois filles (d\u00e9sir, d\u00e9plaisir, plaisir) et l&rsquo;accusation que Bouddha n&rsquo;avait pas le droit \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00c9veil. Bouddha toucha la terre \u2013 qui l&rsquo;appela comme t\u00e9moin \u2013 et vainquit Mara par sa constance.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Quels sont les quatre Maras dans le bouddhisme ?<\/h3><p>L&rsquo;enseignement bouddhiste distingue quatre aspects de Mara : (1) Skandha-Mara, la tentation par les cinq groupes d&rsquo;existence (corps, sensation, perception, formations mentales, conscience) ; (2) Klesha-Mara, la tentation par les souillures (convoitise, haine, illusion) ; (3) Mrtyu-Mara, la mort elle-m\u00eame ; (4) Devaputra-Mara, le tentateur c\u00e9leste (la figure personnifi\u00e9e). Ces quatre aspects doivent tous \u00eatre travers\u00e9s sur le chemin de la lib\u00e9ration.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Qui est Mara dans la tradition bouddhiste ?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Mara (sanskrit pour mort, tentateur) est, dans le bouddhisme, la personnification de la tentation, de l'attachement au monde et de la mort. Mara se dressa face au Buddha sous l'arbre de la Bodhi et tenta de le d\u00e9tourner de l'\u00e9veil, avec des arm\u00e9es de d\u00e9mons, avec ses trois filles (D\u00e9sir, Aversion, Volupt\u00e9) et avec le reproche que le Buddha n'aurait aucune l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 pour l'\u00e9veil. Le Buddha toucha la terre, qui l'appela comme t\u00e9moin, et vainquit Mara par sa fermet\u00e9.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Quels sont les quatre Mara dans le bouddhisme ?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"La doctrine bouddhiste distingue quatre aspects de Mara : (1) le Skandha-Mara, la tentation par les cinq agr\u00e9gats de l'existence (corps, sensation, perception, formations mentales, conscience) ; (2) le Klesha-Mara, la tentation par les souillures (avidit\u00e9, haine, illusion) ; (3) le Mrtyu-Mara, la mort elle-m\u00eame ; (4) le Devaputra-Mara, le tentateur c\u00e9leste (la figure personnifi\u00e9e). 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